Avaliação de indicadores de impactos ambientais no perímetro irrigado Cruzeta-Região semi-árida do RN

Environmental impacts are defined as the processes of social and ecological changes caused by nuisance ambient. In agriculture are diverse, and the intensive use of land and inappropriate agricultural practices causes negative effect on the environment besides affecting crop productivity and quality of life of man. So this study was objective to analyze parameters indicators of environmental impacts in the Cruzeta the Discrict Irrigation. During the period July 2007 to March 2008 samples were collected in lot 01 and 02 of the irrigation district. The monitoring was conducted in four sampling points, three (3) located in the irrigation channels and 1 (one) located in a cacimbão. Were monitored pH, CE, STD, SS, NO3-, OD, DT, PST, RAS, CT, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+ and K+ and heavy metals. Analysis was performed, soil fertility, determining the infiltration rate, moisture content of soil and flow measurement. The results showed that the parameters considered most effective in evaluating the indicators of environmental impacts were: Suspended solid, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and Coliform termotelerantes. The concentrations of nitrate were below the limit established by CONAMA (2005). High levels of STD were found in the point P4. The risk of salinity in cacimbão Lot 02, the water was classified as Class II, or medium risk of salinity in the remaining points was classified as Class I. The iron and aluminum were found high concentrations in four sampling points independent of the dry or rainy. On the ground, found high levels of phosphorus in both samples collected in the batch 01, as the lot 02. The pH levels found in samples of soil, the soil can be classified as neutral and moderate alkalinity. The high infiltration rate obtained in the tests performed in lots 01 and 02 indicated the high permeability of soil at these points

Estudos dos aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da água e do sedimento no baixo curso do Rio Pitimbu (RN)

Urban growth of metropolitan areas has produced impacts of considerable importance on environment and water resources. Such impacts are in general associated with human activities, such as basin area uncontrolled development. In this context, Pitimbu river watershed, located at Natal metropolitan area, has been affected by uncontrolled development caused by urban expansion. Indeed, such effects have been reflected on water quantity and quality, which may produce social consequences. Pitimbu river is an important water supplier for human consumption, actually supplying a 2600 m3/h water discharge. This study aims to analyze the qualitative and quantitative aspects of water and sediment on Pitimbu river lowland portion. For this purpose, physical-chemical water properties were analyzed, and sediment macro invertebrates benthonic were monitored in two cross sections in a period between November 8th, 2007 and October 3rd, 2008. Monitoring methodology consisted of water and sediment sampling for laboratory analysis. Water quality analysis included Dissolved Oxygen, Oxygen Biochemical Demand, Nitrate, pH and Alkalinity, Suspended and Total Solids. The analysis of heavy metals in the sediment included Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Chrome, Silver and Nickel. Dry season water discharge data were measured and used to adjust recession function parameters, whose values reveal quick recession and strong river-aquifer unconfined interaction. Water quality analysis revealed the absence of degradation by organic composites. However, DO and BOD levels indicate that more consistent results could be provided if sampling time interval were reduced. Biomonitoring showed signs of aquatic ecosystem degradation by the absence of sensitive and abundance of resistant benthic organisms. Obtained results demonstrate the urgent need of effective management measures to provide environmental protection. The increase of environmental degradation will certainly make impracticable the use of water for human consumption

Avaliação de bactérias nitrificantes em filtros biológicos submersos aerados

This study investigates a new treatment system of wastewater by anaerobic and aerobic biological filters for nitrogen modification. The main objective of this study was evaluate, on a pilot scale, quantitatively and qualitatively the bacterian nitrifying community in a experimental sewage treatment system made by aerobics biological filters in series, in search of figure out the dynamic of nitrogen modification process. It was collected and laboratorial analysed microbiologically, regarding NMP of Nitrosomonas e Nitrobacter, and physical-chemically considering nitrogen sequence. We conclude that: the association in aerobic biological filters under nutrition controlled conditions and oxygen level allows the appearance of bacterian community responsible for the nitrogen modification; the method used, despite its limitations, provided the selection of autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms, allowing the identification of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter; the flow direction tested in the experimental unit did not affect the nitrifying bacterial community, certainly because they were kept drowned and did not occur flow speed that could breake the formed biomass; the nitrification process happened in aerated biological filters in all phases of the research, comproved by microbiological tests; in the third phase of the research the increase of the oxygen rate was significant for the nitrificant bacterian community in the aerate biological filters, allowing its growth, occurring relation between the efficiency of nitrification system and the quantity of organisms responsible for this process; the conduit used in aerated biological filters showed satisfactory performance support material to the nitrifying bacteria development

