Russia in Europe / engraved by J. & C. Walker.

Janamittakaavat: Russian verstes ; English miles.

Russia or Moscovy in Europe. Drawn by the latest authorities, by Tho.s Kitchin geo.r.

Janamittakaava: Russian wersts.

The role of network competence and international business competence in multinational corporations: Subsidiary perspective

On-going process of globalization makes companies all over the world to go beyond the national markets and internationalize. Organizational form of multinational corporation (MNC) has capabilities for establishing the affiliate companies in several countries. Thus, the relocation of resources occurs and particularly, the cross-border transfer of knowledge which possesses the competitive advantage. However, differences in countries` business environments and cultures may constrain this capability. The research aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of subsidiary’s network competence (ability to build and manage the relationships with other local business units) and international business competence in relation to the benefits that MNC receives from a subsidiary. Additionally, subsidiary’s business adaptation, partnerships and knowledge transfer mechanism with parent company and external partners are investigated. This research, conducted in the Finnish-Russian context, consists of theoretical and empirical parts. The qualitative approach in the form of multiple case studies is employed. The empirical data incorporated primary and secondary data in the form of interviews collected in 2013 and 2015 years. Interviews were collected from four Finnish case companies in Saint-Petersburg and Kaluga region and five Russian partner companies. Results are drawn from two cases from Saint-Petersburg. The abductive research approach for the results analysis is adopted. The results indicate that both competencies lead to the subsidiary’s local embeddedness in the form of mutual business activities with local business partners and product adaptation for the local market needs. In addition to the monetary benefits in form of payments or turnover share, local embeddedness brings the knowledge of the local environment which is utilized by an MNC in the long-term planning. Another found tacit benefit is the access to the national market. This is strategically useful benefit not only for parent MNC but also for the subsidiary’s partners, i.e. international suppliers.

Determinants of capital expenditures: Evidence from oil and mining sectors in Russia

This master’s thesis investigates the significant macroeconomic and firm level determinants of CAPEX in Russian oil and mining sectors. It also studies the Russian oil and mining sectors, its development, characteristics and current situation. The panel data methodology was implemented to identify the determinants of CAPEX in Russian oil and mining sectors and to test derived hypotheses. The core sample consists of annual financial data of 45 publicly listed Russian oil and mining sector companies. The timeframe of the thesis research is a six year period from 2007 to 2013. The findings of the master’s thesis have shown that Gross Sales, Return On Assets, Free Cash Flow and Long Term Debt are firm level performance variables along with Russian GDP, Export, Urals and the Reserve Fund are macroeconomic variables that determine the magnitude of new capital expenditures reported by publicly listed Russian oil and mining sector companies. These results are not controversial to the previous research paper, indeed they confirm them. Furthermore, the findings from the emerging countries, such as Malaysia, India and Portugal, are analogous to Russia. The empirical research is edifying and novel. Findings from this master’s thesis are highly valuable for the scientific community, especially, for researchers who investigate the determinant of CAPEX in developing countries. Moreover, the results can be utilized as a cogent argument, when companies and investors are doing strategic decisions, considering the Russian oil and mining sectors.

Forest inventory information needs in Northwest Russia

This research report applies the customer value hierarchy model to forestry in order to determine strategic options to enhance the value of LiDAR technology in Russian forestry. The study is conducted as a qualitative case study with semi-structured interviews as a main source of the primary data. The customer value hierarchy model constitutes a theoretical base for the research. Secondary data incorporates information on forest resource management, LiDAR technology and Russian forestry. The model is operationalised using forestry literature and forms a basis for analyses of primary data. Analyses of primary data coupled with comprehension of Russian forest inventory system and knowledge on global forest inventory have led to conclusions on the forest inventory methods selection criteria and the organizations that would benefit the most from LiDAR technology use. The report recommends strategic options for LiDAR technology’s value enhancement in Russian forestry. This work has been conducted as a part of the project ‘Finnish-Russian Forest Academy 2 - Exploiting and Piloting’, which has been supported financially by the South-East Finland- Russia ENPI CBC 2007-2014 Programme.

