Asociación entre factores socioeconómicos y hábitos de limpieza en gestantes de Usaquén y Kennedy de la ciudad de Bogotá

Introducción: Actualmente existe un reconocimiento creciente de que el hogar desempeña un papel importante en varias cuestiones de higiene y salud pública. El ambiente del hogar ha sido implicado como una fuente importante de propagación de enfermedades infecciosas, y la intervención de las medidas de higiene, implican una reducción de la incidencia, especialmente en los países menos desarrollados y en poblaciones vulnerables como las gestantes. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la práctica de hábitos higiénicos de las gestantes estrato 1 y 2 de las localidades de Usaquén y Kennedy en relación a sus factores socioeconómicos. Métodos: Estudio Analítico de Corte transversal. Se realizó en las gestantes de los estratos 1 y 2 de las localidades de Usaquén y Kennedy en la ciudad de Bogotá. Se recolectaron datos referentes a factores socioeconómicos y hábitos de higiene de 141 gestantes a través de la aplicación de una encuesta. Los datos obtenidos de las variables de interés fueron procesados a través de análisis multivariado y regresión logística paramétrica y no paramétrica, con el fin de establecer si existía asociación o no entre las mismas. Resultados: Existe asociación entre el número de Nacidos vivos y la presencia de plagas (p=0.034 y Coeficiente de correlación: -1.253). Así mismo se encontró asociación habitar en cuartos rentados y la limpieza de casa general (p=0.008 y Coeficiente de correlación: 0.480). Existe una asociación entre la variable edad y el lavado de frutas (p=0.041 y Coeficiente de correlación: 0.384). Conclusiones: Existe relación entre los hábitos higiénicos y los factores socioeconómicos de las gestantes estudiadas. Existe un mayor hábito de lavado de frutas antes de ser consumidas en gestantes de mayor edad. Adicional a esto se evidencia a mayor número de hijos hay menor presencia de plagas en el hogar y mayor limpieza del hogar. Solo en un pequeño porcentaje de los hogares se evidencio una óptima limpieza, por lo cual se deben plantear más políticas para mejorar la higiene de los mismos ya que los datos reportados permanecen subóptimos en la población seleccionada.

Reconhecimento de entidades mencionadas usando o Google

O Reconhecimento de Entidades Mencionadas tem como objectivo identificar e classificar entidades, baseando-se em determinadas categorias ou etiquetas, contidas em textos escritos em linguagem natural. O Sistema de Reconhecimento de Entidades Mencionadas implementado na elaboração desta Dissertação pretende identificar localidades presentes em textos informais e definir para cada localidade identificada uma das etiquetas “aldeia", "vila" ou “cidade" numa primeira aproximação ao problema. Numa segunda aproximação tiveram-se em conta as etiquetas "freguesia", "concelho" e "distrito". Para a obtenção das classificações das entidades procedeu-se a uma análise estatística do número de resultados obtidos numa pesquisa de uma entidade precedida por uma etiqueta usando o motor de pesquisa Google Search. ABSTRACT: Named Entitity Recognition has the objective of identifying and classifying entities, according to certain categories or labels, contained in texts written in natural language. The Named Entitity Recognition system implemented in the developing of this dissertation intends to identify localities in informal texts, setting for each one of these localities identified one of the labels "aldeia", ''vila" or "cidade" in a first approach to the problem. ln a second approach the labels "freguesia", "concelho" and "distrito" were taken in consideration. To obtain classifications for the entities a statistical analysis of the number of results returned by a search of an entity preceded by a label using Google search engine was performed.

How can the land managers and his multi-stakeholder network at the farm level influence the multifunctional transitions pathways?

The changing role of agriculture is at the core of transition pathways in many rural areas. Productivism, post-productivism and multifunctionality have been targeted towards a possible conceptualization of the transition happening in rural areas. The factors of change, including productivist and post-productivist trends, are combined in various ways and have gone in quite diverse directions and intensities, in individual regions and localities. Even, in the same holding, productivist and post-productivist strategies can co-exist spatially, temporally, structurally, leading to a higher complexity in changing patterns. In south Portugal extensive landscapes, dominated by traditionally managed agro-forestry systems under a fuzzy land use pattern, multifunctionality at the farm level is indeed conducted by different stakeholders whose interests may or not converge: a multifunctional land management may indeed incorporate post-productivist and productivist agents. These stakeholders act under different levels of ownership, management and use, reflecting a particular land management dynamic, in which different interests may exist, from commercial production to a variety of other functions (hunting, bee-keeping, subsistence farming, etc.), influencing management at the farm level and its supposed transition trajectory. This multistakeholder dynamic is composed by the main land-manager (the one who takes the main decisions), sub land-managers (land-managers under the rules of the main land-manager), workers and users (locals or outsiders), whose interest and action within the holding may vary differently according to future (policy, market, etc.) trends, and therefore reflect more or less resilient systems. The goal of the proposed presentation is to describe the multi-stakeholder relations at the farm level, its spatial expression and the factors influencing the land management system resilience in face of the transition trends in place.

