Evolução da literatura de inovação em relações de cooperação: um estudo bibliométrico num período de vinte anos

Uma das principais características das relações de interação em busca de cooperação consiste na busca de novas formas de gestão produtiva e administrativa, condicionadas pela pressão por inovação. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma análise da literatura, entre os anos de 1991 e 2010, sobre os temas inovação e cooperação. Para isso, os autores utilizaram o método de estudo bibliométrico e análise qualitativa de alguns dos trabalhos e referências. Foi realizada uma busca na base de dados ISI Web of Knowledge (Web of Science) com os tópicos relacionados à inovação e cooperação. Com base na análise das palavras-chave que mais apareceram nos artigos da amostra e na nomenclatura utilizada pela base de dados para codificar as áreas, foram identificadas as oito áreas que mais se relacionaram com a temática de pesquisa, sendo elas capacidade de absorção (absorptive capacity), alianças estratégicas, conhecimento, desempenho, gestão, inovação tecnológica, pesquisa e desenvolvimento, desenvolvimento de novos produtos e redes. Verificou-se que as publicações concentraram-se em apenas 17 periódicos, sendo que os quatro que mais publicaram foram: International Journal of Production Research, International Journal of Technology Management, Management Science e Technovation. As publicações cresceram a partir de 2000, com um pico em 2008. A crescente necessidade de interação entre entidades e de inovação, por meio da combinação de recursos internos e externos, justificam a análise da evolução da literatura.

Composite materials design, manufacture and evaluation

Fibre-Reinforced-Plastics are composite materials composed by thin fibres with high mechanical properties, made to work together with a cohesive plastic matrix. The huge advantages of fibre reinforced plastics over traditional materials are their high specific mechanical properties i.e. high stiffness and strength to weight ratios. This kind of composite materials is the most disruptive innovation in the structural materials field seen in recent years and the areas of potential application are still many. However, there are few aspects which limit their growth: on the one hand the information available about their properties and long term behaviour is still scarce, especially if compared with traditional materials for which there has been developed an extended database through years of use and research. On the other hand, the technologies of production are still not as developed as the ones available to form plastics, metals and other traditional materials. A third aspect is that the new properties presented by these materials e.g. their anisotropy, difficult the design of components. This thesis will provide several case-studies with advancements regarding the three limitations mentioned. In particular, the long term mechanical properties have been studied through an experimental analysis of the impact of seawater on GFRP. Regarding production methods, the pre-impregnated cured in autoclave process was considered: a rapid tooling method to produce moulds will be presented, and a study about the production of thick components. Also, two liquid composite moulding methods will be presented, with a case-study regarding a large component with sandwich structure that was produced with the Vacuum-Assisted-Resin-Infusion method, and a case-study regarding a thick con-rod beam that was produced with the Resin-Transfer-Moulding process. The final case-study will analyse the loads acting during the use of a particular sportive component, made with FRP layers and a sandwich structure, practical design rules will be provided.

Ambienti innovativi per l'apprendimento: Modelli interpretativi e contributi di esperienze. Uno studio sull'organizzazione di Scuola-Città Pestalozzi a Firenze

La tesi affronta il tema dell'innovazione della scuola, oggetto di costante attenzione da parte delle organizzazioni internazionali e dei sistemi educativi nazionali, per le sue implicazioni economiche, sociali e politiche, e intende portare un contributo allo studio sistematico e analitico dei progetti e delle esperienze di innovazione complessiva dell'ambiente di apprendimento. Il concetto di ambiente di apprendimento viene approfondito nelle diverse prospettive di riferimento, con specifica attenzione al framework del progetto "Innovative Learning Environments" [ILE], dell’Organisation For Economic And Cultural Development [OECD] che, con una prospettiva dichiaratamente olistica, individua nel dispositivo dell’ambiente di apprendimento la chiave per l’innovazione dell’istruzione nella direzione delle competenze per il ventunesimo Secolo. I criteri presenti nel quadro di riferimento del progetto sono stati utilizzati per un’analisi dell’esperienza proposta come caso di studio, Scuola-Città Pestalozzi a Firenze, presa in esame perché nell’anno scolastico 2011/2012 ha messo in pratica appunto un “disegno” di trasformazione dell’ambiente di apprendimento e in particolare dei caratteri del tempo/scuola. La ricerca, condotta con una metodologia qualitativa, è stata orientata a far emergere le interpretazioni dei protagonisti dell’innovazione indagata: dall’analisi del progetto e di tutta la documentazione fornita dalla scuola è scaturita la traccia per un focus-group esplorativo attraverso il quale sono stati selezionati i temi per le interviste semistrutturate rivolte ai docenti (scuola primaria e scuola secondaria di primo grado). Per quanto concerne l’interpretazione dei risultati, le trascrizioni delle interviste sono state analizzate con un approccio fenomenografico, attraverso l’individuazione di unità testuali logicamente connesse a categorie concettuali pertinenti. L’analisi dei materiali empirici ha permesso di enucleare categorie interpretative rispetto alla natura e agli scopi delle esperienze di insegnamento/apprendimento, al processo organizzativo, alla sostenibilità. Tra le implicazioni della ricerca si ritengono particolarmente rilevanti quelle relative alla funzione docente.