Venäjän kaupan liikeriskien riskienhallinta: Case Martela

Tässä kandidaatin työssä tutkitaan suomalaisen pk-yrityksen kannalta merkittävimpiä liikeriskejä Venäjällä sekä keskeisimpiä keinoja näiltä riskeiltä suojautumiseen. Työn empiirisessä osassa on käytetty valitun case-yhtiön sekä Suomalais-Venäläisen kauppakamarin edustajan näkemyksiä tukemaan työn teoreettista pohjaa.

Capital investments planning and life cycle simulations for the new valves manufacturing facility in Russia

The focus of the research is on the derivation of the valid and reliable performance results regarding establishment and launching of the new full-scale industrial facility, considering the overall current conditions for the project realization in and out of Russia. The study demonstrates the process of the new facility concept development, with following perfor-mance calculation, comparative analyzes conduction, life-cycle simulations, performance indicators derivation and project`s sustainability evaluation. To unite and process the entire input parameters complexity, regards the interlacing between the project`s internal technical and commercial sides on the one hand, and consider all the specifics of the Russian conditions for doing business on the other hand, was developed the unique model for the project`s performance calculation, simulations and results representation. The complete research incorporates all corresponding data to substantiate the assigned facility`s design, sizing and output capacity for high quality and cost efficient ferrous pipe-line accessories manufacturing, as well as, demonstrates that this project could be suc-cessfully realized in current conditions in Russia and highlights the room for significant performance and sustainability improvements based on the indexes of the derived KPIs.

Punaisten naisten tiet. Valtiorikosoikeuteen vuonna 1918 joutuneiden Porin seudun naisten toiminta sota-aikana, tuomiot ja myöhemmät elämänvaiheet

