Evaluación de habilidades motoras en cirugía de mínima invasión basada en el análisis del vídeo laparoscópico

En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados preliminares de validación de un sistema de evaluación de habilidades motoras en cirugía de mínima invasión (CMI) basado en el seguimiento por vídeo del instrumental quirúrgico. El sistema, en fase de prototipo aún, se valida con 42 participantes (16 noveles, 22 residentes y 4 expertos). En esta primera fase del trabajo se han analizado varias métricas obtenidas a partir del 2D de la imagen. El sistema presenta validez para las métricas de tiempo, camino recorrido, velocidad media y eficiencia de espacio. A falta de implementar una versión definitiva capaz de llevar a cabo procesamiento en tiempo real de múltiples herramientas, y de la validación de métricas obtenidas a partir del 3D, se demuestra la viabilidad de construir entornos de formación basados en tecnologías de video, que sean transparentes al cirujano.

La relevancia de las métricas de movimiento en la evaluación objetiva de habilidades motoras en cirugía laparoscópica

El presente trabajo investiga la relevancia de las métricas de movimiento en la evaluación objetiva de habilidades laparoscópicas, así como su correlación directa a dichas habilidades. Se ha realizado una validación de construcción de tres nuevas tareas para la evaluación de cirujanos. Para registrar los movimientos, se ha empleado el sistema de tracking TrEndo. 42 voluntarios (16 noveles, 22 residentes y 4 expertos) participaron en el experimento. Los resultados muestran que tiempo, camino recorrido y profundidad son métricas de evaluación válidas para un amplio espectro de habilidades. Otras métricas como la brusquedad de movimientos o el tiempo muerto demuestran validez en tareas bi-manuales. Métricas como la brusquedad o la velocidad media muestran un alto grado de independencia con respecto a los objetivos de la tarea a realizar. Se verifica la utilidad de este tipo de métricas, si bien son necesarios nuevos estudios que corroboren los resultados alcanzados.

EVA: Laparoscopic instrument tracking based on endoscopic video analysis for psychomotor skills assessment

INTRODUCTION: The EVA (Endoscopic Video Analysis) tracking system a new tracking system for extracting motions of laparoscopic instruments based on non-obtrusive video tracking was developed. The feasibility of using EVA in laparoscopic settings has been tested in a box trainer setup. METHODS: EVA makes use of an algorithm that employs information of the laparoscopic instrument's shaft edges in the image, the instrument's insertion point, and the camera's optical centre to track the 3D position of the instrument tip. A validation study of EVA comprised a comparison of the measurements achieved with EVA and the TrEndo tracking system. To this end, 42 participants (16 novices, 22 residents, and 4 experts) were asked to perform a peg transfer task in a box trainer. Ten motion-based metrics were used to assess their performance. RESULTS: Construct validation of the EVA has been obtained for seven motion-based metrics. Concurrent validation revealed that there is a strong correlation between the results obtained by EVA and the TrEndo for metrics such as path length (p=0,97), average speed (p=0,94) or economy of volume (p=0,85), proving the viability of EVA. CONCLUSIONS: EVA has been successfully used in the training setup showing potential of endoscopic video analysis to assess laparoscopic psychomotor skills. The results encourage further implementation of video tracking in training setups and in image guided surgery.

Relevance of motion-related assessment metrics in laparoscopic surgery

INTRODUCTION: Motion metrics have become an important source of information when addressing the assessment of surgical expertise. However, their direct relationship with the different surgical skills has not been fully explored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relevance of motion-related metrics in the evaluation processes of basic psychomotor laparoscopic skills, as well as their correlation with the different abilities sought to measure. METHODS: A framework for task definition and metric analysis is proposed. An explorative survey was first conducted with a board of experts to identify metrics to assess basic psychomotor skills. Based on the output of that survey, three novel tasks for surgical assessment were designed. Face and construct validation study was performed, with focus on motion-related metrics. Tasks were performed by 42 participants (16 novices, 22 residents and 4 experts). Movements of the laparoscopic instruments were registered with the TrEndo tracking system and analyzed. RESULTS: Time, path length and depth showed construct validity for all three tasks. Motion smoothness and idle time also showed validity for tasks involving bi-manual coordination and tasks requiring a more tactical approach respectively. Additionally, motion smoothness and average speed showed a high internal consistency, proving them to be the most task-independent of all the metrics analyzed. CONCLUSION: Motion metrics are complementary and valid for assessing basic psychomotor skills, and their relevance depends on the skill being evaluated. A larger clinical implementation, combined with quality performance information, will give more insight on the relevance of the results shown in this study.

Intención y eficacia en el dibujo de la ciudad. el Concurso de Madrid de 1929

Se analiza el Concurso de anteproyectos para la urbanización y extensión de Madrid de 1929 desde un punto de vista gráfico. Tras contextualizar el proceso, se estudian los dibujos que de él se derivaron, tanto los planos de Información de la Ciudad, elaborados por los servicios municipales, como los que surgieron en la respuesta de los concursantes. Se hace especial mención de los realizados por el equipo que quedó en primer lugar, el encabezado por Zuazo y Jansen.

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) for supervised classification of competence in MIS based on psychomotor skills

INTRODUCTION: Objective assessment of motor skills has become an important challenge in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) training.Currently, there is no gold standard defining and determining the residents' surgical competence.To aid in the decision process, we analyze the validity of a supervised classifier to determine the degree of MIS competence based on assessment of psychomotor skills METHODOLOGY: The ANFIS is trained to classify performance in a box trainer peg transfer task performed by two groups (expert/non expert). There were 42 participants included in the study: the non-expert group consisted of 16 medical students and 8 residents (< 10 MIS procedures performed), whereas the expert group consisted of 14 residents (> 10 MIS procedures performed) and 4 experienced surgeons. Instrument movements were captured by means of the Endoscopic Video Analysis (EVA) tracking system. Nine motion analysis parameters (MAPs) were analyzed, including time, path length, depth, average speed, average acceleration, economy of area, economy of volume, idle time and motion smoothness. Data reduction was performed by means of principal component analysis, and then used to train the ANFIS net. Performance was measured by leave one out cross validation. RESULTS: The ANFIS presented an accuracy of 80.95%, where 13 experts and 21 non-experts were correctly classified. Total root mean square error was 0.88, while the area under the classifiers' ROC curve (AUC) was measured at 0.81. DISCUSSION: We have shown the usefulness of ANFIS for classification of MIS competence in a simple box trainer exercise. The main advantage of using ANFIS resides in its continuous output, which allows fine discrimination of surgical competence. There are, however, challenges that must be taken into account when considering use of ANFIS (e.g. training time, architecture modeling). Despite this, we have shown discriminative power of ANFIS for a low-difficulty box trainer task, regardless of the individual significances between MAPs. Future studies are required to confirm the findings, inclusion of new tasks, conditions and sample population.

Vida, y milagros del ilustrmo... Tomas de Villanueua arçobispo de Valencia, del Orden de San Agustin

Front. calc.: " J. F. Jansen F." con fecha de pie de imp. 1651