943 resultados para Macapá - AP


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A new kind of electroactive polymers was synthesized by using aniline pentamer (AP) cross-linking chitosan (CS) in acetic acid/DMSO/DMF solution. UV-vis and CV confirmed the electroactivity of polymers in acidic aqueous solution. The amphiphilic polymers self-assembled into 200-300 nm micelles by dialysis against deionized water from the acetic acid buffer solution. Three samples with different weight percentages of AP were used to identify the relationship between the content of AP and the differentiation of rat neuronal pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells without external stimulation.

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For the films and powder of polymers containing conductive oligomer are usually obtained from solution, the choice of better solvents for the regular arrangement of oligomers is very important for the higher conductivity. Because of the poor solubility of the oligomers, it is difficult to study the arrangement directly in most common solvents, so, we synthesized a triblock copolymer, mPEG2k-aniline pentamer-mPEG2k, as the model to investigate the arrangement-solvent relationship. For the poor solubility of the AP block in common solvents, the copolymer self-assembled into spheric micelles in toluene and into lamellar crystals in water and THF. The crystallinity (X-c) and crystallization temperature (T-c) values of mPEG blocks in powders prepared from different solvents differed obviously, which may be the effect of different self-assembled structures. From the two-phase model of one-dimensional electron density correlation function of SAXS, the long period of copolymer prepared from THF was presumably equal to the long period of pure mPEG plus the chain length of AP, which demonstrates that the AP blocks arrange regularly in the noncrystalline regions.

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A novel fluorescent dye labeled H-shaped block copolymer, (PMMA-Fluor-PS)(2)-PEO-(PS-Fluor-PMMA)(2), is synthesized by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and anionic polymerization (AP). To obtain the designated structure of the copolymer, a macroinitiator, 2,2-dichloro acetyl-PEO-2,2-dichloro acetyl (DCA-PEO-DCA), was prepared from DCAC and poly(ethylene oxide). The copolymer was characterized by H-1 NMR, GPC and fluorescence spectroscopy.

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An electroactive triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and aniline pentamer (AP), PEG-block-AP-block-PEG (PAP), was synthesized via polycondensation in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). The UV-vis spectra and cyclic-voltammograms (CV) spectra exhibited an excellent electroactivity of the triblock copolymer. The amphiphilic triblock copolymer self-assembles spontaneously into uniform micellar aggregates when the triblock copolymer was added directly to the aqueous solution. The size of the aggregates can be changed with the oxidation state of the AP segment in the PAP copolymer and the aggregates were pH-sensitive to the surrounding water solution, which provides a potential application in controlled drug release.

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A triblock copolymer PLA-b-AP-b-PLA (PAP) of polylactide (PLA) and aniline pentamer (AP) with the unique properties of being both electroactive and biodegradable is synthesized by coupling an electroactive carboxyl-capped AP with two biodegradable bihydroxyl-capped PLAs via a condensation reaction. Three different molecule weight PAP copolymers are prepared. The PAP copolymers exhibit excellent electroactivity similar to the AP and polyaniline, which may stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. The electrical conductivity of the PAP2 copolymer film (similar to 5 x 10(-6) S/cm) is in the semiconducting region. Transmission electron microscopic results suggest that there is microphase separation of the two block segments in the copolymer, which might contribute to the observed conductivity. The biodegradation and biocompatibility experiments in vitro prove the copolymer is biodegradable and biocompatible. Moreover, these new block copolymer shows good solubility in common organic solvents, leading to the system with excellent processibility. These biodegradable PAP copolymers with electroactive function thus possess the properties that would be potentially used as scaffold materials for neuronal or cardiovascular tissue engineering.

