Legitimidad del régimen de estampillas departamentales en Colombia

Análisis de la dinámica legitimadora de la Corte Constitucional en el tributo de estampillas, considerado desde la jurisdicción departamental, en el Estado colombiano.

Mapa de amenazas naturales potenciales: Hoja Punta Castilla

Mapa de ubicación de amenazas naturales, con el objetivo de apoyar el proceso de prevención contra desastres naturales en el nivel local.

What are students' understandings of how digital tools contribute to learning in design disciplines?

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is evolving in the Construction Industry as a successor to CAD. CAD is mostly a technical tool that conforms to existing industry practices, however BIM has the capacity to revolutionise industry practice. Rather than producing representations of design intent, BIM produces an exact Virtual Prototype of any building that in an ideal situation is centrally stored and freely exchanged between the project team, facilitating collaboration and allowing experimentation in design. Exposing design students to this technology through their formal studies allows them to engage with cutting edge industry practices and to help shape the industry upon their graduation. Since this technology is relatively new to the construction industry, there are no accepted models for how to “teach” BIM effectively at university level. Developing learning models to enable students to make the most out of their learning with BIM presents significant challenges to those teaching in the field of design. To date there are also no studies of students experiences of using this technology. This research reports on the introduction of Building Information Modeling (BIM) software into a second year Bachelor of Design course. This software has the potential to change industry standards through its ability to revolutionise the work practices of those involved in large scale design projects. Students’ understandings and experiences of using the software in order to complete design projects as part of their assessment are reported here. In depth semi-structured interviews with 6 students revealed that students had views that ranged from novice to sophisticate about the software. They had variations in understanding of how the software could be used to complete course requirements, to assist with the design process and in the workplace. They had engaged in limited exploration of the collaborative potential of the software as a design tool. Their understanding of the significance of BIM for the workplace was also variable. The results indicate that students are beginning to develop an appreciation for how BIM could aid or constrain the work of designers, but that this appreciation is highly varied and likely to be dependent on the students’ previous experiences of working in a design studio environment. Their range of understandings of the significance of the technology is a reflection of their level of development as designers (they are “novice” designers). The results also indicate that there is a need for subjects in later years of the course that allow students to specialise in the area of digital design and to develop more sophisticated views of the role of technology in the design process. There is also a need to capitalise on the collaborative potential inherent in the software in order to realise its capability to streamline some aspects of the design process. As students become more sophisticated designers we should explore their understanding of the role of technology as a design tool in more depth in order to make recommendations for improvements to teaching and learning practice related to BIM and other digital design tools.

Geekdom for Grrrls health : Australian undergraduate experiences developing and promoting women’s health in cyberspace

There is an increasing global reliance on the Internet for retrieving information on health, illness, and recovery (Sillence et al, 2007; Laurent et al, 2009; Adams, 2010). People suffering from a vast array of illnesses, conditions, and complaints, as well as healthy travelers seeking advice about safe practices abroad, and teens seeking information about safe sexual practices are all now more likely to go to the internet for information than they are to rely solely on a general practitioner or physician (Santor et al, 2007; Moreno et al, 2009; Bartlett et al, 2010). Women in particular seek advice and support online for a number of health-related concerns regarding issues such as puberty, conception, pregnancy, postnatal depression, mothering, breast-cancer recovery, and ageing healthily (van Zutphen, 2008; Raymond et al, 2005). In keeping with this increasing socio-technological trend, the Women’s Health Unit at the Queensland University of Technology (Q.U.T), Brisbane, Australia, introduced the research, design, and development of online information resources for issues affecting the health of Australian women as an assessment item for students in the undergraduate Public Health curriculum. Students were required to research a particular health issue affecting Australian women, including pregnancy, pregnancy terminations, postnatal depression, returning to the work force after having a baby, breast cancer recovery, chronic disease prevention, health and safety for sex-workers, and ageing healthily. Students were required to design and develop websites that supported people living with these conditions, or who were in these situations. The websites were designed for communicating effectively with both women seeking information about their health, and their health practitioners. The pedagogical challenge inherent in this exercise was twofold: firstly, to encourage students to develop the skills to design and maintain software for online health forums; and secondly, to challenge public health students to go beyond generating ‘awareness’ and imparting health information to developing a nuanced understanding of the worlds and perspectives of their audiences, who require supportive networks and options that resonate with their restrictions, capabilities, and dispositions. This latter challenge spanned the realms of research, communication, and aesthetic design. This paper firstly, discusses an increasing reliance on the Internet by women seeking health-related information and the potential health risks and benefits of this trend. Secondly, it applies a post-structural analysis of the de-centred and mobile female self, as online social ‘spaces’ and networks supersede geographical ‘places’ and hierarchies, with implications for democracy, equality, power, and ultimately women’s health. Thirdly, it depicts the processes (learning reflections) and products (developed websites) created within this Women’s Health Unit by the students. Finally, we review this development in the undergraduate curriculum in terms of the importance of providing students with skills in research, communication, and technology in order to share and implement improved health care and social marketing for women as both recipients and providers of health care in the Internet Age.

