迷宫流道转角对灌水器水力性能的影响

为研究齿形、梯形以及矩形流道转角变化对水力性能的影响,采用Fluent软件对不同形状下不同转角的流道进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明:当其他条件相同时,转角的变化与流量系数、流态指数呈负相关,其变化对梯形流道灌水器的流量系数影响最大,最多下降了19.03%,齿形流道次之,下降了10.14%,矩形流道是梯形流道转角角度增加的延伸,具有相同的水力性能变化规律;随着角度的增加,梯形流道总的局部水头损失系数最多增加了32.5%,而齿形流道总的局部水头损失系数最多增加了23.4%,变化都很明显;压力较高时,摩阻系数基本保持不变,流体为紊流状态。

黄土坡面土壤侵蚀中溶质随径流迁移的水动力特性研究

通过对比分析坡面水流的水动力参数与径流溶质迁移量间的关系,研究了不同地表状况下黄土坡面土壤溶质随径流迁移的水动力学特性,以求深入了解和认识坡面土壤侵蚀中溶质随径流迁移的本质机理。研究结果表明:不同坡面地表状况下,糙率系数和平均水深之比(n/h)与侵蚀过程中随径流迁移的溶质存在一定的关系,径流溶质Br-平均浓度、径流溶质Br-的平均流失率以及径流溶质Br-的相对流失量均随n/h的增加而减小。径流溶质Br-的平均流失率以及径流溶质Br-的相对流失量与水流水动力学参数n/h具有指数关系。

薄层水流水力特性试验研究

对粘砂床面的薄层水流进行定床试验,研究了不同流量、坡度下薄层水流的水力学参数(流态、水深、流速及阻力系数)随坡度和流量的变化规律。结果表明:水流雷诺数Re随着坡度和流量的增大而增大,但Re主要是由流量决定的,坡度对Re的影响不大,水流流态基本上在过渡流区和紊流区;平均水深-单宽流量,流速-单宽流量,水流阻力系数-单宽流量均成很好的幂函数形式,平均水深和流速均随单宽流量的增大而增大,阻力系数随着单宽流量的增大而减小。

黄土坡面水力学特征参数与土壤侵蚀量间关系研究

通过室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究黄土坡面水流的水力学特征参数与土壤侵蚀量间的关系。结果表明:随着放水流量的增加,出口断面平均流速、雷诺数在逐渐增大,弗劳德数在逐渐减小,坡面流流态也从层流状态逐渐过渡到紊流状态,当放水流量在10.1~19.9 L/min范围内时,坡面水流的流态为层流与紊流之间的混和状态;出口断面的平均流速随着放水流量的增加而增大,二者之间呈良好的幂函数关系;黄土坡面的累计泥沙侵蚀总量随着雷诺数的增加而增大,二者呈幂函数关系;单宽土壤侵蚀产沙量与雷诺数之间拟合关系的好坏受雷诺数取值的影响,当雷诺数的值在临界雷诺数(取500)附近时,单宽土壤侵蚀产沙量与雷诺数之间的负相关性良好。研究结果不仅可以揭示土壤侵蚀水动力过程的内在机制,而且对黄土高原地区生态环境建设具有重要的现实意义。

有限元子域法分析土石混合介质的饱和导水率

在黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错地区,碎石的存在影响着土壤的水力学特性,因此研究土石混合介质的渗流运动对该地区的植被恢复建设具有重要的指导意义。虽然用有限元法分析地下水渗流的工作很多,但对土石混合介质而言,由于有限元法的解题规模迅速增加,其研究甚少。本模型采用子域法矩形单元,假定土石体中石块含量增加不影响土的孔隙率且石块不透水分析了土石混合介质中的渗流过程。结果表明,影响土石混合介质饱和导水率的主要因素是土石介质的含石率;石块的大小基本不影响混合介质饱和导水率;石块分布方式增加水流路径时,会影响混合介质饱和导水率。这一数值分析结论与土石体渗流问题的部分理论结果和试验结果吻合良好。本模型子域法计算效率高,结果较准确,可用于较大规模的土石混合介质渗流分析,还可推广用于土石混合介质的三维分析和多级子域法有限元技术以获得更大规模的解题效果。