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A simple method was proposed for the separation of allopurinol (AP) and its active metabolite oxypurinol (OP) by capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection. A running buffer composed of 15 rum Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 at a pH 9.55, electrokinetic injection 7 s at 5 kV, separation voltage at 15 kV and detection potential at 1.20 V were investigated to be the optimal condition for the separation. The method exhibited low detection Emit (S/N = 3) as 1 x 10(-8) mol/l for AP and OP, wide linearity range of 2 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-4) mol/l, 1 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-4) and high efficiency of 1.2 x 10(5) and 1.8 x 10(5) N/m for AP and OP, respectively. The potential application examined for the method was the determination of the spiked urine sample, which was proved to be sensitive and efficient. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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4-Aminophenol (4-AP), paracetamol (PRCT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) (all somewhat hydrophobic compounds) were HPLC electrochemically detected while the signals from uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA) (both hydrophilic compounds at the pH studied) were minimized, taking advantage of the permselectivity of the self-assembled n-alkanethiol monolayer (C-10-SAM)-modified Au electrodes based on solute polarity, The effects of various factors, such as the chain length of the n-alkanethiol modifier, modifying time, and pH value, on the permeability of C-10-SAM coatings were examined, The calibration curves, linear response ranges, detection limits, and reproducibilities of the EC detector for 4-AP, PRCT, NE, and DA were obtained, The result shows that the EC detector can be applied in the chromatographic detection of 4-AP, PRCT, NE, and DA in urine, effectively removing the influence of UA and AA in high concentrations existing in biological samples. As a result, a great improvement in the selectivity of EC detectors has been achieved by using Au electrodes coated with neutral n-alkanethiol monolayer.

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本文提出了计算机辅助有机元素分析计算高分子共聚物组成的一般公式,并以丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸钠共聚物为例予以验证。同时测试了AP-20系列共聚物及AT-430共聚物的共聚组成,其结果与~(13)C NMR测定数据一致。