Nitrificação de efluentes de reatores anaeróbicos em filtros submersos aerados

Although the good performance in organic matter and suspended solids removal, the anaerobic reactors are unable to remove ammonia nitrogen from sewage, which makes indispensable to include a step of post-treatment for removal of ammonia or nitrate as necessary. This paper presents the performance of a new variant technology, where the nitrification unit, preceded by anaerobic units, is a submerged aerated biological filter, without continuous sludge discharge in their daily operation. The oxygenation system is very simple and inexpensive, consisting of perforated hoses and compressors. The anaerobic reactors are a septic tank with two chambers followed (8.82 m³) and two parallel anaerobic filters (36 m³ each) filled with ceramic bricks and conics plastic parts. Both followed aerated filters were filled with cut corrugated conduit. The study evaluated the behavior of the system with constant domestic sewage flow (10 m³/d) and different aeration conditions, are these: stage 01, when applied air flow of 0.01 m³ air/min in both aerated filter; stage 02, remained in the initial air flow rate in the second aerated filter and increased at the first to 0.05 m³ air/min; at last, at last, in stage 03, the air flow rate of first aerated filter was 0.10 m³ air/min and on the second remained at 0.01 m³ air/min. The filter FA1 received load of 0.41 kg COD/m³.d, 0.37 kg COD/m³.d and 0.26 kg COD/m³.d on phases 01, 02 and 03, respectively. The FA2 received loads of 0.25 kg COD/m³.d, 0.18 kg COD/m³.d and 0.14 kg COD/m³.d on phases 01, 02 and 03, respectively. During stage 01, were found the following results: 98% removals of BODtotal and 92% of CODtotal, with effluent presenting 9 mg/L of BODtotal final average and 53 mg/L of CODtotal average; suspended solids removals of 93%, with a mean concentration of 10 mg/L in the final effluent; 47% reduction of ammonia of FA2 to FAN 's, presenting average of 28 mg NNH3/ L of ammonia in the effluent with; the dissolved oxygen levels always remained around 2.0 mg/L. During stage 02, were found removals of 97% and 95% to BODtotal and suspended solids, respectively, with average final concentrations of 8 and 7 mg/L, respectively; was removed 60% of ammonia, whose final concentration was 16.3 mg NNH3/ L, and nitrate was increased to a final average concentration of 16.55 mg N-NO3/L. Finally, the stage 03 provided 6 mg/L of DBOtotal (98% removal) and 23 mg/L of CODtotal (95% removal) of final effluent concentrations average. At this stage was identified the higher ammonia oxidation (86%), with final effluent showing average concentration of 6.1 mg N-NH3/L, reaching a minimum of 1.70 mg N-NH3/L. In some moments, during stage 03, there was a moderate denitrification process in the last aerated filter. The average turbidity in the effluent showed around 1.5 NTU, proving the good biomass physical stability. Therefore, the results demonstrate the submerged biological filters potential, filled with high void ratio material (98%), and aerated with hoses and compressor adoption, in the carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter oxidation, also generating an effluent with low concentration of solids

Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera assemblages in litter in a mountain stream of the Atlantic Rainforest from Southeastern Brazil