Suomen sisällissotaan osallistui vuonna 1918 naisia molemmin puolin rintamaa erilaisissa tehtävissä. Taisteluiden jälkeen yli 5500 punaista naista joutui valtiorikosoikeuteen syytettynä valtiopetoksellisesta toiminnasta. Ne noin 2000 naista, jotka palvelivat punakaartissa aseistettuina, ovat pitkään hallinneet sitä kuvaa, joka suomalaisilla on ollut punaisista naisista. Sen sijaan on tiedetty hyvin vähän niistä naisista, joiden valkoiset katsoivat edistäneen valtiopetosta muilla keinoilla. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, millaisia olivat Porin seudulla ne kapinasta syytetyt naiset, jotka eivät olleet tarttuneet aseisiin ja mikä oli heidän myöhempi kohtalonsa. Työn ensimmäisessä osassa tutkitaan valtiorikosoikeuteen joutuneiden naisten taustaa, toimintaa sota-aikana ja tästä aiheutuneita välittömiä seuraamuksia. Millaisia henkilöitä päätyi valtiorikosoikeuden eteen tuomittavaksi? Millaisissa tehtävissä he olivat sota-aikana toimineet ja miksi? Mitkä seikat olivat oikeudessa raskauttavia, kun valtiorikostuomioita jaettiin? Työn jälkimmäisessä osassa tutkitaan, mitä punaisille naisille tapahtui sodan jälkeen ja miksi näin kävi. Sisällissodan jälkeistä maailmaa hahmotetaan etsimällä vastauksia seuraaviin kysymyksiin: Millainen oli se yhteiskunnassa vallinnut ajan henki, jonka vaikutuspiiriin naiset valtiorikosoikeudesta ja vankilasta palasivat? Miten yhteisö otti heidät vastaan? Miten heihin suhtauduttiin työmarkkinoilla? Miten käsiteltiin punaisia leskiä ja orpoja? Mitä punaisilta odotettiin kansalaisina ja miten heistä pyrittiin muokkaamaan yhteiskuntakelpoisia? Miten poliittisen elämän uudelleenvirittely onnistui ja kiinnostiko se enää näitä naisia? Miten suomalaisen yhteiskunnan muuttuessa myös sen suhtautuminen punaisiin muuttui? Millaisilla toimilla valtiovalta pyrki eri vaiheissa yhtenäistämään rikkirevennyttä kansaa ja miten se näkyi yksittäisten ihmisten elämässä? Ajan kuluessa asenteet muuttuivat ja naiset vanhenivat. Miten naiset kuvasivat kokemaansa myöhemmin omaisilleen? Kysymyksiä pohditaan paikallisesta, Porin seudun näkökulmasta, mutta niitä peilataan kuitenkin jatkuvasti valtakunnalliseen tilanteeseen. Kontekstualisoi- malla paikalliskokemukset laajempaan kokonaisuuteen on voitu paremmin selittää tapahtunutta, ja paikallistutkimuksen kautta on nähty myös koko maassa vallinneita yleisiä olosuhteita. Tutkimuksen kohteena on 267 Porista, Porin maalaiskunnasta ja Ulvilasta kotoisin olevaa naista, jotka joutuivat valtiorikosoikeuden tutkittaviksi. Keskeisimpänä lähdeaineistona ovat seurakuntien rippikirjat ja maistraattien henkikirjat sekä Kansallisarkiston, Kansan arkiston ja Työväen arkistojen sisällissotaa ja sen jälkeistä poliittista elämää valottavat kokoelmat. Tutkimuksen naisista enemmistö oli 18−37-vuotiaita työläisnaisia. Aiemmin rikoksista tuomittuja heidän joukossaan oli hyvin vähän. Suurin osa (n. 71 %) työskenteli punakaartin huollossa keittiö-, siivous- ja vaatetusosastoilla. Noin 21 % työskenteli sairaanhoidossa, ja loput kahdeksan prosenttia olivat punakaartin hallintoa avustavissa muissa tehtävissä. Naiset saivat pääosin lieviä, 2−3 vuoden ehdollisia tuomioita. Vain joka kymmenes nainen tuomittiin ehdottomaan rangaistukseen. Punakaartiin vasta pakomatkalla liittyneet ja kaartissa vähäisissä tehtävissä lyhytaikaisesti toimineet henkilöt vapautettiin syytteistä. Tutkimuksessani olen osoittanut, millaisia vaikeuksia paluu sodanjälkeiseen arkeen tuotti naisille. Varsinkin yksin lastensa kanssa jääneillä oli monenlaisia ongelmia. Sodan aikana levitetty propaganda oli osaltaan lisäämässä vaikeuksia. Toisaalta työtilanne parantui monen naisen osalta jo vuoden 1918 aikana, ja oman punaisen yhteisön tarjoama tuki helpotti arjesta selviytymistä. Elämä tasaantui, naiset perustivat perheitä ja osa palasi työelämään ja politiikkaan. Säilyneiden lähteiden valossa sisällissota näyttäisi radikalisoineen vain pienen osan naisista, kun taas enemmistö kannatti maltillisia sosialidemokraatteja tai jäi kokonaan pois politiikasta. Punaiseksi leimautuminen valtiorikosoikeudessa ei pakottanut naisia muuttamaan uudelle paikkakunnalle; Porin seudulla ja yleensä vielä omassa suvussakin oli riittävästi entisiä punaisia luomassa kollektiivista tukea. Myös valtiovalta pyrki rauhoittamaan poliittista tilannetta ja sopeuttamaan punaisia yhteiskuntaan monin uudistuksin. Naisten kannalta merkittävin myönnytys tapahtui jatkosodan aikana, kun punalesket lopulta oikeutettiin valtiollisen eläkkeen piiriin. Tämä tutkimus on ensimmäinen punaisista naisista laadittu eräänlainen kollektiivinen elämäkerta, jossa on tarkasteltu heidän sodanjälkeistä elämäänsä. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että Porin seudulta valtiorikosoikeuteen joutuneet naiset olivat tavallisia työläisnaisia. Sota ja osallisuus siihen ei tätä asiaa muuttanut. Naiset sopeutuivat yhteiskuntaan nopeasti ja elivät pääosin tavallista työläisperheen arkea sodan jälkeenkin.