Mechanical properties of adobe blocks used in building construction in Huambo Province - Angola

Despite significant advances in building technologies with the use of conventional construction materials (as concrete and steel), which significantly have driven the construction industry, earth construction have demonstrated its importance and relevance, as well as it has matched in an efficient and eco-friendly manner the social housing concerns. The diversity of earth construction techniques allowed this material to adapt to different climatic, cultural and social contexts until the present time. However, in Angola, the construction with earth is still associated with population fringes of weak economic resources, for which, given the impossibility of being able to acquire modern construction materials (steel, cement, brick, among others), they resort to the use of available natural materials. Furthermore, the lack of scientific and technical knowledge justifies the negative appreciation of traditional building techniques, and the derogatory way how are considered the earth constructions in Angolan territory. Given the country's current development status, and taking into account the environmental requirements and the real socio-economic sustainability of Angola, it is considered that one of the viable and adequate options, could be the recovering and upgrading of the ancestral techniques of earth construction. The purpose of this research is to develop the technical and scientific knowledge in order to improve and optimize these construction solutions, responding to the real problems of housing quality as well as to the current social, economic and environmental sustainability requirements. In this paper, a description of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the adobes typically used in the construction of traditional houses in some localities of Huambo, province in Angola, is carried out. The methodology was based on mechanical in-situ testing in adobe blocks manufactured with traditional procedures: i) tensile strength evaluated with the bending test and compressive strength test on earth blocks specimens; and, ii) durability and erodibility test by Geelong method adopting the New Zealand standard (NZS) procedures (4297: 1998; 4297: 1998 and 4297: 1999). The results allow the characterization of the materials used in the construction of raw earth in the Huambo region, contributing to the development of knowledge of these sustainable and traditional housing constructive solutions with a strong presence in Angola [1, 2]. This study is part of a larger project in the area of Earth Construction [3], which aims to produce knowledge which can stimulate the use of environmental friendly construction materials and contribute to develop constructive solutions with improved performance, durability, comfort, safety and sustainability.

An update on the genera Longidorus , Paralongidorus and Xiphinema (Family Longidoridae) in Portugal

The tribe Longidorini within the subfamily Longidorinae (Longidorus spp. and Paralongidorus spp.) and the subfamily Xiphineminae (Xiphinema spp.) are two large nematode groups with about 260 and 230 known species, respectively. They are globally two important groups of ectoparasitic nematodes considered to be major pests because of their activity as vectors of important plant nepovirus, with some species included in the list of quarantine pathogenic organisms in many European countries. Knowledge of the biodiversity and occurrence of this nematode group is a prerequisite for the establishment of sound management strategies and control measures. According to data collected from the databases (such as EPPO, FSTA, and Web of Science) and published in specialised literature, a total of 15 Longidorus, 1 Paralongidorus and 40 Xiphinema species have been recorded as present in Portugal. However, the taxonomic status of some species is controversial, and thus needs to be clarified. A comprehensive review for unravelling the biodiversity and occurrence of nematode species of the genus Longidorus, Paralongidorus and Xiphinema in Portugal is herein provided. This review includes an updated checklist of species with information on the localities, host plants and geographical distribution. Additionally, maps on the species distributions of Longidorinae and Xiphineminae nematodes present in Continental Portugal and the Portuguese Macaronesian islands are provided, as well as unpublished data on authors and comments on the current taxonomic status. Finally, new insights and directions for future research on Longidoridae in Portugal are presented.

Ocorrência de micorrizas arbusculares e da bactéria diazotrofica Acetobacter diazotrophicus em cana-de-açúcar.

Foi avaliada a ocorrência e a distribuição de espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e A. diazotrophicus em plantios de cana-de-açúcar em diferentes tipos de manejo nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Pernambuco. Foram feitas 35 coletas de amostras de solo da rizosfera e de raízes de 14 variedades de cana-de-açúcar para extração de esporos e isolamento da bactéria. O numero de esporos variou de 18 a 2.070/ 100 mL de solo, e os maiores numero e diversidade de espécies foram verificados nos canaviais de Campos, RJ, especialmente naqueles que não adotam a queima de palhico. As espécies predominantes nas três localidades amostradas foram: Acaulospora sp., Scutellospora heterogama, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus occultum e Gigaspora margarita. A. diazotrophicus estava presente nas amostras de raízes colhidas em canaviais de Campos, com exceção de uma coleta de cana-de-açúcar plantada num solo usado como bacia de sedimentação de vinhaça. Não foi possível isolar essa bactéria a partir de esporos desinfestados dos FMAs nativos, apenas dos esporos lavados com agua estéril The occurrence and distribution of species of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi and Acetobacter diazotrophicus in sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) grown in different regimes of crop management in the States of Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco were studied. Thirty five samples of the rhizosphere soil and roots were collected from 14 varieties of sugar cane for the extraction of spores and isolation of the bacterium. The number of spores varied from 18 to 2.070 per 100 mL of soil, and the greatest diversity of fungal species was found in the sugarcane fields of Campos (Rio de Janeiro State), especially in those where the sugarcane trash was not burned at harvest. The predominant species found in the three localities sampled were: Scutellospora heterogama, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus occultum, Glomus macrocarpum, Acaulospora sp. and Gigaspora margarita. A. diazotrophicus was present in almost all samples of root with the exception of one harvest of sugar cane taken from an area used for the sedimentation of vinasse (distillery waste). It was not possible to detect the bacterium from surface sterilised spores of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), only from washed ones using sterile water.