Reflections, successes and pitfalls of coordinating online discussion forums in a foreign language

The advent of e-learning has seen the adaptation and use of a plethora of educational techniques. Of these, online discussion forums have met with success and been used widely in both undergraduate and postgraduate education. The authors of this paper, having previously used online discussion forums in the postgraduate arena with success, adopted this approach for the design and subsequent delivery of a learning and teaching subject. This learning and teaching subject, however, was part of an international collaboration and designed for nurse academics in another country – Vietnam. With the nursing curriculum in Vietnam currently moving to adopt a competency based approach, two learning and teaching subjects were designed by an Australian university for Vietnamese nurse academics. Subject materials constituted a DVD which arrived by post and access to an online platform. Assessment for the subject included (but was not limited to) mandatory participation in online discussion with the other nurse academics enrolled in the subject. The purpose behind the online discussion was to generate discourse between the Vietnamese nurse academics located across Vietnam. Consequently the online discussions occurred in both Vietnamese and English; the Australian academic moderating the discussion did so in Australia with a Vietnamese translator. For the Australian University delivering this subject the difference between this and past online discussions were twofold: delivery was in a foreign language; and the teaching experience of the Vietnamese nurse teachers was mixed and frequently very limited. This paper will provide a discussion addressing the design of an online learning environment for foreign correspondents, the resources and translation required to maximise the success of the online discussion, the lessons learnt and consequent changes made, as well as the rationale of delivering complex content in a foreign language. While specifically addressing the first iteration of the first learning module designed, this paper will also address subsequent changes made for the second iteration of the first module and comment on their success. While a translator is clearly a key component of success, the elements of simplicity and clarity in hand with supportive online moderation must not be overlooked.

Neural interface systems : a new legal frontier?

In an age where digital innovation knows no boundaries, research in the area of brain-computer interface and other neural interface devices go where none have gone before. The possibilities are endless and as dreams become reality, the implications of these amazing developments should be considered. Some of these new devices have been created to correct or minimise the effects of disease or injury so the paper discusses some of the current research and development in the area, including neuroprosthetics. To assist researchers and academics in identifying some of the legal and ethical issues that might arise as a result of research and development of neural interface devices, using both non-invasive techniques and invasive procedures, the paper discusses a number of recent observations of authors in the field. The issue of enhancing human attributes by incorporating these new devices is also considered. Such enhancement may be regarded as freeing the mind from the constraints of the body, but there are legal and moral issues that researchers and academics would be well advised to contemplate as these new devices are developed and used. While different fact situation surround each of these new devices, and those that are yet to come, consideration of the legal and ethical landscape may assist researchers and academics in dealing effectively with matters that arise in these times of transition. Lawyers could seek to facilitate the resolution of the legal disputes that arise in this area of research and development within the existing judicial and legislative frameworks. Whether these frameworks will suffice, or will need to change in order to enable effective resolution, is a broader question to be explored.

A design approach to teaching new product development

The educational unit new product development, taught within the industrial design program at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) introduces the relationship between product design and commercialisation to third year industrial design undergraduate students. In which, they are exposed for the first time to product strategy development aimed at meeting consumer expectations, whilst at the same time achieving corporate objectives. Delivered content such as intellectual property, market opportunities, competitor analysis and investor requirements are taught within the thirteen week semester timeframe. New product development theory is not a new field. However, the design approach to teaching this theory and more importantly how designers can use it in the design process is novel. This paper provides an overview of the curriculum design of this unit as well as its incremental development over the past four year duration period. Student project outcomes and more importantly the process and tools from this unit are also discussed and presented.