Suitability of LiDAR technology for forest inventory in Russia

LiDAR is an advanced remote sensing technology with many applications, including forest inventory. The most common type is ALS (airborne laser scanning). The method is successfully utilized in many developed markets, where it is replacing traditional forest inventory methods. However, it is innovative for Russian market, where traditional field inventory dominates. ArboLiDAR is a forest inventory solution that engages LiDAR, color infrared imagery, GPS ground control plots and field sample plots, developed by Arbonaut Ltd. This study is an industrial market research for LiDAR technology in Russia focused on customer needs. Russian forestry market is very attractive, because of large growing stock volumes. It underwent drastic changes in 2006, but it is still in transitional stage. There are several types of forest inventory, both with public and private funding. Private forestry enterprises basically need forest inventory in two cases – while making coupe demarcation before timber harvesting and as a part of forest management planning, that is supposed to be done every ten years on the whole leased territory. The study covered 14 companies in total that include private forestry companies with timber harvesting activities, private forest inventory providers, state subordinate companies and forestry software developer. The research strategy is multiple case studies with semi-structured interviews as the main data collection technique. The study focuses on North-West Russia, as it is the most developed Russian region in forestry. The research applies the Voice of the Customer (VOC) concept to elicit customer needs of Russian forestry actors and discovers how these needs are met. It studies forest inventory methods currently applied in Russia and proposes the model of method comparison, based on Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach, mainly on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Required product attributes are classified in accordance with Kano model. The answer about suitability of LiDAR technology is ambiguous, since many details should be taken into account.

2014 Ukraine crisis – Implications for corporate crisis management

In the late year 2013 events started to unfold in Ukraine’s capital city Kiev that would change the political and economic environment of the EU and Russia. The tension had been building for years between the two parties with Ukraine in the middle and during 2014 the tension blew up and events started to escalate into a crisis, which we now know as the 2014 Ukraine crisis. The crisis would include political, economic, and even military actions by all the parties involved with Ukraine slipping close to civil war. Both political and economic hardships followed for others as well with both the EU and Russia placing heavy political and economic sanctions on each other. Most notably in terms of this paper, the Russian federation placed total import embargo sanctions on food imports from the EU and some other countries. This meant that a Finnish dairy company, Valio, had to engage in corporate crisis management as almost a fifth of its total revenue was cut in a heartbeat. Valio had been prepared for some kind of complications with their Russian market as events started to unfold in Ukraine in the beginning of 2014 but never did they suspect that a complete shutdown of the Russian market would follow. The company is still recovering after more than a year after the sanctions were posed and have not been able to supplement the lost revenue streams. This research is a qualitative research aiming to find answers to the main questions: 1) What is the 2014 Ukraine crisis and what kind of special implications does it have and 2) How did the crisis affect Valio and how did Valio fare in its crisis management efforts. The data has been collected both from secondary document sources and primary sources. The main findings of this research are that the political and economic environment of the EU and Russia has gone through a profound change during the years 2013-2015. The companies and governments should re-evaluate what kind of environment they are now facing and what kinds of risks the new situation poses. This also calls for a deep academic analysis from the academic community. In corporate crisis management of Valio the main findings are that the former literature has looked into crisis management as one-time occurrence but the new crises and global events would call for a more on-going crisis analysis and active crisis management. Thus, corporate crisis management should be viewed as a cycle. Valio specifically handled the situation surprisingly well, considering that their revenue was indeed cut by a fifth. The main aspects of crisis management, which Valio did not handle as well, concern the learning curve of crisis management. They could be doing more in order to prepare for future crises better by learning from this experience. The situation is then still on-going in the autumn 2015 both in Ukraine and within Valio.

Survival competencies in SMEs in changing business environments

The thesis examines the competencies that enable business survival in changing business environments from the perspective of Russian and Finnish micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in the field of forest industry. Additionally, it studies the competence transformation necessary in SMEs for successful continuation of business operations when a firm considers transferring its business to another industry. The dissertation builds a holistic firm-level view of survival competencies for SMEs facing changes in their business environments. The holistic firm-level view of competencies includes both the individual-level and the firm-level perspectives, regardless of the position of the person in a firm. The findings highlight the importance of high-level individual competencies and the ability to perform versatile tasks in a firm. In addition, continuous business environment scanning, self-evaluation of personal competencies, willingness to renew and change, open-mindedness, and a readiness to network, are competencies that belong to and need to be taken care of by everybody – employees and employers - in a firm. In addition to previous competencies, an ability to manage every-day business also needs to be embedded in SME owners/managers. Furthermore, Russian SMEs seem to be more proactive in change situations, when compared with Finnish SMEs, which are used to operate in a more stable business environment. In conclusion, it can be said that the thesis adds to SME literature by introducing the concept of ‘SME-level competencies’, a combination of previously discussed organisational and networking competencies which are needed in order to survive through change. Furthermore, the thesis concludes with new competence classifications, such as operational and change competencies, which offer new information concerning the required competencies by which a firm may reduce the resistance to change that can hinder business renewal. For SME practitioners, the study suggests proper preparation and proactive operations in their business to reduce the influence of endless changes, and reminds SME owners/managers that changes are, however, a significant source of new business opportunities. For educational players, the study suggests upgrading educational and training systems by improving the training as regards attitudes towards work, and especially training in the comprehensive working abilities needed in SMEs to master diverse tasks. Finally, for public actors the study suggests providing stronger support to entrepreneurs by boosting SMEs entrepreneurial conditions and the existing business possibilities in change situations. This can be done by encouraging a legislative and entrepreneurial climate that responds better to the demands of SMEs.