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海湾扇贝Argopecten irradian Lamarck于1982年从美国引种到中国,由于具有较快的生长速度和很高的经济效益,海湾扇贝成为中国最主要的养殖贝类之一。近年来海湾扇贝养殖遇到了死亡率高等问题,深入开展海湾扇贝功能基因的研究,尤其是免疫相关基因及其机制研究并在此基础上寻找扇贝疾病防治的有效方法对海湾扇贝的健康养殖十分重要。 对于贝类免疫系统来说,其血细胞在先天性免疫防御中起着重要的作用。当受到外界病原侵染时,贝类血细胞的一个重要免疫反应就是吞噬作用。在吞噬病原过程中,受到病原侵染的贝类还会产生其他多种免疫反应,这些免疫反应将消耗大量的能量(ATP),产能的呼吸链会加速运转,由此也会引发与呼吸链相耦联的活性氧(ROS)的大量产生。这些活性氧具有极强的反应特性,能破坏病原微生物的结构和功能分子,实现对入侵病原的杀灭。利用活性氧对被吞噬的病原进行杀灭,这是吞噬作用消除病原抵御侵染的重要机制。但由于活性氧分子反应的非特异性,它们也会破坏宿主机体细胞内的功能蛋白分子、不饱和脂肪酸分子和核酸等,对细胞造成严重的伤害,进而导致机体生理机能的损伤和免疫系统的破坏。所以,及时消除病原感染机体内过量产生的ROS,维持相关细胞的正常代谢,对提高机体抵抗力和免疫力具有重要的作用。O2-是生物体内产生的第一种活性氧分子,其他的活性氧分子也是由它衍生而来,消除过量O2-是消除过量活性氧危害的第一步也是关键一步。生物体内,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是催化O2-发生歧化反应,消除O2-的关键酶。 首先,本文通过RACE方法获得了海湾扇贝SOD家族全部三种基因的cDNA全长并对其进行了序列的生物信息学分析,海湾扇贝AiCuZnSOD全长cDNA为1047个碱基,其中开放阅读框为459个碱基,编码152个氨基酸,与栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri的CuZnSOD相似度为77.5%,与长牡蛎Crassostrea gigas的相似度为75%,与人的相似度为74.7%。AiMnSOD全长cDNA为1207个碱基,其中开放阅读框为678个碱基,编码226个氨基酸,序列比对结果发现AiMnSOD的氨基酸序列与虾夷扇贝Mizuhopecten yessoensis和皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai的相似度分别为85%和78.4%,与哺乳动物相似度也在68%~72%之间。AiECSOD全长cDNA为893个碱基,其中开放阅读框为657个碱基,编码218个氨基酸。AiECSOD与其它物种ECSOD相似度比较低。与线虫Brugia pahangi的相似度为27.9%,与疟蚊Anopheles gambiae的相似度为31.4%,与斑马鱼Danio rerio的相似度为27.8%,与人的相似度也只有28.6%,与同是贝类的长牡蛎ECSOD也只有28.1%的相似性。主要原因是AiECSOD的信号肽和肝磷脂结合区域在各物种中无同源性。 其次,采用qRT-PCR(quantitative real time PCR)方法分析三种SOD基因在不同组织中的表达情况,结果表明三种SOD基因的组织表达有所差异。AiCuZnSOD基因在鳃中表达水平最高,其次是血细胞和性腺,在外套膜、闭壳肌和肝胰脏表达水平较低。AiMnSOD基因在鳃中表达水平最高,其次是外套膜,在血细胞、性腺,而在肝胰脏和闭壳肌表达较弱。AiECSOD基因在血细胞中表达水平最高,其次是肝胰脏,在鳃、闭壳肌表达水平较低,而性腺和外套膜没有检测到。同时,采用qRT-PCR对鳗弧菌Vibrio angullarum感染后海湾扇贝血细胞中三种SOD基因mRNA表达变化进行了检测。AiCuZnSOD表达量在各个时间段没有显著差异(P > 0.05)。AiMnSOD的表达量在1.5 h时略有下降,在3 h时达到最高表达量,是空白组(0h)的3倍(P < 0.01),从6 h到24 h表达量逐渐下降,24 h时表达量是空白组的1.6倍,24 h到48 h又稍有升高。AiECSOD的表达量在1.5 h时有所下降,是空白组的0.3倍(P < 0.05),随后逐渐升高,在12 h时达到最高表达量,是空白组(0h)的4.5倍(P < 0.01),从24 h到48 h表达量逐渐下降并恢复到空白组的水平。在对照组,各个时间点没有显著差异(P > 0.05)。在鳗弧菌感染后,海湾扇贝三种SOD的表达并不一致,且差异比较显著。AiCuZnSOD被认为是构成性表达基因,其受外界刺激的影响最小,AiMnSOD和AiECSOD受刺激后表达上调比较明显。 第三,采用Genome-walking的方法得到了海湾扇贝三种SOD基因的基因组全长和近端启动子序列并对其进行了相关分析。AiCuZnSOD的基因组序列全长为4279bp,包含有4个外显子和3个内含子。AiMnSOD的基因组序列全长为10692bp,包含有4个外显子和3个内含子。AiECSOD的基因组序列全长为5276bp,包含有5个外显子和4个内含子。三种基因外显子和内含子的结合处序列遵循-AT/GT-原则。我们把海湾扇贝SOD家族的三个基因的近端启动子进行了比较分析。发现三种SOD在靠近起始密码子的位置都有Oct-1结合位点。三种SOD共有的转录位点有:Oct-1、C/EBPalp、Oct2.1、Sp-1和GATA-1。AiCuZnSOD和AiMnSOD共有的转录位点有:ICSBP、Ftz、TATA-box、C/EBPbeta和Antp。AiCuZnSOD和AiECSOD共有的转录位点有:AP-1和NFκB。AiMnSOD和AiECSOD共有的转录位点有:GR和ER。AiCuZnSOD独有的位点有:SRF、YY-1和NF-1。AiMnSOD独有的位点有:HNF-1、Hb、MEB、NF-muE1、Pit-1a和Eve。AiECSOD独有的位点有:CREB、RATA-alph、Kruppel-like和AP-3。 此外,通过构建原核表达载体,本研究对AiCuZnSOD和AiECSOD基因进行了体外重组表达,并对纯化的重组蛋白进行了酶活分析。酶活分析表明,重组AiCuZnSOD蛋白有较高的酶活和稳定性。 最后,我们对海湾扇贝三种SOD基因的部分区域,包括启动子、编码区,部分内含子区域进行了SNP检测,并对SOD基因部分SNP位点多态性和鳗弧菌敏感性进行了相关分析。三种SOD基因中,我们共发现了59个SNP位点,其中AiECSOD的SNP位点最多,特别是在启动子区,AiCuZnSOD和AiMnSOD多态性较低。其中AiCuZnSOD启动子区的-1739 T-C 位点的基因型和等位基因,AiECSOD启动子区的-498 A-T和-267 G-A等位基因频率,AiECSOD的第一个外显子38 Thr-Lys的多态性在敏感和抗菌群体中存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。