农田土壤水力特性空间变异及其尺度效应

土壤水力特性的空间变异和尺度效应近年来受到广泛关注。本研究以半干旱区(辽宁省阜新县)大片农田(面积20hm2)为对象，根据土壤物理性质拟合持水特性的转换函数，应用地统计学定量化持水特性的空间变异特征，并将多重分形和小波理论相结合，从奇异性和分辨率的角度探讨水力特性的尺度效应。 采用基于3级土壤颗粒的线性回归(MLR3)、非线性回归(ENR3)和基于7级颗粒的线性回归(MLR7)等3种方法拟合土壤持水特性的转换函数，并评价它们描述空间变异特征的效率，结果表明：详细颗粒模型比简单颗粒模型精度更高，非线性回归亦能提高一定的预测精度；对半方差函数来说，线性回归的结构性方差大(结构性较好)，非线性回归结构性较差，详细颗粒不能增加结构性方差，因此精度高的转换函数不一定能更好表达水力特性的空间异质性。 采用多重分形方法分析了水力特性基于奇异性的多重尺度规律，结果表明：导水率、有机碳含量、粘粒含量、萎蔫系数、VG参数α和θr有多重分形特征，其它特性为单一分形；水力特性与物理性质之间的关系在单一尺度和多重尺度下会产生较大的变化，这是因为影响它们之间关系的因素随之发生了变化。 应用小波分析揭示出水力特性基于分辨率的尺度规律，结果表明：水力特性的波谱能量(方差)具有尺度和空间位置的依赖性；物理性质与水力特性之间的相关性随尺度变化而变化，仅在一定尺度(分辨率)上有效，且这种关系依赖于空间位置。尺度效应的研究对空间变异的取样具有一定指导作用。

森林流域单元水文模型的构建与应用

目前全球缺水、水污染、洪涝灾害以及水土流失仍然非常严重，尤其在我国北方地区。流域水文模型可用来进行不同需水管理的情景分析，为解决我国水问题提供科学依据。分布式水文模型是流域水文模型的发展方向，具有显著特点：1）应用前景广泛，不仅可以模拟流域水文过程，还可以协助模拟泥沙或污染物的运移过程，为水利工程设计、水土保持、环境保护等领域提供技术支持；2）能够预测流域土地利用或气候变化下的流域水文响应过程变化，为管理部门提供决策支持；3）模型所需要的参数全部具有物理意义，可通过实际测量确定，适合模拟实测系列较短或是无观测流域的水文过程；4）对于目前国际水文界的前沿问题—水文尺度转换提供了一种有效的解决途径。 然而分布式水文模型还不完善，如1)真实性问题。对一些水文过程和边界条件还不确定。2)尺度转换问题。目前很少考虑尺度对参数有效性的影响。3)检验问题。还无法判断对有些难以测量的水文状态变量的模拟正确与否。4)计算时间和数据存储的问题。有些分布式水文模型虽然具有很强的水文物理基础和完善的模型结构，但是计算时间过长和(或)数据存储过大，难以应用。上述问题的核心就是对分布式水文模型的核心—单元水文模型的研究不够，需要为进一步完善单元水文模型进行研究。 本文采用饱和入渗理论、Saint-Venant方程、Richards方程、Penman-Monteith方程等等构建了以有限差分法求解的适用于森林流域的单元水文模型，并通过实验室模拟试验和坡地径流场资料进行了验证，主要结论为： 通过不同坡度和不同雨强下的室内坡面产汇流实验模拟，表明：该模型模拟的坡面流和壤中流过程与实测过程基本一致，峰现时间、径流历时、峰值流量、出流总量模拟值与实测值的相对误差均较小，基本小于10%。模型的模拟精度较高，实用性较强，为深入研究壤中流机制和改进流域降雨-径流模型提供了理论依据。 通过坡地径流观测场实测资料的验证，表明：该模型模拟的坡面流过程精度较高，累计流量的精度更高于小时过程的精度，离差系数、效率系数、确定系数均较理想，具有应用价值，有助于改善分布式水文模型在森林流域的模拟效果。

FLOW-PIPE-SEEPAGE COUPLING ANALYSIS OF SPANNING INITIATION OF A PARTIALLY-EMBEDDED PIPELINE

The initiation of pipeline spanning involves the coupling between the flow over the pipeline and the seepage-flow in the soil underneath the pipeline. The pipeline spanning initiation is experimentally observed and discussed in this article. It is qualitatively indicated that the pressure-drop induced soil seepage failure is the predominant cause for pipeline spanning initiation. A flow-pipe-seepage sequential coupling Finite Element Method (FEM) model is proposed to simulate the coupling between the water flow-field and the soil seepage-field. A critical hydraulic gradient is obtained for oblique seepage failure of the sand in the direction tangent to the pipe. Parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of inflow velocity, pipe embedment on the pressure-drop, and the effects of soil internal friction angle and pipe embedment-to-diameter ratio on the critical flow velocity for pipeline spanning initiation. It is indicated that the dimensionless critical flow velocity changes approximately linearly with the soil internal friction angle for the submarine pipeline partially-embedded in a sandy seabed.