Ocorrência de bactérias diazotroficas e fungos micorrizicos arbusculares na cultura da mandioca.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrencia, isolar e identificar fungos micorrízicos carbunculares associados a cultura da mandioca (Manihot esculenta). Amostras de solo rizosférico e de varias partes da planta (raízes, tubérculos, manivas e folhas) de locais nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná, foram inoculadas nos meios LGI-P, NFb-malato e NFb-GOC, avaliando-se o numero mais provável de células e a atividade de redução de acetileno. Bactérias diazotróficas foram isoladas de todas as partes da planta, com exceção das folhas, sendo identificadas como Klebsiella sp., Azospirillum lipoferum e uma bactéria denominada "E", provavelmente pertencente ao gênero Burkholderia. A bactéria E acumulou de 7,63 mg a 14,84 mg de N/g de C em meio semi-solido, isento de N, e conseguiu manter a capacidade de fixação biológica de N, mesmo apos uma dezena de repicagens consecutivas. A colonização micorrízica variou de 31% a 69%, e a densidade de esporos de 10 a 384 esporos/100 mL de solo, predominando as espécies Entrophospora colombiana e Acaulospora scrobiculata no Rio de Janeiro, A. scrobiculata e Scutellospora heterogama no Paraná e em Piracicaba (São Paulo) e A. appendicula e S. pellucida em Campinas (São Paulo). This study was performed to evaluate the occurrence and to isolate and identify diazotrophic bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with the cassava (Manihot esculenta) crop. Samples from rhizosperical soil, roots, tubers, stems and leaves from several localities of the States of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Parana, in Brazil, were inoculated in three media specific for diazotrophic associative bacteria, LG1-P, NFb-malate and NFb-GOC, evaluating the most probable number of cells and the acetylene-reducing activity. Diazotrophic bacteria were detected in all plant parts except for the leaves, and were identified as Klebsiella sp., Azospirillum lipoferum and a bacterium called "E", probably belonging to the Burkholderia genus. Bacterium E was able to accumulate, in the N-free semi-solid media, from 7.63 to 14.84 mg of N/g of C and to maintain N fixation capacity after ten consecutive transferences. Mycorrhizal root colonization varied from 31% to 69% and spore density from 10 to 384 spores/100 mL of soil, predominanting the species Entrophospora colombiana and Acaulospora scrobiculata in Rio de Janeiro, A. scrobiculata and Scutellospora heterogama in Parana and in Piracicaba (Sao Paulo), and A. appendicula and S. pellucida in Campinas (Sao Paulo).

Biplot analysis of strawberry genotypes recommended for the State of Espírito Santo.

Most strawberry genotypes grown commercially in Brazil originate from breeding programs in the United States, and are therefore not adapted to the various soil and climatic conditions found in Brazil. Thus, quantifying the magnitude of genotype x environment (GE) interactions serves as a primary means for increasing average Brazilian strawberry yields, and helps provide specific recommendations for farmers on which genotypes meet high yield and phenotypic stability thresholds. The aim of this study was to use AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) and GGE biplot (genotype main effects + genotype x environment interaction) analyses to identify high-yield, stable strawberry genotypes grown at three locations in Espírito Santo for two agricultural years. We evaluated seven strawberry genotypes (Dover, Camino Real, Ventana, Camarosa, Seascape, Diamante, and Aromas) at three locations (Domingos Martins, Iúna, and Muniz Freire) in agricultural years 2006 and 2007, totaling six study environments. Joint analysis of variance was calculated using yield data (t/ha), and AMMI and GGE biplot analysis was conducted following the detection of a significant genotypes x agricultural years x locations (G x A x L) interaction. During the two agricultural years, evaluated locations were allocated to different regions on biplot graphics using both methods, indicating distinctions among them. Based on the results obtained from the two methods used in this study to investigate the G x A x L interaction, we recommend growing the Camarosa genotype for production at the three locations assessed due to the high frequency of favorable alleles, which were expressed in all localities evaluated regardless of the agricultural year.