A fauna de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera associadas ao folhiço em um riacho do sudeste do Brasil foi estudada com o objetivo de responder às seguintes questões: 1) A riqueza e a composição faunística de EPT difere entre os dois mesohabitats (corredeira-remanso) mesmo quando associadas ao mesmo substrato, folhiço? 2) A similaridade da fauna de EPT entre os dois mesohabitas muda temporalmente? 3) A estrutura funcional de EPT difere entre os dois mesohabitats (corredeira-remanso)? Para responder essas questões, coletas mensais, de novembro de 1999 a junho de 2000, foram feitas no Ribeirão Bocaina com rede D (10 acúmulos de folhas em remanso e 10 em corredeira). A fauna de EPT do Ribeirão Bocaina foi mais diversificada e mais abundante no folhiço em corredeira do que no folhiço em remanso, no entanto, quando a riqueza foi padronizada para o mesmo número de indivíduos essa se tornou similar para as duas condições. A fauna de EPT foi bastante diferente entre os dois mesohabitats, tanto em termos da composição faunística quanto em termos funcionais. Isso provavelmente ocorreu devido às diferenças de velocidade da água, no tempo de residência do folhiço e na taxa de oxigênio da água entre os dois mesohabitats.

Uso urbano não potável de água de lagoas do sistema de drenagem de Natal

The detention and infiltration ponds of urban drainage system has function to protect the population from undesirable effects of floods. In general these ponds are not completly used and it potential is wasted. As it are disseminated at different places at cities it can reduce costs with water transport and permit water preservation of best quality. Some it utilities includes use in green areas irrigation, industrial among than cooling towers and boiler, soil compaction, cleaning urban road, pisciculture and fire fighting system. The quality these water is influenced by anauthorized sewage in the drainage system. This study was performed in six detention and infiltration ponds at drainage system of Natal, which aim was to verify the non-portable use these ponds on urban environment. As indirect aim would to incentive the water utilization these ponds as a water source to another uses in urban environment. These ponds represents the characteristics of detention and infiltration of Natal city and consequently of Brazil. As the water quality, the ponds presents following characteristics: three has apparently good quality, other showed intermediate condition and two had water polluted. Were performed twenty sample in each ponds and the following parameters assessed: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, electrical conductivity, coliform thermotolerant, ammonia, organic nitrogen, TKN, nitrate, total phosphorus and alkalinity, bicarbonate, chloride, total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness, total solids, TSS, TDS, COD and SAR°. To utilization on pisciculture we recommend use in ponds which presents the best quality. Only one pond presented higher pollutants and it not being appropriated for use in cooling tower. The content of solids suspension restricted the water use in all ponds in boilers. As water use in soil compaction, cleaning urban road and fire fighting system the water from these ponds are not appropriated. However, the recommended limits from literature are to domestic sewage, due to this, the parameters are restrictive to diminish the sanitary risk that could be offered with it utilization. The infiltration velocity of water these assessed ponds restrict a moderato use, however the effects are potentiated only in soil less sandy, which not occur in Natal. It is recommend the unrestricted irrigation utilization in ponds with best quality of water, and a restricted irrigation to ponds with worst quality of water. As load of pollutants, it is recommended a complementary treatment in those ponds whit higher load to diminish sanitary risks. In only one pond was found one helminth eggs and due to the convention formula of results, it was found for all ponds less than 1 helminth/liter eggs.

Remoção de nitrogênio em biofiltros aerado e anóxico, com alto índice de vazios e sem remoção de lodo

The improper disposal of nitrogen in receiving water courses causes problems such as toxicity to living beings through the consumption of oxygen to meet the nitrogen demand, eutrophication and nitrate contamination of aquifers. For this reason it is often necessary to be carried out complementary treatment of wastewater to eliminate or reduce the concentration of this compound in the wastewater. The objective of this study is to evaluate the biological removal of nitrogen compounds using submerged aerated and anoxic filters as post-treatment of an anaerobic system, with low cost and innovative technology, which in previous studies has shown high removal efficiency of organic matter and great potential biological nitrogen compounds removal. The simple design with perforated hoses for air distribution and filling with plastic parts proved to be very efficient in relation to organic matter removal and nitrification. The system presented, in the best stage, efficiency in converting ammonia to nitrate by 71%, and produced a final effluent concentration below 10 mg / L of NH3-N. In addition, carbon concentration was removed by 77%, producing final effluent with 24 mg/L COD. However, denitrification in anoxic filter was not effective even with the addition of an external carbon source. There was a reduction of up to 56% of nitrogen caused by the process of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The high voids space presented by this type of support material coupled with direct aeration of the sludge, allows the respiration of biomass retained between the endogenous phase, increased cell retention time and sludge retention capacity, producing a final effluent with turbidity less than 5 UT and total suspended solids around 5.0 mg/L