Effects of Fracture Seepage on the Stability of Landslide during Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation

The hydraulic conductivity function of fractures is a key scientific question to describe and reveal the process and the role of water seepage reasonably. In this paper, the generation technology of random fracture network and the latest numerical computation method for equivalent permeability tensor of fracture network are applied to analyze the landslide located at Wangjiayuanzi in Wanzhou District of Chongqing by simulating the changes of the seepage field caused by the running of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The influences of the fracture seepage on the seepage field and stability of the landslide were discussed with emphasis. The results show that the fractures existing in the soil increase the permeability coefficient of the landslide body and reduce the delay time of the underground water level in the landslide which fluctuates relative to the water level of reservoir，that causes the safe coefficient of the slope changes more gently than that of the same slope without fractures. It means, if only water level fluctuating condition is concerned, the fractures existing in the soil plays a positive role to the stability of slopes.

基于结构体系简化的液压支架阻力确定

针对大采高综放采煤工作面支架与围岩关系进行研究,基于结构体系简化对液压支架-顶板-上覆岩层以及垮落岩体的运移规律、内力确定、位移计算和动态平衡拱、拱下多跨梁的运动规律进行分析,从而得到液压支架的工作阻力和上浮岩层的运动规律。并通过室内相似模拟试验对其运动规律进行验证,同时采用FLAC3D进行数值模拟,采用损伤力学模型对大采高实际开采情况下顶板-上覆岩层的内力变化以及分布规律进行研究,使结构体系法得到肯定。