Das OtCM-System zur elektronischen Compliance-Messung : Qualitätsuntersuchung der OtCM-Blister und e-Dispenser ; Validierung und Nutzenevaluation im Vergleich mit MEMS

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Eignung und Nutzen des „Objective therapy Compliance Measurement“ (OtCMTM)-Systems, einer innovativen Weiterentwicklung im Bereich der elektronischen Compliance-Messung, untersucht. Unter experimentellen Bedingungen wurden Funktionalität und Verlässlichkeit der elektronischen OtCMTM-Blisterpackungen überprüft, um deren Eignung für den klinischen Einsatz zu zeigen. Funktionalität (≥90% lesbare Blister), Richtigkeit (≤2% Fehler) und Robustheit waren bei den OtCMTM-Blistern der Version 3 gegeben, nachdem die Fehler der Versionen 1 und 2 in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Hersteller TCG identifiziert und eliminiert worden waren. Der als Alternative zu den elektronischen Blistern für die Verpackung von klinischen Prüfmustern entwickelte OtCMTM e-Dispenser wurde bezüglich Funktionalität und Anwenderfreundlichkeit in einer Pilotstudie untersucht. Dabei wurde ein Optimierungsbedarf festgestellt. In einer klinischen Studie wurde das OtCMTM-System mit dem als „Goldstandard“ geltenden MEMS® verglichen. Vergleichskriterien waren Datenqualität, Akzeptanz und Anwenderfreundlichkeit, Zeitaufwand bei der Bereitstellung der Medikation und Datenauswertung, sowie Validität. Insgesamt 40 Patienten, die mit Rekawan® retard 600mg behandelt wurden, nahmen an der offenen, randomisierten, prospektiven Studie teil. Das OtCMTM-System zeigte sich bezüglich Validität, Akzeptanz und Anwenderfreundlichkeit mit MEMS® vergleichbar. Eine erwartete Zeitersparnis wurde mit dem OtCMTM-System gegenüber MEMS® nicht erreicht. Vorteile des OtCMTM-Systems sind eine höhere Datenqualität und die Möglichkeit zum Einsatz in der Telemedizin.

Strategisches Innovationsmanagement von Buchverlagen im Kontext konvergierender Medienmärkte