Chaos or complex systems? Identifying factors influencing the success of international and NESB graduate research students in Engineering and Information Technology Fields

The paper explores the results an on-going research project to identify factors influencing the success of international and non-English speaking background (NESB) gradúate students in the fields of Engineering and IT at three Australian universities: the Queensland University of Technology (QUT), the University of Western Australia (UWA), and Curtin University (CU). While the larger study explores the influence of factors from both sides of the supervision equation (e.g., students and supervisors), this paper focusses primarily on the results of an online survey involving 227 international and/or NESB graduate students in the areas of Engineering and IT at the three universities. The study reveals cross-cultural differences in perceptions of student and supervisor roles, as well as differences in the understanding of the requirements of graduate study within the Australian Higher Education context. We argue that in order to assist international and NESB research students to overcome such culturally embedded challenges, it is important to develop a model which recognizes the complex interactions of factors from both sides of the supervision relationship, in order to understand this cohort‟s unique pedagogical needs and develop intercultural sensitivity within postgraduate research supervision.

Helping undergraduate students across disciplines and cultures actively engage and collaborate as equal members of a community of scholars : peer review within an e-learning environment

At the international level, the higher education sector is currently being subjected to increased calls for public accountability and the current move by the OECD to rank universities based on the quality of their teaching and learning outcomes. At the national level, Australian universities and their teaching staff face numerous challenges including financial restrictions, increasing student numbers and the reality of an increasingly diverse student population. The Australian higher education response to these competing policy and accreditation demands focuses on precise explicit systems and procedures which are inflexible and conservative and which ignore the fact that assessment is the single biggest influence on how students approach their learning. By seriously neglecting the quality of student learning outcomes, assessment tasks are often failing to engage students or reflect the tasks students will face in the world of practice. Innovative assessment design, which includes new paradigms of student engagement and learning and pedagogically based technologies have the capacity to provide some measure of relief from these internal and external tensions by significantly enhancing the learning experience for an increasingly time-poor population of students. That is, the assessment process has the ability to deliver program objectives and active learning through a knowledge transfer process which increases student participation and engagement. This social constructivist view highlights the importance of peer review in assisting students to participate and collaborate as equal members of a community of scholars with both their peers and academic staff members. As a result of increasing the student’s desire to learn, peer review leads to more confident, independent and reflective learners who also become more skilled at making independent judgements of their own and others' work. Within this context, in Case Study One of this project, a summative, peer-assessed, weekly, assessment task was introduced in the first “serious” accounting subject offered as part of an undergraduate degree. The positive outcomes achieved included: student failure rates declined 15%; tutorial participation increased fourfold; tutorial engagement increased six-fold; and there was a 100% student-based approval rating for the retention of the assessment task. However, in stark contrast to the positive student response, staff issues related to the loss of research time associated with the administration of the peer-review process threatened its survival. This paper contributes to the core conference topics of new trends and experiences in undergraduate assessment education and in terms of innovative, on-line, learning and teaching practices, by elaborating the Case Study Two “solution” generated to this dilemma. At the heart of the resolution is an e-Learning, peer-review process conducted in conjunction with the University of Melbourne which seeks to both create a virtual sense of belonging and to efficiently and effectively meet academic learning objectives with minimum staff involvement. In outlining the significant level of success achieved, student-based qualitative and quantitative data will be highlighted along with staff views in a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages to both students and staff of the staff-led, peer review process versus its on-line counterpart.

Synchrony of planting and proportions of susceptible varieties affect rice tungro disease epidemics in the Philippines.

Surveys were conducted in the Philippines from 1995 to 1997 to examine relationships between production environment variables (agroecosystem, synchrony of planting, and varieties planted) and the occurrence of rice tungro disease epidemics using correspondence analyses. The sites covered were Isabela, Nueva Ecija, North Cotabato, and Bohol provinces as well as Bicol region. Tungro disease incidence in farmers’ fields was assessed visually based on typical symptoms. In addition, leaf samples were collected from each field and indexed serologically by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of Rice tungro bacilliform (RTBV) and Rice tungro spherical (RTSV) viruses. Thus, relationships between the production environment variables and four disease variables — visual incidence and double RTBV and RTSV, single RTSV, and single RTBV infections — were examined. A higher association was observed between site and varieties planted as well as site and synchrony of planting than between site and agroecosystem or site and disease variables (visual incidence, double RTBV and RTSV and single RTSV infections). Disease variables depended on both varieties planted and synchrony of planting and correspondence analysis revealed that the low disease incidence in Nueva Ecija was associated with synchronous planting while the high disease incidence in Isabela was associated with the planting of susceptible varieties and asynchronous planting. Such findings suggest that the relationship between the last two factors at a given site is critical to predicting tungro occurrence. Moreover, correspondence analysis of the relationship among disease variables revealed that tungro incidence is associated with not only double RTBV and RTSV infections but also single RTSV infections. Implications of these results on tungro epidemiology and management are discussed.

