Estudio de los factores infección con trypanosoma cruzi y nutrición sobre receptores innatos tipo toll y scavenger, adipocinas y otros mediadores de inflamación asociados a la obesidad en modelos experimentales.

En el modelo experimental in vivo en ratones C57BL/6 wild type tratados con streptozotocina y alimentados con una dieta grasa/fructosa se inducirá obesidad (IR) y DM2, con el propósito de: 1-Investigar la influencia de la infección con Trypanosoma cruzi como un potencial factor sinérgico pro-aterogénico. Se evaluará a distintos tiempos post infección, el tejido adiposo visceral y las repercusiones en aorta y corazón principalmente, por estudios histopatológicos. En plasma, se determinará el perfil de lípidos, lipoproteínas y otros parámetros metabólicos: glucosa e insulina, estos últimos para calcular el índice HOMA-IR, que refleje el grado de insulino- resistencia. Asimismo, se evaluarán ácidos grasos libres y proteínas de fase aguda circulantes como respuesta al proceso inflamatorio. 2- Evaluar la expresión de receptores tipo Toll (TLR 2, 4 y 9) y scavenger clase B (CD36) en el tejido adiposo visceral y aorta principalmente e identificar los tipos celulares que participan en las lesiones vasculares (macrófagos -M-, granulocitos y linfocitos T). 3- Determinar las citocinas inflamatorias: TNF, IL1-, IL12, IL18, IFN e IL6 y la quimiocina atractante de monocitos (CCL2; MCP-1) y adipocinas (leptina, resistina y adiponectina) en plasma y otros mediadores inflamatorios como óxido nítrico, especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS) y metaloproteasas (MMPs) en tejido adiposo visceral y aorta. Se cuantificarán además las moléculas de adhesión intercelular ICAM-1 y VCAM-1, involucradas en otros modelos de obesidad e insulino-resistencia. En el modelo in vitro 1- Investigar la influencia de la infección con T. cruzi y ácidos grasos saturados y monoinsaturado (C18, oleico) y el efecto de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) oxidadas y agregadas frente a LDL nativas (control) en una línea celular de adipositos. Se estudiará la expresión basal y post-estímulo de los receptores innatos tipo Toll y CD 36. 2- Cuantificar las adipocinas pro- inflamatorias (leptina, resistina y MCP-1)y adiponectina (antiinflamatoria) en el sobrenadante de cultivos frente a los estímulos propuestos y la expresión de las moléculas de adhesión ICAM-1 y VCAM-1.

Investigation into the potential for establishing a self-sustainable wetland ecosystem over pyritic mine tailings