Die Dissertation „Strategisches Innovationsmanagement von Buchverlagen im Kontext konvergierender Medienmärkte“ nimmt sich des Themengebiets der Innovation in Buchverlagen in Zeiten der Digitalisierung an. Grob gliedert die Arbeit sich in einen Theorieteil und einen Empirieteil. Den Einstieg in den Theorieteil bildet eine Einführung in die Themenstellung, in der das Erkenntnisinteresse anhand von vier forschungsleitenden Fragen eingegrenzt wird: rn1) „Welche Anforderungen an die Innovationsfähigkeit von Verlagen ergeben sich aus aktuellen und antizipierten zukünftigen Entwicklungen, insbesondere der Medienkonvergenz?“rn2) „Welchen Beitrag kann strategisches Innovationsmanagement leisten, um diesen Anforderungen mit erfolgreichen Innovationen gerecht zu werden?“ rn3) „Welches sind die kritischen Faktoren für erfolgreiches Innovieren im Buchverlag?“ rn4) „Wie kann erfolgsförderndes Innovationsmanagement in Buchverlage implementiert werden?“rnrnDer Ausgangspunkt ist dabei die Darstellung aktueller Entwicklungen im Buchmarkt, die in ihrer Relevanz für das Thema bewertet werden. Dabei stehen solche Veränderungen im Mediennutzungsverhalten und dem veränderten Marktumfeld im Fokus, aus denen resultiert, dass Verlage sich nicht mehr nur auf ihre tradierten Kernkompetenzen verlassen können. Der Medienkonvergenz wird in dem Kontext als Suprakategorie eine herausgehobene Bedeutung zuerkannt. Am Ende des dritten Kapitels wird resümierend erörtert, woraus für Verlage heute die Notwendigkeit innovativen Handelns erwächst. Damit findet auch eine Überleitung in das folgende Kapitel über Innovation im Buchverlag statt, das inhaltlich den Kern des Theorieteils der Arbeit bildet.rnrnIm Kapitel Innovation im Buchverlag wird zuerst eine definitorische Eingrenzung des Innovationsbegriffs vorgenommen. Dabei wird eine Entscheidung für den mehrdimensionalen Ansatz nach Hauschildt und Salomo als definitorisches Grundraster getroffen. Darauf folgt eine Einführung in theoretische Grundbegriffe und Konzepte des Innovationsmanagements. Im Folgenden finden Erkenntnisse aus der Innovationsforschung Anwendung auf Spezifika in Buchverlagen, wobei zunächst Handlungsfelder identifiziert werden. Eine wesentliche Rolle im Argumentationsgang der Arbeit spielen dann die Erfolgsfaktoren des Innovationsmanagements in Buchverlagen. Eine herausragende Stellung wird dabei dem Wissensmanagement zuerkannt. Es folgt darauf ein Unterkapitel über Innovationskooperation. Darin wird zunächst die strategische Relevanz von Kooperationen beleuchtet, wobei auch eine teils kritische Auseinandersetzung mit dem modernen Begriff der Open Innovation stattfindet. Dann wird dargestellt, wer sich als Kooperationspartner für Buchverlage eignet und welche Modi des kooperativen Innovierens existieren. Es folgen darauf Ausführungen zur Implementierung einer Innovationsstrategie, wobei sowohl aufbau- als auch ablauforganisatorische Aspekte zum Tragen kommen. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Darstellung des Stage-Gate-Modells als Ansatz für die Ablaufplanung von Innovationsprozessen in Buchverlagen. Wegen seiner guten Skalierbarkeit wird diesem Ansatz eine Eignung sowohl für kleine als auch mittelgroße und große Verlage zuerkannt. Den Abschluss des Kapitels über Innovation im Buchverlag bilden Betrachtungen über die rechtliche und technische Absicherung von Innovationen. rnrnDer empirische Teil der Arbeit wird eingeläutet mit einer Herleitung empirischer Fragestellungen. Dies geschieht zum einen auf der Grundlage einer Betrachtung, welche Erkenntnislücken die rein theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema offengelassen hat. Die empirischen Fragestellungen bilden das Grundgerüst, auf dem im Folgenden die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Maßnahme in Form von Interviews und einer quantitativen Maßnahme in Form einer Befragung per Fragebogen dargestellt werden. In der Auswertung der Ergebnisse werden dabei zunächst Hypothesen aus den Fallstudien gebildet, die auf Grundlage der Interviews entstanden sind. Diese Hypothesen werden anhand der Daten, die bei der Erhebung per Fragebogen gewonnen wurden, mit statistischen Methoden überprüft.rnrnDen Abschluss der Arbeit bildet eine Schlussbetrachtung, in der die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse verdichtet und vor dem Hintergrund der eingangs gestellten forschungsleitenden Fragen als Quintessens der Arbeit präsentiert werden. Zu jeder forschungsleitenden Frage findet dabei ein kurzes Resümee statt. Als größte Anforderung an die Innovationsfähigkeit von Verlagen wird darin erkannt, den Modus der eigenen Wertschöpfung kontinuierlich zu aktualisieren und an die dynamischen Veränderungen im Umfeld anzupassen. Dem strategischen Innovationsmanagement kommt dabei vor allem die Bedeutung zu, dass es ein konsistentes Handeln ermöglicht, das als Voraussetzung für die Planbarkeit von Innovationserfolgen gesehen wird. Auch erscheint es zunehmend wichtig, den Paradigmenwechsel weg vom Denken in Produktkategorien hin zu einem Denken in Problemlösungskategorien zu vollziehen, wobei ein strategisches Innovationsmanagement Buchverlagen hilfreich sein kann.rn