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卵泡抑素(Follistatin)是1987年由Robertson和Ueno分别从牛和猪的卵泡液中分离出的一种富含半胱氨酸的糖基化单链多肽。FS对不同类型的细胞有广泛的调节作用,具有多方面的生物学作用。本研究克隆到牙鲆Follistatin基因,并利用RT-PCR和原位杂交对其在胚胎及成体中的表达进行了分析,并对其启动子进行了组织特异性分析。 1. Follistatin基因组全长4.3 kb左右,其中启动子区长约1 kb。与cDNA序列的比较显示该基因含有5个外显子和4个内含子,内含子和外显子的交界处严格遵守GT…AG规则。Follistatin基因编码了一个含有323个氨基酸的蛋白质前体,该蛋白质前体含有信号肽区域、N-端结构域、Follistatin结构域Ⅰ、Follistatin结构域Ⅱ、Follistatin结构域Ⅲ和C-端结构域。蛋白比较分析表明Follistatin与其他物种的Follistatin的同源性较高,其结构域保守性更高。 三级预测结果显示:在空间构型上,牙鲆Follistatin基因与斑马鱼Follistatin基因完全一致。在序列上高度保守的半胱氨酸在空间上两两相对,它们可能对维持Follistatin蛋白的空间结构起着重要的作用 2. RT-PCR方法和原位杂交方法研究Follistatin基因在牙鲆胚胎中的表达情况结果显示:Follistatin基因在受精后26 hrs开始在中胚层细胞处表达,其后在受精后28、30、32、34、36、38、40、42 hrs等时期Follistatin基因持续表达,并在体节腹部部位、头部,背部体节等部位表达。以MyoD为对照而进行的双色原位杂交结果显示:Follistatin与MyoD在胚胎的体节处表达有重叠区域,对双色原位杂交样品进行的冰冻切片实验结果显示:两个基因的表达区域交叉,互相混合,表明Follistatin基因也在肌肉前体细胞中表达,但并不在所有的前体细胞中表达,Follistatin可能在肌肉发育早期起一定的作用。成体组织中,Follitatin基因在体肾、肠、心脏、头肾、脾中有表达,而在肌肉中没有表达。 3.启动子序列分析结果表明:牙鲆启动子存在AP-1、C/EBP、SP1、USF、E47、MyoD等转录因子的潜在结合位点。显微注射结果显示:该基因启动子能够使绿色荧光蛋白表达在斑马鱼的胚胎肌肉组织中。

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Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) is a major extracellular antioxidant enzyme that protects organs from damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). We cloned a novel ECSOD from the bay scallop Argopecten irradians (AiECSOD) by 3' and 5' RACE. The full-length cDNA of AiECSOD was 893 bp with a 657 bp open reading frame encoding 218 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contained a putative signal peptide of 20 amino acids, and sequence comparison showed that AiECSOD had low degree of homology to ECSODs of other organisms. The genomic length of the AiECSOD gene was about 5276 bp containing five exons and six introns. The promoter region contained many putative transcription factor binding sites such as c-Myb, Oct-1, Sp1, Kruppel-like, c-ETS, NF kappa B, GATA-1, AP-1, and Ubx binding sites. Furthermore, tissue-specific expressions of AiECSOD and temporal expressions of AiECSOD in haemocytes of bay scallops challenged with bacteria Vibrio anguillarum were quantified using qRT-PCR. High levels of expression were detected in haemocytes, but not in gonad and mantle. The expression of AiECSOD reached the highest level at 12 h post-injection with V. anguillarum and then returned to normal between 24 h and 48 h post-injection. These results indicated that AiECSOD was an inducible protein and that it may play an important role in the immune responses against V anguillarum. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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[目的]探讨不同海拔下麻花艽植物的光合特性.[方法]通过植物先合作用对光强、温度和CO_2的响应和酶活性的比较,研究了不同海拔麻花艽植物的光合性质.[结果]高海拔的海北麻花艽植物光合作用受到低温、强光、低气压的限制.低海拔的西宁麻花艽植物的净光合速率较高,但是高海拔的海北麻花艽植物的 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AP的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量高于西宁的麻花艽植物.[结论]低海拔的麻花艽植物光合潜力和温度适应范围广,引种栽培具有极大的优势,但是高温有可能造成光抑制,会降低光合生产力.高海拔的海北麻花艽植物光合色素的含量较低但具有较高的抗氧化酶的活性,保护了光合机构免遭破坏.

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以青藏高原的特有植物麻花艽为材料,研究麻花艽叶片抗氧化酶系统对增强UV-B辐射的响应.结果表明:在UV-B处理初期,麻花艽叶片SOD、POD的酶活性都能增加,但随着处理时间的延长,SOD、POD的活性呈现下降趋势.麻花艽叶片CAT的酶活性在UV-B处理后下降明显,但作为清除叶绿体中H2O2的关键酶AP的酶活性表现为明显地增加趋势,说明在对麻花艽叶片增强UV-B辐射反应中AP起有着重要作用.MDA的含量随UV-B处理时间延长而增加,表明UV-B降低了细胞内活性氧自由基的清除能力,膜脂过氧化作用加剧,导致了对麻花艽叶片的伤害效应.