亚硝化—厌氧氨氧化处理猪场废水研究

猪场废水COD浓度高、氨氮浓度高、悬浮物浓度高，已成为农村面源污染的主要来源，并严重威胁到农村饮用水安全。猪场废水氨氮浓度高、处理难度大，如何采用经济高效的方法，去除氨氮使其达到排放标准，一直是猪场废水处理中面临的重要难题。 厌氧氨氧化是近年受到国内外水处理研究者广泛关注的新型生物脱氮技术，具有不需要外加有机碳源、节省供氧量、降低能耗等优点。虽然国内外研究者对厌氧氨氧化过程的脱氮机理、厌氧氨氧化菌的生理生化特性等进行了多方面的研究，但已有的报道大多以模拟废水为研究对象，以猪场废水为研究对象的报道，在国内外文献中极少有报导。 本论文以猪场废水为主要研究对象，考察了猪场废水的亚硝化过程、厌氧氨氧化的启动过程，并对亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化联合用于猪场废水脱氮进行了探索。 1．论文首先研究了猪场废水的亚硝化过程，考察了废水水质和主要运行条件对亚硝化过程的影响。实验表明：（1）亚硝化阶段反应时间为8到10h时，出水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度比可达到1：1～1：1.23，满足厌氧氨氧化反应对二者比例的要求；达到前述要求时，氨氮去除率达到58.3～65.6 %，亚硝化率在整个过程均保持在97 %以上，COD去除率在59.2～68.6 %；（2）曝气量（溶解氧）对亚硝化过程影响显著，随着曝气量增大，达到厌氧氨氧化要求的氨氮与亚硝酸盐氮浓度比例所需水力停留时间τ越短，pH出现明显下降的时间越短；（3）τ对应的pH在7.8～8.1之间，无需进行pH调节即可满足厌氧氨氧化反应对pH的要求；（4）氨氮和COD降解过程遵循一级反应动力学，氨氮和COD降解的速率常数分别为0.0656～0.0724 1/h和0.0491～0.0664 1/h。 2．在进行亚硝化过程研究的同时，以模拟废水为试验对象，进行厌氧氨氧化启动研究。以反硝化污泥和养殖厂储水池厌氧底泥的混合污泥作为接种污泥，历时大约100天，培育出具有厌氧氨氧化活性的污泥，氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮最高进水浓度分别为223.8 mg/L和171.4 mg/L，去除率最高分别达48%和41.5%，此时二者消耗比例为1.33：1。 3．在猪场废水的亚硝化研究完成和厌氧氨氧化过程初步启动成功后，在模拟废水中逐步加入猪场废水的亚硝化处理出水，逐步实现亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化的组合。亚硝化出水添加到厌氧反应器后，厌氧氨氧化反应仍可继续进行，且去除效率逐步提高。研究发现添加的亚硝化出水中携带的亚硝化细菌在厌氧氨氧化菌膜外层生长并累积，增加了厌氧氨氧化反应基质的传质阻力，妨碍了厌氧氨氧化效率的提高。 4．亚硝化－厌氧氨氧化实际工程应用探索中，生物接触氧化池可在有效去除废水中的有机物的同时实现亚硝化，出水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐比例平均为1.10，可满足后续厌氧氨氧化的要求；在适宜的进水浓度和温度下，ABR池出现了厌氧氨氧化启动的迹象；研究同时发现，水质的波动和气温的变化是工程中影响厌氧氨氧化菌活性的重要因素。 论文的主要创新点在于：（1）以猪场废水为研究对象，以实现厌氧氨氧化为目标，对亚硝化过程进行了比较详细的考察，获得了亚硝化出水满足厌氧氨氧化要求的工艺条件，通过对其COD和氨氮降解过程的考察，得出亚硝化阶段COD降解和氨氮去除的动力学模型；（2）对亚硝化－厌氧氨氧化处理猪场废水进行了探索，确立了影响其污染物去除率稳定的重要因素。 论文的上述研究成果，为厌氧氨氧化技术的实用性研究提供理论依据。 Piggery wastewater, which is characterized by high concentration of COD、ammonium and suspend substance, has become a most important source of non-point source pollution and also severely threats drinking water security in rural area. How to discharge piggery wastewater with the ammonium concentration meeting standard by economical and effective method? This is the most urgent problem in piggery wastewater treatment. As a new biological nitrogen removal technology, Anammox process has been paid more and more attention by researchers all over the world. Anammox has advantages of no need of organic carbon addition, low oxygen consumption and energy consumption. Plenty of investigations have been carried out to the mechanism, physiological and biochemical characteristic of bacteria about Anammox. Most of researches focused on synthetic wastewater, there is rare report about its application in piggery wastewater. In this paper，experimental studies were performed to investigate Sharon process in treatment of piggery wastewater，the start up process of Annammox using synthetic wastewater were studied, the feasibility of applying Sharon-Anammox process in the nitrogen removal of piggery wastewater was evaluated. 1. Sharon process of piggery wastewater was firstly investigated to analyze the effects of water quality and main running parameters, which meet the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio requirement of successive Anammox. Results showed: (1)During Sharon Process，after 8～10 hours’ reaction the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio in effluent reached 1:1.0～1:1.23, when the removal percentage of NH4+-N was 58.3～65.6 %, a semi-nitration rate of above 97 % was achieved during the process; meanwhile 59.2～68.6 % of the COD was also removed. (2)The aeration rate（oxygen） had obvious effect on the hydraulic retention time(τ) which met the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio requirement of Anammox. As aeration rate increased, the hydraulic retention time(τ) was shortened. (3) The pH corresponding to τ was between 7.8 and 8.1, thus it needed no artificial adjustment. (4) The reduction of ammonia and COD followed the first-order reaction kinetics. The velocity constants of ammonia and COD were 0.0656～0.0724 1/h and 0.0491～0.0664 1/h, respectively. 2. The startup of Anammox process using the artificial wastewater was performed simultaneously with Sharon. The aim was to investigate the running parameters of Anammox and make foundation for the combination stage. By using the mixture of denitrifying sludge and anaerobic sludge in tank of the breeding factory, sludge of Anammox activity was cultivated in UASB after 100 days. The removal percentage of NH4+-N and NO2-N were up to 48% and 41.5%, respectively, when the NH4+-N and NO2-N influent concentration were 223.8 mg/L and 171.4 mg/L, respectively, the NH4+-N and NO2-N removal rate was 1.33:1. 3. After investigation of Sharon and startup of Anammox, effluent of Sharon process was added into the synthetic wastewater to combine Sharon and Anammox step by step. It took some time after the addition of Sharon effluent that Anammox reaction continued and the removal rate kept increasing. It indicated that nitrifying bacteria were carried by the Sharon effluent cumulated in the outer layer of Anammox. This enhanced transfer resistance of Anammox reaction and the increasing removal rate was restrained. 4. In the bio-contact oxidation pond of practical project, Sharon process were carried out successfully and organic compounds were removed effectively. An average NO2-N/ NH4+-N rate of 1:1.0 was achieved in the effluent, which met the requirement of successive Anammox. Under condition of suitable influent concentration and temperature, there was evidence that Anammox could start up in ABR. The variety of wastewater and temperature had great affects on Anammox activity in practical engineering. Innovation of this paper: (1) The Sharon process for treating piggery wastewater was discussed in details. Technological parameters that met requirement of Anammox were obtained. The dynamic models of COD and ammonium removal in the process were educed. (2) Sharon-Ananmmox for treatment of piggery wastewater was investigated, and the primary influencing factors was studied. This paper could be a theoretical consult for research of Anammox utility.