Macroalgas de riachos da Floresta Nacional de Irati, região centro-sul do Estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Remoção de Microalgas de efluentes de lagoas de estabilização utilizando biofiltro

This research evaluated the microalgae removal produced in a stabilization pond system using biofilters as post-treatment, besides characterizing the effluents of stabilization ponds and filters in relation to concentrations of algal biomass (chlorophyll a and suspended solids), organic matter (BOD and COD), total phosphorus, orthophosphate, pH and dissolved oxygen, and tried to correlate physicochemical parameters with chlorophyll "a". It was held at the Ponta Negra ETE which is constituted by three stabilization ponds, with a primary facultative pond and two of maturation. For the algae removal were used two submerged bio-filters: the filter FPF (Facultative Pond Filter), fed with facultative pond effluent; and the filter MPF (Maturation Pond Filter), fed with second maturation pond effluent. The filling material of both filters was predominantly gravel no. 2, although it contains portions of gravel no. 1 and no. 3. The filters operating conditions were bad, they were nearly 10 years without maintenance, without cleaning or removal of sludge since the time of its construction, and part of the filling material may be obstruct. Despite poor operating conditions were obtained satisfactory results, in level of posttreatment. Removal efficiencies in relation to BOD and COD were 7 and 25% in FPF and 9 and 19% and in MPF, respectively. In relation to TSS efficiencies in MPF and FPF were 37 and 20%, respectively. As for the chlorophyll "a" removal, the FPF efficiency was 44% and the MPF was 40%. There was 50% of consumption of dissolved oxygen, on average, within the filters. Two profiles were performed in the filters, and it was possible to conclude that variations throughout the day were not statistically significant, and that, regardless of the time of collection, they would have the same representation comparing to the time of data collection (7 am) and the daily average, although individual variations throughout the day have been shown to be significant. Another important observation is that the correlations between Chlorophyll a and TSS were bigger and more significant in the effluent of the filters than in the effluent of the ponds

Avaliação da eficiência da remoção de matéria orgânica e microbiológica de três sistemas de lagoas de estabilização em série na Grande Natal-RN: Beira Rio, Jardim Lola I e Jardim Lola II

Waste stabilization ponds are the main technology in use for domestic sewage treatment in Rio Grande do Norte State (RN), northeast Brazil. The are around 80 systems, constructed mainly by municipal city halls, being series comprised by a primary facultative pond followed by two maturation ponds the most used configuration. Due to problems related with the production and destination of sludge and generation of bad odors, the designers have avoided the use of anaerobic lagoons. The majority of systems are rarely monitored to verify their efficiencies and to get new project parameters for future designing. This work has as purpose to make a diagnosis of efficiency of three series of waste stabilization pond series (WSPS) of Jardim Lola 1, Jardim Lola 2 and Beira Rio, located in the North Zone of the city of the Natal/RN, treating domestic raw sewage, on the removal of organic matter and thermotolerant coliform, comparing the operational conditions of the systems this inside of the bands foreseen in the project, through parameters BOD5, QOD, thermotolerant coliforms, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, ammoniac nitrogen, total and suspended solids. The work was carried through in the WSPS, all constituted by a primary facultative pond followed by two maturation ponds. Socioeconomic characteristics of population are predominantly low and all the plants are very near of the contributing basins. The series were monitored from of May the November of 2002, totalizing 20 collections of grab samples of raw sewage and ponds effluents between 8:00 and 9:50 h. The main aspect to be detached by the results was the great concentration of organic matter (BOD and COD) and microorganisms the raw sewage which were around two times more concentrated than those values foreseen one in project. Considering all series the highest removals of organic matter were observed in system Beira Rio (84 and 78% of BOD and COD, respectively), which presented high hydraulic detention time (TDH = 89 days). On the other hand, Jardim Lola 1 and Jardim Lola 2 presented a much lower values of HDT (36 days and 18 days respectively) and their removals of BOD and COD were the same (76% and 60%, respectively). The Beira Rio WSPS, was the most efficient verified in relation to solids and ammonia, proving the great influence of the operational variables such as HDT and applied surface organic loadings on the performance of pond series. Although the treatment plants have reached efficiencies of thermotolerant coliforms around 99,999%, the concentrations in the final effluent can be considered very high for launching in aquatic bodies, particularly those produced by Jardim Lola 1 and Jardim Lola 2 series