Investigating strategies and indicators for sustainable campus: Comparison and synergies between University of Bologna and Delft University of Technology

Sustainable development is one of the biggest challenges of the twenty fist-century. Various university has begun the debate about the content of this concept and the ways in which to integrate it into their policy, organization and activities. Universities have a special responsibility to take over a leading position by demonstrating best practices that sustain and educate a sustainable society. For that reason universities have the opportunity to create the culture of sustainability for today’s student, and to set their expectations for how the world should be. This thesis aim at analyzing how Delft University of Technology and University of Bologna face the challenge of becoming a sustainable campus. In this context, both universities have been studied and analyzed following the International Sustainable Campus Network (ISCN) methodology that provides a common framework to formalize commitments and goals at campus level. In particular this work has been aimed to highlight which key performance indicators are essential to reach sustainability as a consequence the following aspects has been taken into consideration: energy use, water use, solid waste and recycling, carbon emission. Subsequently, in order to provide a better understanding of the current state of sustainability on University of Bologna and Delft University of Technology, and potential strategies to achieve the stated objective, a SWOT Analysis has been undertaken. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats have been shown to understand how the two universities can implement a synergy to improve each other. In the direction of framing a “Sustainable SWOT” has been considered the model proposed by People and Planet, so it has been necessary to evaluate important matters as for instance policy, investment, management, education and engagement. Regarding this, it has been fundamental to involve the main sustainability coordinators of the two universities, this has been achieved through a brainstorming session. Partnerships are key to the achievement of sustainability. The creation of a bridge between two universities aims to join forces and to create a new generation of talent. As a result, people can become able to support universities in the exchange of information, ideas, and best practices for achieving sustainable campus operations and integrating sustainability in research and teaching. For this purpose the project "SUCCESS" has been presented, the project aims to create an interactive European campus network that can be considered a strategic key player for sustainable campus innovation in Europe. Specifically, the main key performance indicators have been analyzed and the importance they have for the two universities and their strategic impact have been highlighted. For this reason, a survey was conducted with people who play crucial roles for sustainability within the two universities and they were asked to evaluate the KPIs of the project. This assessment has been relevant because has represented the foundation to develop a strategy to create a true collaboration.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Prosthetic considerations

Implants have changed prosthodontics more than any other innovation in dentistry. Replacement of lost teeth by a fixed or removable prosthesis is considered to be a restitutio ad similem, while implants may provide a feeling of restitutio ad integrum. Implant prosthodontics means restoring function, aesthetics, and providing technology; biology and technology are combined. Placement of implants is a reconstructive, preprosthetic surgical intervention and is therefore different from most goals in oral surgery that consist of tooth extraction, treating infection and removing pathology from soft or hard tissues. Thus, implants are part of the final prosthetic treatment which encompasses functional, aesthetic and social rehabilitation. The patient's needs and functional status determine the goal of prosthetic treatment. Treatment outcomes in implant prosthodontics are survival of implants and prostheses, impact on physiological and psychological status, oral health-related impact on quality of life, and initial and maintenance costs. A variety of prosthetic solutions are available to restore the partially and completely edentulous jaw and more recently specific methods have been developed such as computer guided planning and CAD-CAM technologies. These should allow more uniform quality and passive fit of prostheses, and simultaneously enables processing of biologically well-accepted materials.

Porosity and Oil Absorption Properties of Metal Compacts of Copper - Tin - Graphite

Powder metallurgy, the most recent innovation in met­allurgical process, is not a new art; although not until recently did it become a matter of general interest, this being due not only to the products formed but also to the possibilities of future developments. The manufacture and application of metal powders is now beginning to take a position as a recognized part of the science of metallurgy.