The grumpy stump - ultrasound and stump appendicitis

BACKGROUND: Stump appendicitis, the inflammation of an incompletely removed appendix, is a rare clinical presentation. Sonography can be useful in the diagnosis of the condition; by either directly visualising the inflamed stump, or by identifying signs of peri-caecal inflammation that can raise suspicion of the condition. SUMMARY OF WORK: A potential case of stump appendicitis was identified. This prompted a review of literature focused on the incidence of stump appendicitis, utility of ultrasound to identify an inflamed appendiceal stump, and surgical techniques used in appendectomy. SUMMARY OF RESULTS: Stump appendicitis is rare, with as few as 61 cases identified in literature during the last 60 years1. Of the two common techniques of appendectomy, which are ligation and invagination, the former can sometimes leave a residual stump that acts as a potential lumen for the pathophysiological process of appendicitis to recur. Established sonographic criteria for appendicitis also apply to the residual stump. Sonographic secondary signs that suggest the presence of acute appendicitis2 have also been demonstrated in cases of stump appendicitis3, even in the absence of an identifiable stump. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Appendicitis is usually dismissed in patients with a history of appendectomy. Though uncommon, sonographers should be aware of stump appendicitis in post-appendectomy patients that present with right iliac fossa pain from months to decades later. REFERENCE(S) 1. Subramanian A, Liang MK. A 60-year literature review of stump appendicitis: The need for a critical view. Am J Surg; 2012;203(4):503–7. 2. Reddan T, Corness J, Mengersen K, Harden F. Ultrasound of paediatric appendicitis and its secondary sonographic signs: providing a more meaningful finding. J Med Radiat Sci. 2015;DOI: 10.1002/jmrs.154 3. Martínez Chamorro E, Merina Castilla A, Muñoz Fraile B, Koren Fernández L, Borruel Nacenta S. Stump appendicitis: Preoperative imaging findings in four cases. Abdom Imaging. 2013;38(6):1214–9.

