The rough guide to the Moon and Mars

Space is a dangerous place for humans, once we step beyond the rotection of Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field. Galactic cosmic rays and bursts of charged particles from the Sun damaging to health happen with alarming frequency – the Apollo astronauts were very lucky. Understanding the physics of radiation from distinct sources in space will be useful to help future space voyagers plan journeys in greater safety, and produce effective shields for these unavoidable events on journeys to Mars or beyond.

The solsticial pause on Mars: 2 modelling and investigation of causes

The martian solsticial pause, presented in a companion paper (Lewis et al., this issue), was investigated further through a series of model runs using the UK version of the LMD/UK Mars Global Climate Model. It was found that the pause could not be adequately reproduced if radiatively active water ice clouds were omitted from the model. When clouds were used, along with a realistic time-dependent dust opacity distribution, a substantial minimum in near-surface transient eddy activity formed around solstice in both hemispheres. The net effect of the clouds in the model is, by altering the thermal structure of the atmosphere, to decrease the vertical shear of the westerly jet near the surface around solstice, and thus reduce baroclinic growth rates. A similar effect was seen under conditions of large dust loading, implying that northern midlatitude eddy activity will tend to become suppressed after a period of intense flushing storm formation around the northern cap edge. Suppression of baroclinic eddy generation by the barotropic component of the flow and via diabatic eddy dissipation were also investigated as possible mechanisms leading to the formation of the solsticial pause but were found not to make major contributions. Zonal variations in topography were found to be important, as their presence results in weakened transient eddies around winter solstice in both hemispheres, through modification of the near-surface flow. The zonal topographic asymmetry appears to be the primary reason for the weakness of eddy activity in the southern hemisphere relative to the northern hemisphere, and the ultimate cause of the solsticial pause in both hemispheres. The meridional topographic gradient was found to exert a much weaker influence on near-surface transient eddies.

The solsticial pause on Mars: 1. A planetary wave reanalysis

Large-scale planetary waves are diagnosed from an analysis of profiles retrieved from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer aboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft during its scientific mapping phase. The analysis is conducted by assimilating thermal profiles and total dust opacity retrievals into a Mars global circulation model. Transient waves are largest throughout the northern hemisphere autumn, winter and spring period and almost absent during the summer. The southern hemisphere exhibits generally weaker transient wave behaviour. A striking feature of the low-altitude transient waves in the analysis is that they show a broad subsidiary minimum in amplitude centred on the winter solstice, a period when the thermal contrast between the summer hemisphere and the winter pole is strongest and baroclinic wave activity might be expected to be strong. This behaviour, here called the ‘solsticial pause,’ is present in every year of the analysis. This strong pause is under-represented in many independent model experiments, which tend to produce relatively uniform baroclinic wave activity throughout the winter. This paper documents and diagnoses the transient wave solsticial pause found in the analysis; a companion paper investigates the origin of the phenomenon in a series of model experiments.

Lågenergibyggande i Dalarna mars 2012

Inom ramen för projektet Energi- och miljökompetenscentrum vid Högskolan Dalarna har en kortare studie av lågenergibyggande i Dalarna gjorts. Syftet med rapporten är att ge en sammanställning av det aktuella läget på området i Dalarna. Det finns idag ett flertal bygginitiativ, både privata och allmännyttiga, i Dalarna där man ansträngt sig när det gäller energihushållning. En handfull av dessa kommer nog att uppfylla passivhuskraven enligt FEBY, exakt hur många går dock inte att säga pga infomationsbrist och med tanke på osäkerheten i energiberäkningarna. En annan slutsats är att medvetenheten om lågenergibyggande på kommunal och allmännyttig nivå är i allmänhet god och att energihushållning är ett område som ges stort fokus vid den nybyggnation som sker. När det gäller det privata byggandet av villor så sker det mesta av byggandet enligt hustillverkarnas typspecifikationer. Då tak, grund och ventilationssystem oftast i princip är samma som för passivhus kan det konstateras att egentligen ganska små förändringar i konstruktion och utförande av detta byggande skulle kunna ge hus enligt FEBYs passivhuskrav eller åtminstone minienergihuskrav.