Relação entre índices fisiológicos aeróbios e desempenho em provas de curta e média duração em ciclistas de elite

Poucos são os estudos que possibilitam verificar quais as respostas fisiológicas são associadas ao desempenho em uma amostra de ciclistas de elite nacional. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar e relacionar diferentes índices fisiológicos aeróbios com o desempenho em testes contra relógio de 4 e 20km em ciclistas de alto nível. A amostra foi composta por 14 ciclistas profissionais de elite nacional do sexo masculino (28,5 ± 4,7 anos, 73,47 ± 8,29 kg, 176 ± 6,76 cm), que realizaram um teste progressivo em laboratório para a determinação do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max: 62,23 ± 8,28 ml·kg·min-1), intensidade relativa ao VO2max (iVO2max: 500,83 ± 58,65 w), economia de movimento (EM: 0,1166 ± 0,0362 ml·kg·min·w-1) e 1º e 2º limiares ventilatórios (LV1: 348,21 ± 43,26 w; LV2: 417,86 ± 60,79 w, respectivamente). Também foram submetidos a duas provas de 4 e 20km contra relógio. Para correlação entre os índices fisiológicos e desempenho, foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (p< 0,05). Não foi encontrada correlação entre os índices fisiológicos (VO2max absoluto e relativo, iVO2max, EM, LV1 e LV2) e o desempenho de 4km (r= 0.38; 0.16; -0.33; 0.20; -0.50; -0.20, respectivamente) e 20km (r= 0.24; 0.01; -0.13; -0.12; -0.48; -0.19, respectivamente) contra relógio em atletas de alto nível. Estes resultados sugerem que tais variáveis não apresentam capacidade de explicar o desempenho em provas de contra relógio nas respectivas distâncias, provavelmente, devido à homogeneidade entre os sujeitos.

Efeitos da reposição hidroeletrolítica sobre parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios em exercício e recuperação

INTRODUÇÃO: a necessidade de reposição ao máximo das perdas hídricas tornou-se estabelecida e difundida nos consensos internacionais. Entretanto, permanece pouco compreendida a influência da reposição quando administrada, igualmente, durante e após o exercício sobre parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios. OBJETIVO: analisar os efeitos da reposição hidroeletrolítica na frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), saturação parcial de oxigênio (SpO2) e frequência respiratória (f) de jovens durante e após um exercício de longa duração. MÉTODOS: 31 jovens (21,55 ± 1,89 anos) realizaram três visitas ao laboratório (intervalo de 48 horas entre elas), sendo na primeira aplicado um teste incremental, para determinação da carga utilizada nas visitas seguintes, e nas duas últimas, denominadas protocolo controle (PC) e protocolo experimental (PE), os sujeitos foram submetidos a 10 min de repouso supino, 90 min de exercício em esteira ergométrica (60% do VO2pico) e 60 min de repouso supino. No PC não houve hidratação e no PE houve ingestão de solução isotônica. Os parâmetros FC, PAS, PAD, SpO2 e f foram mensurados no final do repouso; nos minutos 30, 60 e 90 do exercício, com exceção da f; e nos minutos 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 pós-exercício. Foi aplicado o teste t de Student ou teste de Mann-Whitney e ANOVA para medidas repetidas ou teste de Friedman seguidos de testes post hoc, com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: a solução hidroeletrolítica proporcionou manutenção da PAS e da PAD, e menor incremento da FC durante o exercício; e promoveu retorno mais rápido da FC e conservou PAD, SpO2, PAS (a partir do 5º min) e f (a partir do 30º min) no período de recuperação. CONCLUSÃO: o protocolo de hidratação influenciou parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios de jovens durante e após a realização de atividade física submáxima de intensidade constante e longa duração.

