Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination in adults undergoing immunosuppressive treatment for inflammatory diseases - a longitudinal study.

INTRODUCTION: Patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy are at increased risk of infection. Community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease account for substantial morbidity and mortality in this population and may be prevented by vaccination. Ideally, immunization to pneumococcal antigens should take place before the start of immunosuppressive treatment. Often, however, the treatment cannot be delayed. Little is known about the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccines during immunosuppressive treatment. The objectives of this study were to determine the percentage of vaccine-naïve, immunosuppressed adults with inflammatory diseases seroprotected against Streptococcus pneumoniae and to assess factors associated with the immunogenicity, clinical impact and safety of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) in seronegative subjects. METHODS: This observational study included patients 18 years of age and older who were receiving prednisone ≥20 mg/day or other immunosuppressive drugs. Exclusion criteria were PPV administration in the previous 5 years, intravenous immunoglobulins and pregnancy. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels against six pneumococcal serotypes were measured. Seropositivity was defined as IgG of 0.5 μg/ml or greater for at least four of six serotypes. Seronegative patients received PPV, and seropositive patients were included as a comparison group. Vaccine response and tolerance were assessed after 4-8 weeks. Disease activity was evaluated on the basis of the Physician Global Assessment scores. Serology was repeated after 1 year, and information on any kind of infection needing medical attention was collected. Outcomes were the proportion of seropositivity and infections between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. RESULTS: Of 201 included patients, 35 received high-dose corticosteroids and 181 were given immunosuppressive drugs. Baseline seronegativity in 60 (30 %) patients was associated with corticotherapy and lower total IgG. After PPV, disease activity remained unchanged or decreased in 81 % of patients, and 87 % became seropositive. After 1 year, 67 % of vaccinated compared with 90 % of observed patients were seropositive (p < 0.001), whereas the rate of infections did not differ between groups. Those still taking prednisone ≥10 mg/day tended to have poorer serological responses and had significantly more infections. CONCLUSIONS: PPV was safe and moderately effective based on serological response. Seropositivity to pneumococcal antigens significantly reduced the risk of infections. Sustained high-dose corticosteroids were associated with poor vaccine response and more infections.

Estudo clínico e videofluoroscópico da disfagia na fase subaguda do acidente vascular encefálico

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar, em pacientes portadores de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) na fase subaguda, as alterações clínicas da deglutição com as observadas na videofluoroscopia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: De 37 portadores de AVE subagudo confirmado por exame de imagem, 26 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 59,69 anos, foram avaliados clínica e videofluoroscopicamente. Consideramos como variáveis para pareamento estatístico os parâmetros clínicos indicativos de penetração/aspiração e sua confirmação na videofluoroscopia. RESULTADOS: Identificamos disfagia em 19 (73%) dos 26 pacientes que fizeram videofluoroscopia; dez (38,46%) apresentaram penetração/aspiração de líquidos. Os dados resultantes mostraram não existir correlação (p < 0,05) entre a presença de disfagia e/ou disartria e a presença de penetração/aspiração de líquidos na videofluoroscopia. Houve correlação entre a presença de penetração/aspiração de líquidos observados na videofluoroscopia com os seguintes parâmetros clínicos: estado dos dentes (p = 0,047), mobilidade (p = 0,019) e sensibilidade da face (p = 0,039) e mobilidade da língua (p = 0,012). CONCLUSÃO: Não foi possível definir a presença de penetração/aspiração de líquidos nas vias aéreas por dados epidemiológicos do AVE. A existência de mau estado de preservação dos dentes, alterações na mobilidade da face e da língua e na sensibilidade da face mostrou risco aumentado de penetração/aspiração para líquidos. Permanece importante a indicação da videofluoroscopia para melhor avaliação dos quadros de disfagia após AVE.

Granulomatous Reaction to Pneumocystis jirovecii Diagnosed in a Bronchoalveolar Lavage: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Granulomatous reaction to Pneumocystis jirovecii is a rare but well-known pathological finding encountered in the setting of immunosuppression, HIV infection being the most common cause. It can also potentially complicate the treatment of hematological malignancies, typically when drugs lowering the count and function of lymphocytes are used. Lung biopsy is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of granulomatous P. jirovecii pneumonia, whereas the diffuse alveolar form is usually detected cytologically in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). CASE: A female patient pursuing R-CHOP chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple hematological malignancies developed a rapidly progressing dyspnea. Chest CT scans revealed a worsening of a known infiltrative lung disease thought to be secondary to her chemotherapy. Alterations compatible with a drug-induced interstitial lung disease and well-formed focally necrotizing granulomas were observed on an open lung biopsy, but no microorganism was identified with special stains. Eventually, a granulomatous reaction to P. jirovecii was found in a BAL and allowed appropriate treatment with rapid improvement of the dyspnea. CONCLUSION: Because granulomas are tissue-bound structures, they are rarely described in BAL. This article describes the first reported cytological diagnosis of a granulomatous reaction to P. jirovecii and the potential diagnostic interest of such a peculiar finding.