Research was conducted to investigate the potential for ecologically engineering a sustainable wetland ecosystem over pyritic mine tailings to prevent the generation of acid mine drainage. Ecological engineering is technology with the primary goal being the creation of self-sustainable ecological systems. Work involved the design and construction of a pilot-scale wetland system comprising three wetland cells, each covering 100 m2. Approximately forty tonnes of pyritic mine tailings were deposited on the base of the first cell above a synthetic liner, covered with peat, flooded and planted with emergent wetland macrophytes Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, and Juncus effusus. The second cell was constructed as a conventional free water surface wetland, planted identically, and used as a reference wetland/experimental control. Wetland monitoring to determine long-term sustainability focused on indicators of ecosystem health including ecological, hydrological, physico-chemical, geochemical, and biotic metrics. An integrated assessment was conducted that involved field ecology in addition to ecological risk assessment. The objective of the field ecology study was to use vegetative parameters as ecological indicators for documenting wetlands success or degradation. The goal of the risk assessment was to determine if heavy-metal contamination of the wetland sediments occurred through metal mobilisation from the underlying tailings, and to evaluate if subsequent water column chemistry and biotic metal concentrations were significantly correlated with adverse wetland ecosystem impacts. Data were used to assess heavy metal bioavailability within the system as a function of metal speciation in the wetland sediments. Results indicate hydrology is the most important variable in the design and establishment of the tailings wetland and suggest a wetland cover is an ecologically viable alternative for pyritic tailings which are feasible to flood. Ecological data indicate that in terms of species richness and diversity, the tailings-wetland was exhibiting the ecological characteristics of natural wetlands within two years. Ata indicate that pH and conductivity in the tailings-wetland were not adversely impacted by the acid-generating potential or sulphate concentration of the tailings substrate and its porewater. Similarly, no enhanced seasonal impacts from sulphate or metals in the water column, nor adverse impacts on the final water quality of the outflows, were detected. Mean total metal concentrations in the sediments of the tailings-wetland indicate no significant adverse mobilisation of metals into the peat substrate from the tailings. Correlation analyses indicate a general increase in sediment metal concentration in this wetland with increasing water depth and pH, and a corresponding decrease in the metal concentrations of the water column. Sediment extractions also showed enrichment of Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn in the oxidisable fraction (including sulphides and organic matter) of the tailings-wetland sediments. These data suggest that adsorption and coprecipitation of metals is occurring from the water column of the tailings wetland with organic material at increasing depths under reducing conditions. The long-term control of metal bioavailability in the tailings wetland will likely be related to the presence and continual build-up of organic carbon binding sites in the developing wetland above the tailings. Metal speciation including free-metal ion concentration and the impact of physico-chemical parameters particularly pH and organic matter, were investigated to assess ecotoxicological risk. Results indicate that potentially bioavailable metals (the sum of the exchangeable and reducible fractions) within the tailings wetland are similar to values cited for natural wetlands. Estimated free-metal ion concentrations calculated from geochemical regression models indicate lower free-metal ion concentrations of Cd in the tailings wetland than natural wetlands and slightly higher free-metal ion concentrations of Pb and Zn. Increased concentrations of metals in roots, rhizomes and stems of emergent macrophytes did not occur in the tailings wetland. Even though a substantial number of Typha latifolia plants were found rooting directly into tailings, elevated metals were not found in these plant tissues. Phragmites also did not exhibit elevated metal concentrations in any plant tissues. Typha and Phragmites populations appear to be exhibiting metal-tolerant behaviour. The chemistry of the water column and sediments in Silvermines wetland were also investigated and were much more indicative of a wetland system impacted by heavy metal contamination than the tailings-wetland. Mean Dc, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations in the water column and sediments of Silvermines wetlands were substantially higher than in the pilot wetlands and closely approximate concentrations in these matrices contaminated with metals from mining. In addition, mean sulphate concentration in Silvermines wetland was substantially higher and is closer to sulphate concentrations in waters associated with mining. Potentially bioavailable metals were substantially elevated in Silvermines wetland in comparison to the pilot wetlands and higher than those calculated for natural rive sediments. However, Fe oxy-hydroxide concentrations in Silvermines sediments are also much higher than in the pilot wetlands and this significantly impacts the concentration of free-metal ions in the sediment porewater. The free-metal ion concentrations for Pb and Zn indicate that Silvermines wetland is retaining metals and acting as a treatment wetland for drainage emanating from Silvermines tailings dam.

Efeito da dieta e do ciclismo indoor sobre a composição corporal e nível sérico lipídico

FUNDAMENTO: O ciclismo indoor é um exercício aeróbico no qual se utiliza grandes grupamentos musculares dos membros inferiores, carente de impacto osteoarticular e de elevado gasto calórico, o que o torna interessante para se gerar uma estratégia não farmacológica. OBJETIVO: Analisar a composição corporal e o perfil lipídico sérico de mulheres com sobrepeso após doze semanas de dieta hipocalórica e treinamento de ciclismo indoor. MÉTODOS: Foram randomizadas 40 mulheres (23,90 ± 3,10 anos), subdivididas em quatro grupos: controle (C), ciclismo indoor (CI), ciclismo indoor associado a dieta hipocalórica (CD) e dieta hipocalórica (D). As variáveis analisadas foram: estatura e massa corporal, IMC, percentual de gordura, massa magra, triglicerídeos, colesterol e lipoproteinas (HDL,LDL,VLDL). O treinamento de ciclismo indoor consistiu em três sessões semanais de 45 minutos cada e a uma restrição energética de aproximadamente 1.200 kcal. O estudo teve duração de 12 semanas. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva (média e desvio padrão) e inferencial (test t de Student). O nível de significância adotado foi de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os grupos CI, CD e D reduziram significativamente as médias das variáveis antropométricas após as 12 semanas de intervenção (massa corporal, percentual de gordura e índice de massa corporal), além dos níveis séricos de colesterol total e triglicerídios. Em relação ao HDL colesterol, houve aumento significativo para os grupos CI e CD. CONCLUSÃO: De acordo com os resultados, o ciclismo indoor e a dieta hipocalórica contribuíram no combate ao sobrepeso bem como no controle do nível sérico dos lipídeos.