Situações atmosféricas que propiciam as marés meteorológicas

O objetivo central deste trabalho consiste, a partir de um caso de ciclogênese ocorrido na costa leste do América do Sul, caracterizar as condições sinóticas favoráveis ao desenvolvimento de ciclones marítimos que possam gerar ressacas. Uma ciclogênese desenvolveu-se a leste da Argentina dia 03 de maio de 2001. Neste mesmo dia sobre o continente, existia um centro de alta pressão, que em conjunto com este ciclone marítimo formava um pista de vento de quadrante sul, paralelo ao continente, deixando o mar revolto, aumentando nível no extremo sul do Brasil, como registrado pela tábua de maré da cidade de Rio Grande, no estado do Rio Grande de Sul. No dia 04 de maio, à leste do estado de São Paulo, outro ciclone começa a se formar, intensificando a pista de vento pré existente. A metodologia utilizada afim de atingir os objetivos propostos, foi a da modelagem numérica. Utilizou-se modelo Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Foram utilizados como entrada dados de outros dois modelos, modelo Global e Modelo ETA. Para ambos os experimentos usando o RAMS, observou-se que o ciclone do dia 04 teve sua gênese em torno de 25ºS e 45ºW, se deslocando para sudeste. Na análise de mesoescala, foi observado que durante o período estudado os ventos sempre tiveram uma componente de sul e que os mais intensos ventos ocorreram em 28ºS e 48ºW, pois nesta região haviam maiores valores de gradiente de pressão, fluxo de calor sensível e fluxo de calor latente, já que é também nesta região onde se verifica a maior temperatura da superfície do mar.

Nas marés da vida: histórias e Saberes das mulheres marisqueiras

The harsh reality of women in the municipality of Indiaroba enlarges to much more from everyday household . Every day, they need courage and determination to adentrarem in mangrove cross functional seafood, which sold, ensure their survival. The life of catadoras seafood, fishing in mangrove and have your family's work, is the object of this study, through which search will be highlighted the history of women who perform a subsistence activity in your daily life. Will reflect on their work in the environment into which are entered, the vision that have labour, environment, family, sexuality, and their social relations. The research p Espírito Santo, in which these women, forgetting seafood calls, play activities diversified in its role of being a woman, reason personal awareness, generating an academic curiosity to know their life stories. Through ethnographic method, which spans observations, interviews, workshops and testimonials, we have tried to learn more about the daily life of forgetting seafood. This gives visibility to the human condition in one of its expressions which can help you understand and appreciate the cultural diversity of knowledge and knowledge constructed this activity pecheurfalco

Dynamics of some fictitious satellites of Venus and Mars

The dynamics of some fictitious satellites of Venus and Mars are studied considering only solar perturbation and the oblateness of the planet, as disturbing forces. Several numerical integrations of the averaged system, taking different values of the obliquity of ecliptic (a), show the existence of strong chaotic motion, provided that the semi major axis is near a critical value. As a consequence, large increase of eccentricities occur and the satellites may collide with the planet or cross possible internal orbits. Even starting from almost circular and equatorial orbits, most satellites can easily reach prohibitive values. The extension of the chaotic zone depends clearly on the value ε, so that, previous regular regions may become chaotic, provided ε increases sufficiently. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

New record for the army ant Labidus mars (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) in the Atlantic Rain Forest of São Paulo State, Brazil

The occurrence of the army ant Labidus mars in Mogi das Cruzes (SP, Brazil) is recorded and includes additional information about the area, diet and foraging schedule of this rare army ant. This species of Ecitoninae was collected from two mature fruits of the Syagrus romanzoffiana (Arecaceae) and were probably in the foraging phase.

Texte préliminaire révisé de la déclaration constitutive et du mandat et règlement intérieur du Comité de Développement et de Coopération des Caraïbes, adopté à la Dix-neuvième Session du CDCC 13 et 14 mars 2002. Note du Secretariat

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Automated determination of the orientation of dust devil tracks in mars orbiter images

The paper presents and evaluates three methods for automatically estimating the main orientation of Martian dust devil tracks in MOC and HiRISE images. Inferring such information about dust devils from their tracks is important to better understand the near surface wind. The methods considered were based on gradient direction, directional openings and morphological granulometry. The accuracy of the methods was asserted by comparing the results to a set of directions estimated visually and assumed to be the ground truth. The higher accuracy was reached using directional openings. Besides, the directions inferred by this method were compared to those predicted by the GCM and the results agreed. © 2013 COSPAR.