A novel approach to the determination of clinical decision thresholds

Our objective was to determine the test and treatment thresholds for common acute primary care conditions. We presented 200 clinicians with a series of web-based clinical vignettes, describing patients with possible influenza, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and urinary tract infection (UTI). We randomly varied the probability of disease and asked whether the clinician wanted to rule out disease, order tests or rule in disease. By randomly varying the probability, we obtained clinical decisions across a broad range of disease probabilities that we used to create threshold curves. For influenza, the test (4.5% vs 32%, p<0.001) and treatment (55% vs 68%, p=0.11) thresholds were lower for US compared with Swiss physicians. US physicians had somewhat higher test (3.8% vs 0.7%, p=0.107) and treatment (76% vs 58%, p=0.005) thresholds for ACS than Swiss physicians. For both groups, the range between test and treatment thresholds was greater for ACS than for influenza (which is sensible, given the consequences of incorrect diagnosis). For pneumonia, US physicians had a trend towards higher test thresholds and lower treatment thresholds (48% vs 64%, p=0.076) than Swiss physicians. The DVT and UTI scenarios did not provide easily interpretable data, perhaps due to poor wording of the vignettes. We have developed a novel approach for determining decision thresholds. We found important differences in thresholds for US and Swiss physicians that may be a function of differences in healthcare systems. Our results can also guide development of clinical decision rules and guidelines.

Comprometimento pulmonar nas leucemias: avaliação por tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel da tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) no estudo de pacientes com leucemia e sintomas pulmonares, analisar os principais padrões encontrados e definir sua etiologia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi feito estudo retrospectivo das TCAR de 15 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de leucemia, em vigência de sintomas respiratórios. Os exames foram feitos com protocolo de alta resolução espacial, sendo avaliados por dois radiologistas, de forma independente. RESULTADOS: Os principais padrões observados foram: atenuação em vidro fosco (n = 11), consolidação (n = 9), nódulos do espaço aéreo (n = 3), espessamento de septos interlobulares (n = 3), padrão de árvore em brotamento (n = 3) e derrame pleural (n = 3). A infecção pulmonar foi o achado mais comum, observado em 12 pacientes, com a seguinte freqüência: pneumonia bacteriana (n = 6), infecção fúngica (n = 4), tuberculose pulmonar (n = 1) e infecção viral (n = 1). Os outros três pacientes mostraram infiltração leucêmica pleural (n = 1), linfoma (n = 1) e hemorragia pulmonar (n = 1). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a TCAR é de grande importância na avaliação de pacientes com leucemia e neutropenia, com o objetivo de sugerir a causa do quadro pulmonar, avaliar a sua extensão e, em alguns casos, orientar procedimentos invasivos.

Prevalência de achados pulmonares em 55 pacientes com neoplasias esofagianas

OBJETIVO: Identificar alterações pulmonares em pacientes com neoplasia esofágica. Comparar os dados obtidos, além de mostrar sua relação com o tabagismo. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal tipo série de casos. Foram analisados prontuários e exames de imagem (tomografias computadorizadas e radiografias) de 55 pacientes com câncer de esôfago, diagnosticados entre 1998 e 2001, no Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto. Comparou-se a freqüência dos tumores encontrados e outras alterações pulmonares em dois grupos de pacientes: tabagistas e não tabagistas. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e seis (83%) pacientes apresentaram carcinomas espinocelulares, sete (13%) adenocarcinomas, um (2%) carcinoma de pequenas células e um (2%) linfoma não-Hodgkin. Quarenta e oito (87%) pacientes eram tabagistas e sete (13%) eram não tabagistas. Entre os tabagistas, 89% possuíam carcinoma espinocelular, 9% adenocarcinoma e 2% carcinoma de pequenas células. Entre os não tabagistas, 57% apresentaram adenocarcinoma, 28% carcinoma espinocelular e 15% linfoma não-Hodgkin. Houve metástases em quatro tabagistas e em dois não tabagistas. A prevalência das alterações pulmonares (infiltrado intersticial, enfisema e pneumonia) foi maior nos tabagistas (73%) do que nos não tabagistas (27%) (p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Este fato reforça a importância da avaliação pulmonar nos pacientes com neoplasia esofágica.

Tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução nas complicações pulmonares pós-transplante de medula óssea: ensaio iconográfico

O transplante de medula óssea (TMO) tem sido utilizado como tratamento de escolha para diversas doenças hematológicas. Entretanto, as complicações pulmonares, que podem ocorrer em até 60% dos pacientes, são o principal motivo de falha no tratamento. As complicações pulmonares pós-TMO podem ser divididas em três fases, de acordo com a imunidade do paciente. Na primeira fase, até 30 dias após o procedimento, predominam as complicações não infecciosas e as pneumonias fúngicas. Na fase precoce, que vai até o 100º dia pós-TMO, as infecções virais, principalmente por citomegalovírus, são mais comuns. Finalmente, na fase tardia pós-TMO, complicações não infecciosas como bronquiolite obliterante com pneumonia em organização e doença do enxerto contra o hospedeiro são mais comumente observadas. Os autores apresentam um ensaio iconográfico, enfatizando os aspectos de tomografia de alta resolução em pacientes com complicações pulmonares pós-TMO.

Paracoccidioidomicose pulmonar: relato de dois casos enfatizando o sinal do halo invertido

Este trabalho relata dois casos de paracoccidioidomicose pulmonar comprovados histologicamente, nos quais foi encontrado o sinal radiológico do halo invertido. Este sinal, descrito inicialmente como patognomônico da pneumonia criptogênica em organização, foi posteriormente encontrado e descrito na paracoccidioidomicose.

CSF lactate for accurate diagnosis of community-acquired bacterial meningitis.

CSF lactate measurement is recommended when nosocomial meningitis is suspected, but its value in community-acquired bacterial meningitis is controversial. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of lactate and other CSF parameters in a prospective cohort of adult patients with acute meningitis. Diagnostic accuracy of lactate and other CSF parameters in patients with microbiologically documented episodes was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The cut-offs with the best diagnostic performance were determined. Forty-five of 61 patients (74%) had a documented bacterial (n = 18; S. pneumoniae, 11; N. meningitidis, 5; other, 2) or viral (n = 27 enterovirus, 21; VZV, 3; other, 3) etiology. CSF parameters were significantly different in bacterial vs. viral meningitis, respectively (p < 0.001 for all comparisons): white cell count (median 1333 vs. 143/mm(3)), proteins (median 4115 vs. 829 mg/l), CSF/blood glucose ratio (median 0.1 vs. 0.52), lactate (median 13 vs. 2.3 mmol/l). ROC curve analysis showed that CSF lactate had the highest accuracy for discriminating bacterial from viral meningitis, with a cutoff set at 3.5 mmol/l providing 100% sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and efficiency. CSF lactate had the best accuracy for discriminating bacterial from viral meningitis and should be included in the initial diagnostic workup of this condition.

Manifestações intratorácicas das doenças do colágeno na tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução do tórax

As manifestações intratorácicas das doenças do colágeno são bastante comuns. O padrão e a freqüência de comprometimento dependem do tipo específico de doença do colágeno, que pode envolver um ou vários compartimentos simultaneamente, tais como parênquima, vias aéreas, artérias pulmonares, pleura, e pericárdio. As manifestações mais importantes incluem as pneumonias intersticiais difusas e a hipertensão pulmonar, que em conjunto representam as principais causas de mortalidade e morbidade nesses pacientes. O acometimento pulmonar, pleural e de via aérea pode ser também secundário a terapêutica instituída ou ser decorrente de processos infecciosos bacterianos ou por germes oportunistas, por causa da imunossupressão. Nesta revisão os autores sumarizam as manifestações intratorácicas e o diagnóstico diferencial das principais doenças do colágeno na tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução do tórax.

Antibiotic susceptibility of Neochlamydia hartmanellae and Parachlamydia acanthamoebae in amoebae.

Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Neochlamydia hartmanellae are Chlamydia-related bacteria naturally infecting free-living amoebae. These strict intracellular bacteria might represent emerging pathogens. Recent studies report an association with lower respiratory tract infections, especially with pneumonia where they have been identified as a potential causative agent in 1-2% of cases. In this study, we defined the antibiotic susceptibility of N. hartmanellae, two strains of P. acanthamoebae and two yet unclassified Parachlamydiaceae strains using a quantitative approach. We confirmed the results obtained earlier for P. acanthamoebae strain Bn9 in an observational study. Macrolides (MICs < 0.06-0.5 μg/ml), rifampicin (MICs 0.25-2) and doxycycline (2-4 μg/ml) were active against P. acanthamoebae strains and Neochlamydia. All strains were resistant to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone and imipenem (MIC ≥32 μg/ml). Similarly to other Chlamydia-related bacteria, all investigated Parachlamydiaceae were resistant to quinolones (MICs ≥ 16 μg/ml). Therefore, we recommend a treatment with macrolides for Parachlamydia-associated pneumonia.