Aspectos económicos de la retirada de tierra en Aragón

Desde 1988, como parte de las medidas adoptadas por la Política Agraria Común (PAC) de la UE, se ha aplicado la retirada de tierras de la producción, diseñada inicialmente como una medida con carácter estabilizador estructural. El tema de retirada de tierras es de vigente actualidad, pues la UE ha optado por el sistema, como una medida coyuntural y voluntaria, a partir de 1992, para limitar los excedentes de producción agrícola. En los cuatro años de aplicación del régimen plurianual de 1988, de retiradas de tierras de la producción, en España, la Comunidad de Aragall es la que ha presentado mayor número de solicitudes para retirar superficies de la producción (41,7% del total seguida por Castilla­ Leal (21,1 %) y Castilla-Mancha (18,5 %). El principal destino solicitado para las 41 592 ha de tierras retiradas de la producción, por los productores en Aragón, fue el barbecho, es decir el sistema tradicional de producción (cereal-barbecho), dada la carencia de acciones que vincularán el programa de retirada de tierras con otras alternativas. tales como los programas de reforestación o siembra de cultivos no alimenticios. La superficie retirada de la producción representó el 4,93 % de la superficie de cereales en Aragón, y está muy por debajo de la media de los países con mayor superficie retirada, como son Holanda, Italia y Alemania con un 16,79 %, 12,75% y 7,85% respectivamente, con respecto a la superficie de cereales, sin embargo es semejante a la media comunitaria (4,39 %) y superior a la media española (0,86 %). Las provincias de Huesca (21 966 ha) y Zaragoza (11 491 ha), presentaron mayor número de solicitudes de hectáreas acogidas, 53 % y 42 % respectivamente. Hay que tener en cuenta que, en ambas provincias, se siembra el 81 %de los cereales de Aragón y que en la provincia de Truel solo se aplicó la medida en dos de sus seis comarcas . La superficie retirada correspondió a la vez al 23 % del total de la superficie de las 795 explotaciones acogidas a la medida. A pesar de ser la Comunidad Autónoma con el mayor porcentaje de solicitudes para retirar tierras, no se acogieron las tierras en regadío más productivas (solo el 18% del área total retirada, 3.389 ha), mientras que las tierras menos productivas o de secano, y por lo tanto con mayor riesgo de pérdidas económicas durante la cosecha, representaron el 92% de la superficie retirada (38 203 ha), de las cuales el 38 % (14 362 ha) correspondió a zonas desfavorecidas y el 62 % (23 841 ha) a zonas de secano no desfavorecidas. Una de las causas de esta situación fue la baja cuantía de las ayudas destinadas a la retirada de tierras, de tal manera que solo resultó atractivo para los productores con explotaciones situadas en zonas marginales. En 1992 a través de las declaraciones efectuadas por los agricultores aragoneses, para la petición de pagos compensatorios, en la aplicación de las nuevas medidas establecidas por la PAC, se ha visto reflejada la información referente al total del superficie retirada en el programa quinquenal de 1988, hasta la campaña agrícola 1992/93. Para el caso de Aragón los agricultores declararon un total de 30 579 ha de barbecho (28 016 ha en cultivos de secano y 2 562 ha en cultivo de regadío) pertenecientes al programa de retirada de tierras de 1988, muy por debajo de las superficies correspondientes a las solicitudes aprobadas (41 592 ha). Con la reforma de la PAC de 1992, se prevé una disminución progresiva y •severa de los precios de intervención de los cultivos herbáceos, con el fin de aproximarlos a los precios mundiales, para compensar las pérdidas de renta por parte de los agricultores se ha establecido un conjunto de ayudas. Estas ayudas tienen diferentes modalidades dependiendo de la consideración de pequeño o mediano y gran agricultor (con un límite entre ambos grupos de 92 t de producción). Los agricultores cuyas explotaciones ‘superan las 92 t de producción están sujetos a la condición de retirar como mínimo un 15% o un 20% de la superficie de cultivos, según escojan el sistema rotacional o no, respectivamente, y hasta un máximo voluntario del 50% de la superficie de cultivos herbáceos a partir de 1994. La superficie basa regional para los cultivos herbáceos de secano, exceptuando el maíz, aprobada por la UE para Aragón, ha sido de 724 000 hectáreas. Esta superficie ha sido superada en un 0,8% en Aragón, para la campaña 1992/93. A la vez el Estado español ha legislado sobre los barbechos tradicionales que se practican en los cultivos de secano, estableciendo índices comarcales, para así evitar que los productores abandonen esta práctica para incrementar las superficies subvenciónales. Hay que destacar el alto porcentaje (57 % sobre la superficie de cereales) que representan los tres tipos de barbechos existentes (barbecho tradicional y barbechos por retirada de tierras, de 1988 y 1992) en los secanos aragoneses, determinando primordialmente por el barbecho tradicional. El 15% de la superficie de tierras retiradas en el sistema rotacional en Aragon, establecida por la Reforma de la PAC en 1992, ha sido de 73 732 ha, por lo que el 78% de la superficie de cereales de secano corresponde a explotaciones con una producción superior a 92 t por lo que con ambos sistemas de retiradas de tierras, se obtendrá prácticamente resultados iguales en Jo referente a la disminución de la producción. Se realiza también un análisis económico de la variación de los ingresos del agricultor, según se acoja o no a la condición de pequeño agricultor, tal como define el programa de retirada de tierras, en el contexto de la PAC de 1992, mediante el cálculo de la superficie umbral. Es decir, la superficie bajo la cual se obtiene el mismo margen bruto por unidad de superficie para los dos sistemas (simplificado y general) de declaración de ayudas y pagos y pagos compensatorios. A efectos de cálculo se utiliza el margen bruto resultante de la diferencia, entre los ingresos obtenidos por el valor de la producción y las ayudas y pagos compensatorios, menos los costos directos pagados en los cultivos de secano en Aragón, considerando que este margen bruto es el que determina la posición competitiva del productor frente al mercado. Para las explotaciones cuyas superficies sean inferiores a la superficie umbral, se obtienen un mayor margen bruto por unidad de superficie realizando la declaración de ayudas en el sistema simplificado que en el sistema general. Una explotación con las características definidas como la una explotación tipo de la comunidad de Aragón (rendimiento medio 1 953 kg/ha), rendimiento regional de referencia 1,8 t/ha y costos medios directos pagados por hectárea de cultivo, con un 75% de cebada y un 25 % de teigo, de 33 275 pts/ha), que siembre cereales de secano, no es rentable retirar tierras de la producción -acogerse al sistema general- para recibir a cambio los pagos y ayudas compensatorios a la producción, cuando la superficie de cultivo no excede las 52,95 ha,49,84 ha y 50,33 ha en las campañas de siembra 1992/93 a 1994/95, respectivamente. Una explotación en la que supera las 92 t de producción, cuando se incrementa el margen bruto por unidad de superficie y disminuyen los rendimientos de referencia regionales, es menos rentable retirar tierras de la producción para recibir las ayudas establecidas por la PAC, a medida que se incrementa la superficie de cultivo de la explotación.