Angiotomografia coronariana multislice na avaliação da origem anômala das artérias coronarianas

Fundamento: A origem anômala das artérias coronarianas é uma entidade relativamente rara, podendo se apresentar de várias formas clínicas e evoluir de forma adversa. A angiotomografia multislice das artérias coronarianas vem ganhando espaço na prática clínica diária, representando importante método propedêutico, com grande potencial na avaliação anatômica dessas artérias. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os achados angiotomográficos e a evolução de pacientes com origem anômala das artérias coronarianas. Métodos: Durante o período de janeiro de 2008 a março de 2011, foram avaliados consecutivamente 404 pacientes encaminhados para realização de angiotomografia das coronárias por diversos motivos, com tempo médio de seguimento de 21 meses. Resultados: Nove pacientes (2,2%) apresentaram origem anômala das artérias coronárias, sendo quatro com origem anômala da artéria circunflexa (Cx) em Coronária Direita (CD), dois com origem anômala da CD (um com origem de CD em Cx, e um com origem de CD em seio coronariano esquerdo), um paciente com tronco coronariano único (descendente anterior e Cx saindo do seio coronariano esquerdo), um com trajeto anômalo do tronco da coronária esquerda entre aorta e artéria pulmonar e um paciente apresentando tronco coronariano esquerdo originando-se do seio coronariano direito. Dos pacientes avaliados, um paciente recebeu um cardiodesfibrilador implantável; um paciente evoluiu com morte súbita durante internação hospitalar; e os outros não tiveram intercorrências. Conclusão: A angiotomografia multislice das coronárias representa método propedêutico minimamente invasivo que possibilita detectar a origem, o curso e terminação das anomalias de origem das artérias coronarianas com excelente acurácia, possibilitando o correto diagnóstico e auxiliando no planejamento terapêutico.

Baroreflex Sensitivity and its Association with Arrhythmic Events in Chagas Disease

Background:Sudden death is the leading cause of death in Chagas disease (CD), even in patients with preserved ejection fraction (EF), suggesting that destabilizing factors of the arrhythmogenic substrate (autonomic modulation) contribute to its occurrence.Objective:To determine baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in patients with undetermined CD (GI), arrhythmogenic CD with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) (GII) and CD with spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia (STV) (GIII), to evaluate its association with the occurrence and complexity of arrhythmias.Method:Forty-two patients with CD underwent ECG and continuous and noninvasive BP monitoring (TASK force monitor). The following were determined: BRS (phenylephrine method); heart rate variability (HRV) on 24-h Holter; and EF (echocardiogram).Results:GIII had lower BRS (6.09 ms/mm Hg) as compared to GII (11.84) and GI (15.23). The difference was significant between GI and GIII (p = 0.01). Correlating BRS with the density of ventricular extrasystoles (VE), low VE density (<10/h) was associated with preserved BRS. Only 59% of the patients with high VE density (> 10/h) had preserved BRS (p = 0.003). Patients with depressed BRS had higher VE density (p = 0.01), regardless of the EF. The BRS was the only variable related to the occurrence of SVT (p = 0.028).Conclusion:The BRS is preserved in undetermined CD. The BRS impairment increases as disease progresses, being more severe in patients with more complex ventricular arrhythmias. The degree of autonomic dysfunction did not correlate with EF, but with the density and complexity of ventricular arrhythmias.