Manifestações da infecção pelo novo vírus influenza A (H1N1) na tomografia computadorizada de tórax

OBJETIVO: Descrever as alterações na tomografia computadorizada de tórax de casos comprovados de infecção pelo novo vírus influenza A (H1N1). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Três observadores avaliaram, em consenso, nove tomografias computadorizadas de pacientes com infecção pelo vírus influenza A (H1N1) comprovada laboratorialmente. A idade dos pacientes variou de 14 a 64 anos (média de 40 anos), sendo cinco do sexo masculino e quatro do sexo feminino. Quatro pacientes eram previamente hígidos, quatro eram transplantados renais e uma era gestante à época do diagnóstico. Foram avaliadas a presença, a extensão e a distribuição de: a) opacidades em vidro fosco; b) nódulos centrolobulares; c) consolidações; d) espessamento de septos interlobulares; e) derrame pleural; f) linfonodomegalias. RESULTADOS: As alterações mais frequentemente encontradas foram opacidades em vidro fosco, nódulos centrolobulares e consolidações, presentes em nove (100%), cinco (55%) e quatro (44%) dos casos, respectivamente. Derrames pleurais e linfonodomegalias foram menos comuns, ocorrendo em apenas dois (22%) dos casos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados mais comuns nos casos de infecção pelo novo vírus influenza A (H1N1) foram opacidades em vidro fosco, nódulos centrolobulares e consolidações. Estas alterações não são típicas ou únicas a este agente, podendo ocorrer também em outras infecções virais ou bacterianas.

Trafficking of Estrella lausannensis in human macrophages.

Estrella lausannensis is a new member of the Chlamydiales order. Like other Chlamydia-related bacteria, it is able to replicate in amoebae and in fish cell lines. A preliminary study investigating the pathogenic potential of Chlamydia-related bacteria found a correlation between antibody response to E. lausannensis and pneumonia in children. To further investigate the pathogenic potential of E. lausannensis, we determined its ability to grow in human macrophages and its intracellular trafficking. The replication in macrophages resulted in viable E. lausannensis; however, it caused a significant cytopathic effect. The intracellular trafficking of E. lausannensis was analyzed by determining the interaction of the Estrella-containing inclusions with various endocytic markers as well as host organelles. The E. lausannensis inclusion escaped the endocytic pathway rapidly avoiding maturation into phagolysosomes by preventing both EEA-1 and LAMP-1 accumulation. Compared to Waddlia chondrophila, another Chlamydia-related bacteria, the recruitment of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum was minimal for E. lausannensis inclusions. Estrella lausannensis appears to use a distinct source of nutrients and energy compared to other members of the Chlamydiales order. In conclusion, we hypothesize that E. lausannensis has a restricted growth in human macrophages, due to its reduced capacity to control programmed cell death.

L'année 2014 mise en perspective par les internistes hospitaliers [What is new in 2014 for the specialist in hospital internal medicine? The point of view of university hospital chief residents].

The year 2014 was rich in significant advances in all areas of internal medicine. Many of them have an impact on our daily practice and on the way we manage one problem or another. From the use of the ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia to the choice of the site of venous access and the type of line, and the increasing complexity of choosing an oral anticoagulant agent, this selection offers to the readers a brief overview of the major advances. The chief residents in the Service of internal medicine of the Lausanne University hospital are pleased to share their readings.

Aerosol therapy in intensive and intermediate care units: prospective observation of 2808 critically ill patients.

PURPOSE: Unlike in the outpatient setting, delivery of aerosols to critically ill patients may be considered complex, particularly in ventilated patients, and benefits remain to be proven. Many factors influence aerosol delivery and recommendations exist, but little is known about knowledge translation into clinical practice. METHODS: Two-week cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of aerosol therapy in 81 intensive and intermediate care units in 22 countries. All aerosols delivered to patients breathing spontaneously, ventilated invasively or noninvasively (NIV) were recorded, and drugs, devices, ventilator settings, circuit set-up, humidification and side effects were noted. RESULTS: A total of 9714 aerosols were administered to 678 of the 2808 admitted patients (24 %, CI95 22-26 %), whereas only 271 patients (10 %) were taking inhaled medication before admission. There were large variations among centers, from 0 to 57 %. Among intubated patients 22 % (n = 262) received aerosols, and 50 % (n = 149) of patients undergoing NIV, predominantly (75 %) inbetween NIV sessions. Bronchodilators (n = 7960) and corticosteroids (n = 1233) were the most frequently delivered drugs (88 % overall), predominantly but not exclusively (49 %) administered to patients with chronic airway disease. An anti-infectious drug was aerosolized 509 times (5 % of all aerosols) for nosocomial infections. Jet-nebulizers were the most frequently used device (56 %), followed by metered dose inhalers (23 %). Only 106 (<1 %) mild side effects were observed, despite frequent suboptimal set-ups such as an external gas supply of jet nebulizers for intubated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Aerosol therapy concerns every fourth critically ill patient and one-fifth of ventilated patients.