Evaluación de cinco cultivares de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), en el Valle de Sébaco

El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó en la Estación Experimental Raúl González del Valle de Sébaco, Matagalpa en el período comprendido del 24 de Febrero al 1O de Junio de 1995. Con el objetivo de hacer una evaluación de cinco cultivares de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), cuyos tratamientos fueron cuatro cultivares de origen israelita (Ty-8472, Ty-8484, Ty-5656 y Ty-8479) y dos de origen Estado unidense (XPH-5979 y UC-82). Los objetivos de este experimento eran: Determinar la tolerancia de los cultivares de tomate a la virosis trasmitida por el adulto mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci Genn) y evaluar el potencial de rendimiento de éstos. El experimento se estableció en un bloque completo al azar con cuatro replicas. Los cultivares de origen israelitas mostraron un mayor número de adultos de moscas blancas, tanto en semillero (2- 32 adultos/planta), como en la plantación (4-9 adultos/planta), con la excepción del cultivar Ty-8479, estos mostraron una menor incidencia de virosis. Esto indica que éstos cultivares pueden establecerse en localidades donde haya alta presencia de éste insecto, no obstante, es fundamental realizar un buen manejo agronómico y fitosanitario de la plantación. Los cultivares Ty-8484, XPH-5979 y Ty-5656 obtuvieron los mayores rendimientos (12.72, 1L70, y 11.47 ton/ha), debido a que éstos presentaron frutos mas grande, un mayor número de plantas cosechadas y mostraron tolerancia a la virosis trasmitida por Bemisia tabaci Genn, lo que se refleja en un mejor rendimiento de frutos.

Alfonso I y Alfonso VII : del condado al reino de Portugal. Jurisdicción, pacto y fronteras en el contexto del imperio leonés

Resumen: Las relaciones entre el condado de Portugal y el reino de León en la segunda mitad del siglo XII únicamente pueden ser entendidas en el contexto de fronteras entre ambos territorios, el tipo de dominio indirecto leonés, pero siempre marcando jurisdicción efectiva, las relaciones de parentesco entre las hijas y los nietos de Alfonso VI de León, y el papado romano en el ejercicio de su auctoritas. Esta ponencia da un nuevo punto de vista a la consolidación del reino de Portugal, dentro del ámbito del Imperium legionense, y de la definitiva separación e independencia del territorio lusitano de la Corona de León.

El entierro de Montesquieu

En 1985, Alfonso Guerra, entonces vicepresidente del gobierno español encabezado por Felipe González, pronunció una frase destinada a hacerse famosa: “Montesquieu ha muerto”. Fue vertida cuando el partido socialista (PSOE) aprovechó la mayoría parlamentaria recién alcanzada para reformar la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial. De acuerdo con esa reforma, los vocales del Consejo General del Poder Judicial (equivalente a nuestro Consejo de la Magistratura) debían en adelante ser elegidos por el parlamento y no, como hasta entonces, mayoritariamente por los mismos jueces, fórmula a la que se tachaba de “corporativista”2. Los críticos advirtieron allí un intento de manejar los tres órganos clásicos del Estado para un proyecto de gobierno a largo plazo. Nada mejor, para eso, que enterrar de una buena vez por todas al viejo y quizás molesto señor de la Brède y barón de Montesquieu. Como buen político, Guerra, en sus memorias3, negó haber pronunciado literalmente aquella fórmula, aduciendo haber sido sus declaraciones tomadas fuera de contexto, etc...