Akzeptanz kosmetischer Körperkorrekturen und Prävalenz Körperdysmorpher Störungen bei Internetnutzern

Magdeburg, Univ., Med. Fak., Diss., 2010

Cytochemical characterization of gill and hepatopancreatic cells of the crab Ucides cordatus (Crustacea, Brachyura) validated by cell metal transport

Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) is a hypo-hyper-regulating mangrove crab possessing gills for respiratory and osmoregulatory processes, separated in anterior and posterior sections. They also have hepatopancreas, which is responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients and detoxification of toxic metals. Each of these organs has specific cells that are important for in vitro studies in cell biology, ion and toxic metals transport. In order to study and characterize cells from gills and hepatopancreas, both were separated using a Sucrose Gradient (SG) from 10 to 40% and cells in each gradient were characterized using the vital mitochondrial dye DASPEI (2-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-N- ethylpyridinium iodide) and Trichrome Mallory's stain. Both in 20 and 40% SG for gill cells and 30% SG for hepatopancreatic cells, a greater number of cells were colored with DASPEI, indicating a larger number of mitochondria in these cells. It is concluded that the gill cells present in 20% and 40% SG are Thin cells, responsible for respiratory processes and Ionocytes responsible for ion transport, respectively. For hepatopancreatic cells, the 30% SG is composed of Fibrillar cells that possess larger number of membrane ion and nutrient transporters. Moreover, the transport of toxic metal cadmium (Cd) by isolated hepatopancreatic cells was performed as a way of following cell physiological integrity after cell separation and to study differences in transport among the cells. All hepatopancreatic cells were able to transport Cd. These findings are the first step for further work on isolated cells of these important exchange epithelia of crabs, using a simple separation method and to further develop successful in vitro cell culture in crabs.

Defining the criteria for the evaluation of self-study multimedia language learning materials: do they facilitate or inhibit learner autonomy?

Durant els darrers anys, s’han publicat un gran nombre de materials multimèdia destinats a l’aprenentatge de llengües, la major part dels quals son CD-ROM dissenyats com a cursos per l’autoaprenentatge. Amb aquests materials, els alumnes poden treballar independentment sense l’assessorament d’un professor, i per aquest motiu s’ha afirmat que promouen i faciliten l’aprenentatge autònom. Aquesta relació, però, no es certa, com Phil Benson i Peter Voller 1997:10) han manifestat encertadament:(…) Such claims are often dubious, however, because of the limited range of options and roles offered to the learner. Nevertheless, technologies of education in the broadest sense can be considered to be either more or less supportive of autonomy. The question is what kind of criteria do we apply in evaluating them? En aquest article presentem una investigació conjunta on es defineixen els criteris que poden ser utilitzats per avaluar materials multimèdia en relació a la seva facilitat per permetre l’aprenentatge autònom. Aquests criteris son la base d’un qüestionari que s’ha emprat per avaluar una selecció de CD-ROM destinats a l’autoaprenentatge de llengües. La estructura d’aquest article és la següent: - Una introducció de l’estudi - Els criteris que s’han utilitzar per la creació del qüestionari - Els resultats generals de l’avaluació - Les conclusions que s’han extret i la seva importància pel disseny instructiu multimèdia

Creating and using a non-dedicated HPC cluster with ParallelKnoppix

This note describes ParallelKnoppix, a bootable CD that allows econometricians with average knowledge of computers to create and begin using a high performance computing cluster for parallel computing in very little time. The computers used may be heterogeneous machines, and clusters of up to 200 nodes are supported. When the cluster is shut down, all machines are in their original state, so their temporary use in the cluster does not interfere with their normal uses. An example shows how a Monte Carlo study of a bootstrap test procedure may be done in parallel. Using a cluster of 20 nodes, the example runs approximately 20 times faster than it does on a single computer.

A note on parallelizing the parameterized expectations algorithm

The parameterized expectations algorithm (PEA) involves a long simulation and a nonlinear least squares (NLS) fit, both embedded in a loop. Both steps are natural candidates for parallelization. This note shows that parallelization can lead to important speedups for the PEA. I provide example code for a simple model that can serve as a template for parallelization of more interesting models, as well as a download link for an image of a bootable CD that allows creation of a cluster and execution of the example code in minutes, with no need to install any software.