Tulevaisuuden matkaviestinverkkojen haasteet taajuuksien käytölle. Taajuusalueen 3600 - 4200 MHz tarkastelu

Tässä työssä tarkastellaan matkaviestinliikenteen yhteensovittamista Venäjän satelliittimaa-asemien kanssa taajuusalueella 3600 - 4200 MHz. Tutkimusmenetelminä ovat kirjallisuuskatsaus sekä häiriölaskennat. Tulosten perusteella taajuusaluetta ei voida käyttää vapaasti matkaviestinverkoille Suomessa, koska tukiasemat voivat aiheuttaa häiriöitä Venäjällä sijaitseville satelliittimaa-asemille pitkienkin matkojen päästä. Paras ratkaisuvaihtoehto tähän olisi Suomen ja Venäjän välinen sopimus taajuuden käytöstä ja sitä koskevista rajoitteista. Toinen vaihtoehto on käytön suunnittelu ja taajuuskoordinointi tapauskohtaisesti kunkin matkaviestinverkon tukiaseman osalta.

Integrated reporting – a new form of a firm’s interaction with stakeholders

This study examines a new kind of public reporting, called integrated reporting as a form of a firm’s interaction with stakeholders. The study concerned issues such as how the studied organization defined its stakeholders and how this definition evolved during the transition period from 2009 to 2013, how has the integrated reporting of the organization evolved as an instrument of interaction with stakeholders over the transition period, and how the organization reported its value creation according to the international integrated reporting framework in the final, full-featured report. In examining the theory, the study used a qualitative analysis method that allowed deriving conceptual tools necessary to carry out the study. This study is based on the material of the five integrated reports written in Russian from a subsidiary of a Russian public company. The subsidiary carried out the transition to an integrated reporting for the five years from 2009 to 2013. A comparative qualitative method was used in reviewing the empirical material. During the research, an active cooperation of the organization with key stakeholders was revealed, which occurred during the whole period of development of integrated reporting. As a result, integrated reports were produced in cooperation with various key stakeholders, allowing balancing the financial and non-financial information in the reports. The study found that during the transition period, integrated reports gradually changed in the direction of greater clarity and ease of access to perception, consistency of presentation and materiality. The integrated reporting of the organization began reflect the basic requirements of the international integrated reporting framework regarding the content elements and guiding principles. Thus, the organization’s reports began including features of financial and non-financial reporting and connecting the three aspects of the organization's activities: economic, environmental and social. This study reveals the importance of identifying key stakeholders and their influence on the creation of organizational value. The new form of reporting suits better the requirements of modern organizations to interact with their stakeholder groups. The integrated reporting, which reflects the principles of the international integrated reporting framework, is an active resource for companies to communicate with stakeholders and a platform of transmission the necessary information on the creation of value in the long term.