Influence of pursed-lip breathing on heart rate variability and cardiorespiratory parameters in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos da dieta suplementada com ômega-3 no músculo sóleo de ratos submetidos à natação: análise histológica e morfométrica

As lesões musculares têm sido observadas como as mais frequentes nos esportes. Considerando a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio como um fator de risco para instalação de lesões e características antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias do ômega-3, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as alterações histológicas e morfométricas do músculo sóleo de ratos que realizaram natação, associado a uma dieta suplementada com ômega-3. Para sua realização foram utilizados 31 ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos, sendo os grupos A e C suplementados com azeite de oliva e B e D com 3g/dia de ômega-3 por quatro semanas. Os grupos C e D foram submetidos à natação cinco dias/semana por 28 dias, com acréscimo de 5% do peso corporal a partir da segunda semana, enquanto que os grupos A e B não realizaram treinamento. Após este período os animais foram sacrificados, o músculo sóleo retirado e corado com Hematoxilina-eosina para avaliação morfológica. Análise de variância bifatorial, com nível de significância de 5%, foi utilizada para análise dos valores do menor diâmetro das fibras musculares. Os grupos A e B (sedentários) apresentaram padrões histológicos de normalidade. O grupo C apresentou aumento do tecido endomisial e do número de núcleos, presença de fibras fagocitadas e de contornos poligonais não mantidos, enquanto que o grupo D apresentou poucas fibras fagocitadas e de contornos poligonais preservados. Com relação à medida do menor diâmetro das fibras musculares, as análises mostraram diferenças para o fator treinamento, mas não para o fator suplementação e a interação entre eles. As alterações histológicas induzidas pelo exercício foram atenuadas no grupo suplementado com ômega-3, sugerindo um efeito protetor da suplementação, contudo, o aumento do diâmetro das fibras para os grupos expostos ao exercício está relacionado ao efeito do treinamento e não à suplementação.

Efeito da técnica de oscilação oral de alta freqüência aplicada em diferentes pressões expiratórias sobre a função autonômica do coração e os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da técnica de oscilação oral de alta freqüência (com o aparelho Shaker), aplicada em diferentes pressões expiratórias (PE), sobre a função autonômica e parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios. Foram coletados dados de 20 voluntários jovens saudáveis (21,6±1,3 anos), que permaneceram em repouso inicial por 10 minutos e, em seguida, fizeram três séries de dez expirações no aparelho (com intervalo de descanso de 2 minutos entre as séries) em três diferentes PE - pressão livre (PL), de 10 (P10) e de 20 (P20) cmH2O - permanecendo por mais 10 minutos em repouso final. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, com nível de significância de 5%. Após a aplicação da técnica, constatou-se diferença significante nos índices de variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca em PL e um aumento significante na pressão arterial sistólica em P20. Na pressão arterial diastólica, freqüência respiratória e saturação periférica de oxigênio não foram encontradas diferenças antes, durante e após a técnica, nas diferentes PE. A percepção do esforço aumentou significantemente ao longo das séries em PL e P20 e entre P10 e P20 em cada série. A freqüência cardíaca (FC) aumentou e diminuiu em sincronia com os movimentos de inspiração e expiração, respectivamente. Foram observadas modificações na modulação autonômica do coração em PL. A aplicação da técnica nessa população, nas diferentes PE analisadas, promoveu modificações no comportamento da FC, no esforço percebido e, em PL, na modulação autonômica do coração.