User-friendly parallel computations with econometric examples

This paper shows how a high level matrix programming language may be used to perform Monte Carlo simulation, bootstrapping, estimation by maximum likelihood and GMM, and kernel regression in parallel on symmetric multiprocessor computers or clusters of workstations. The implementation of parallelization is done in a way such that an investigator may use the programs without any knowledge of parallel programming. A bootable CD that allows rapid creation of a cluster for parallel computing is introduced. Examples show that parallelization can lead to important reductions in computational time. Detailed discussion of how the Monte Carlo problem was parallelized is included as an example for learning to write parallel programs for Octave.

ParallelKnoppix tutorial

This note shows how to set up a Linux cluster for MPI parallel processing using ParallelKnoppix, a bootable CD.

ParallelKnoppix - Rapid deployment of a linux cluster for MPI parallel processing using non-dedicated computers

This note describes ParallelKnoppix, a bootable CD that allows creation of a Linux cluster in very little time. An experienced user can create a cluster ready to execute MPI programs in less than 10 minutes. The computers used may be heterogeneous machines, of the IA-32 architecture. When the cluster is shut down, all machines except one are in their original state, and the last can be returned to its original state by deleting a directory. The system thus provides a means of using non-dedicated computers to create a cluster. An example session is documented.

Análisis de los residuos sólidos generados en áreas administrativas, académicas, bibliotecas y cómputos, de ciudad universitària en la UMSNH, Michoacán, México

El proyecto se enmarca dentro de Plan Ambiental Institucional (PAI) de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), México, en lo referente a la gestión de residuos y tiene por finalidad analizar la tipología y composición de los residuos que se generan en algunas de las áreas de Ciudad Universitaria (CU). Para esto se realizó una metodología de recogida no selectiva de residuos puerta a puerta que se estructuró en dos fases, la primera, con el objetivo de obtener toda la información sobre el número y tipo de espacios de los edificios para luego elaborar y llevar a cabo el muestreo de los residuos, y la segunda, que se centró en la captura informática y gestión de los pesos de los mismos. De los datos obtenidos se concluyó que los residuos de mayor peso muestreado fueron el papel, la materia orgánica, el cartón y el vidrio transparente, los residuos de mayor generación per cápita fueron el papel, cartucho de impresora, CD y disquete. Finalmente, se concluye que la UMSNH no da tratamiento a los residuos que al ser depositados al aire libre contaminan su medio ambiente. Reciclándolos podrían obtenerse no sólo beneficios ambientales sino también económicos, que disminuirían el costo del reciclado devolviendo los residuos al ciclo productivo.

Prevalence and clinical importance of mesenteric venous thrombosis in the swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study and to correlate MVT with clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Abdominal portal phase CT was used to examine patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Two experienced abdominal radiologists retrospectively analyzed the images, focusing on the superior and inferior mesenteric vein branches and looking for signs of acute or chronic thrombosis. The location of abnormalities was registered. The presence of MVT was correlated with IBD-related radiologic signs and complications. RESULTS. The cases of 160 patients with IBD (89 women, 71 men; Crohn disease [CD], 121 patients; ulcerative colitis [UC], 39 patients; median age at diagnosis, 27 years for patients with CD, 32 years for patients with UC) were analyzed. MVT was detected in 43 patients with IBD (26.8%). One of these patients had acute MVT; 38, chronic MVT; and four, both. The prevalence of MVT did not differ between CD (35/121 [28.9%]) and UC (8/39 [20.5%]) (p = 0.303). The location of thrombosis was different between CD and UC (CD, jejunal or ileal veins only [p = 0.005]; UC, rectocolic veins only [p = 0.001]). Almost all (41/43) cases of thrombosis were peripheral. MVT in CD patients was more frequently associated with bowel wall thickening (p = 0.013), mesenteric fat hypertrophy (p = 0.005), ascites (p = 0.002), and mesenteric lymph node enlargement (p = 0.036) and was associated with higher rate of bowel stenosis (p < 0.001) and more intestinal IBD-related surgery (p = 0.016) in the outcome. Statistical analyses for patients with UC were not relevant because of the limited population (n = 8). CONCLUSION. MVT is frequently found in patients with IBD. Among patients with CD, MVT is associated with bowel stenosis and CD-related intestinal surgery.