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采用人工势场(AP)引导进化算法(EA)的搜索方法解决了动态多障碍物环境下的目标追踪问题.把人工势场与FA搜索相结合进行动态路径规划,使搜索沿着势场方向进行,得到一条相对于搜索区域最优的轨迹.以单车、单运动目标,有多个运动障碍物存在的情况为例,通过仿真试验对AP引导EA和单纯EA两种搜索方法的性能进行了比较,说明了AP引导EA搜索方法在处理动态多运动障碍物问题时相对传统EA方法具有实时、高效、收敛的特点,同时在很大程度上解决了单纯AP方法在解决多障碍物问题时的局部极小问题。

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动态环境下的自主规划方法是移动机器人研究的重要方向之一。如何将机器人自身的本体(动力学)能力、以及周边动态环境作为优化行为产生的约束,并提高优化过程的实时性,是目前有待深入研究的主要问题。针对这两方面问题,本文提出了三种新的自主规划方法,旨在逐步实现在具有本体动力学和动态环境约束情况下的优化算法实时性与最优性的统一。 首先,针对基于进化计算(EA)方法解决动态路径规划问题中的实时性问题以及人工势场(AP)法的优化和局部极小问题,提出了用AP引导EA的搜索方法(APEA)。该方法把人工势场与EA搜索相结合,在传统EA中加入势场作为引导,使搜索沿着势场方向进行,从而得到一条相对于搜索区域的次优轨迹。APEA方法借鉴了AP的快速性和EA的优化性,改善了单纯EA法盲目搜索的缺陷,提高了收敛率和实时性。通过仿真对APEA和单纯EA两种搜索方法的性能进行了比较,结果表明APEA方法在处理动态多障碍物问题时相对单纯EA方法具有实时、高效、收敛的特点,同时在很大程度上解决了单纯AP方法在解决多障碍物问题时的局部极小问题。 其次,为弥补APEA方法的次最优性以及进一步提高算法的实时性,本文提出了相对速度坐标系下基于混合整数线性规划(MILP)的最优轨迹产生方法。在相对速度坐标系下,把动态环境下机器人路径规划这一非线性问题,描述成满足一组线性约束同时使目标函数极小的线性规划问题,嵌入基于MILP的规划器,从而得到一条满足性能要求的最优路径。仿真结果验证了算法的实用性及有效性,与势场引导进化计算方法相比较表明,该方法的优化程度更高、实时性更好。 第三,基于认知仿生的研究成果,将人基于知识经验的优化决策机制引入到机器人的轨迹规划中来,提出了基于离线训练知识库、在线智能发育以及利用知识引导优化的移动机器人自主智能发育方法。给出了复杂环境下移动机器人路径规划问题的自主智能发育模型。介绍了基于递增分层判别回归(IHDR)知识表达、存储、积累、更新机制,以及用于轨迹规划问题时的离线训练、在线知识更新以及知识检索过程,同时提出了性能评价指标,从而形成一套完整的面向轨迹规划的自主智能发育机制。对于一个新的机器人本体,通过对其路径规划技能的离线训练,使这种知识存储于IHDR内,从而产生一定的自主路径规划能力。当机器人需要完成某种规划任务时,根据外部环境以及自身状态的不同,在其内部知识库中检索到最匹配的状态,与之对应的行为作为被选行为,通过一定的评价指标进行评价:若达到一定的满意度,机器人即采用该行为;若不能达到评价指标的要求,则需要通过重新学习,对知识库进行更新补充,以达到对新情况的很好应对。 最后,利用上述自主智能发育模型从直接规划和间接规划两方面对动态环境中移动机器人的路径规划问题进行研究,并对于不同的规划目的提出了不同的自主规划模型和评价机制。所谓直接规划是指利用知识库检索直接得出机器人的具体行为,作为规划结果指导机器人前进;间接规划则是将检索结果作为一种优化指导,从而减小最优规划算法(如进化算法、线性规划等方法)的搜索空间,降低计算量,从而达到在线计算的目的。仿真结果验证了两种方法的有效性,并说明了这种自主智能发育模型具有很强的自适应、自学习能力。