Between Dugin’s Eurasianism and Mahan’s Sea Power Concept: Russia’s Geopolitical Discourse within Foucault’s ‘Discursive Tree’ before and After the Incorporation of the Crimea

The fall of 2013 could be characterized as a crossroad in the geopolitics of Eastern Europe, namely Ukraine. Two rivalry geopolitical projects have been developing throughout the post-Cold War years, and it seems that they reached a collision point in Ukraine; a country whose authorities have been for long switching sides between the European Union and the Russian Federation in their foreign policy commitments. The refusal/postponing to sign the Association Agreement with Brussels, an expected event by a large category of the Ukrainian society, by Yanukovich’s government led to the outset of the latter; and brought a pro-Western, anti-Russian government in Kyiv. It seems that Ukraine, after those events, has embarked definitively on the path of integration into the West (European Union and possibly NATO). The Russian Federation, who has been throughout Putin’s years engaged into the re-integration of post-Soviet space, reacted to these developments in an assertive manner by violating borders, agreements and the territorial integrity of Ukraine. Thus, the incorporation of the Crimea into the Russian Federation is the first in its kind in the post-Soviet space, despite the existence of various other conflicts that broke out in the region after the Soviet Union broke up. I will investigate in this thesis the nature of what will be labelled, in this work, the Crimean issue. I argue that the incorporation of the Crimean peninsula into the Russian Federation marks a new era in Russian geopolitical thinking that shapes, to a far extent, Russian foreign policy. Discourse analysis will be the methodological basis for this study, with a special focus on Michel Foucault’s Archaeology of Knowledge. The innovation that this research brings is the fact that it discusses Russian geopolitical discourse within the scope of Foucault’s ‘discursive tree’, with a reference to the Crimean issue. A wide range of primary sources will be consulted in this study such as presidential addresses to the Federal Assembly (2000-2014), Foreign Policy Concepts of the Russian Federation (2000, 2008), Russian maritime doctrines, as wells as Dugin’s Osnovy Geopolitiki (Foundations of Geopolitics), Mahan’s (The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783) and other Eurasianism related literature.

OMXH 25-yhtiöiden valuuttariski ja siltä suojautuminen

Tämän kandidaatintutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää OMXH 25-yhtiöiden altistumista valuuttariskille ja kuinka nämä yhtiöt suojautuvat siltä. Tässä tutkimuksessa on lisäksi selvitetty näiden yhtiöiden tärkeimmät ulkomaanvaluutat ja yhtiöiden suojausstrategioita. Valuuttariskin suuruuden selvittämiseksi yhtiöiden vieraan valuuttaista liikevaihtoa verrattiin yhtiön kokonaisliikevaihtoon. Tutkimuksen aineistona on käytetty yhtiöiden vuosien 2013 ja 2014 tilinpäätöksiä. Aineistosta on lisäksi rajattu pois OMXH 25-yhtiöiden joukosta Nordea, Sampo, Elisa ja Telia Sonera. Nämä yhtiöt rajattiin pois, koska ne soveltuivat huonosti tämän tutkimuksen kohteiksi. Tutkimuksen teoriakehys on rakennettu keskeisten teorioiden ja käsitteiden avulla. Valuuttariski voidaan jakaa kolmeen osaan: transaktioriskiin, ekonomiseen riskiin ja translaatioriskiin. Valuuttariskin suojauksessa käytettävät instrumentit ovat termiinit, optiot, swap-sopimukset ja vieraan valuuttainen velka. Myös suojaamatta jättämisen mahdollisuutta on tutkittu. Tutkimuksessa kävi ilmi yhtiöiden merkittävä altistuminen valuuttariskille liikevaihdolla mitattuna. Yhtiöiden liikevaihdosta lähes 50% tapahtui jossain muussa valuutassa kuin euroissa. Yhtiöt käyttävät valuuttariskiltä suojautumiseen pääasiassa termiinejä, mutta myös muita instrumentteja käytetään jonkin verran. Yhtiöt keskittyvät eniten transaktioriskin suojaamiseen ekonomisen riskin ja tranlaatioriskin jäädessä pienemmälle huomiolle. Myös aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa on saatu samankaltaisia tuloksia. Viime vuosien voimakkaat valuuttakurssimuutokset ovat vaikuttaneet yhtiöiden tuloksiin negatiivisesti ja erityisesti ruplan arvon voimakas heikentyminen suhteessa euroon aiheutti joillekkin yhtiöille merkittäviä valuuttakurssitappioita. Tärkein vieras valuutta tutkituille yhtiöille oli USA:n dollari. Korkeasta suojausasteesta huolimatta suurinosa tutkituista yhtiöistä kärsi valuuttakurssitappiota kumpanakin tarkasteltuna vuonna.