Pressure drops of single and two-phase flows through T-type microchannel mixers

In this paper, preliminary experimental results are presented on pressure drop characteristics of single and two-phase flows through two T-type rectangular microchannel mixers with hydraulic diameters of 528 and 333 mum, respectively. It is shown that both N-2 and water single-phase laminar flows in microchannels, with consideration of experimental uncertainties, are consistent with classic theory, if additional effects, such as entrance effects that will interfere with the interpretation of experimental results, are eliminated by carefully designing the experiments. The obtained pressure drop data of N-2-water two-phase flow in micromixers are analyzed and compared with existing flow pattern-independent models. It is found that the Lockhart-Martinelli method generally underpredicts the frictional pressure drop. Thereafter, a modified correlation of C value in the Chisholm's equation based on linear regression of experimental data is proposed to provide a better prediction of the two-phase frictional pressure drop. Also among the homogeneous flow models investigated, the viscosity correlation of McAdams indicates the best performance in correlating the frictional pressure drop data (mean deviations within +/-20% for two micromixers both). Finally it is suggested that systematic studies are still required to accurately predict two-phase frictional performance in microchannels. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effects of sediment transport on grain-size distributions

Changes in statistics (mean, sorting, and skewness) describing grain-size distributions have long been used to speculate on the direction of sediment transport. We present a simple model whereby the distributions of sediment in transport are related to their source by a sediment transfer function which defines the relative probability that a grain within each particular class interval will be eroded and transported. A variety of empirically derived transfer functions exhibit negatively skewed distributions (on a phi scale). Thus, when a sediment is being eroded, the probability of any grain going into transport increases with diminishing grain size throughout more than half of its size range. This causes the sediment in transport to be finer and more negatively skewed than its source, whereas the remaining sediment (a lag) must become relatively coarser and more positively skewed. Flume experiments show that the distributions of transfer functions change from having a highly negative skewness to being nearly symmetrical (although still negatively skewed) as the energy of the transporting process increases. We call the two extremes low-energy and high-energy transfer functions , respectively. In an expanded sediment-transport model, successive deposits in the direction of transport are related by a combination of two transfer functions. If energy is decreasing and the transfer functions have low-energy distributions, successive deposits will become finer and more negatively skewed. If, however, energy is decreasing, but the initial transfer function has a high-energy distribution, successive deposits will become coarser and more positively skewed. The variance of the distributions of lags, sediment in transport, and successive deposits in the down-current direction must eventually decrease (i.e., the sediments will become better sorted). We demonstrate that it is possible for variance first to increase, but suggest that, in reality, an increasing variance in the direction of transport will seldom be observed, particularly when grain-size distributions are described in phi units. This model describing changes in sediment distributions was tested in a variety of environments where the transport direction was known. The results indicate that the model has real-world validity and can provide a method to predict the directions of sediment transport

土壤持水特征测定中质量含水量、吸力和容重三者间定量关系I.填装土壤

在试验过程中,通常采用一个土样进行连续试验来测定土壤的持水特征。此时,土样的有机质、黏粒矿物类型和阳离子交换量等性质基本保持不变,而土壤的容重在水力学和机械压力共同作用下会发生很大的变化。因此,我们认为实测的土壤持水特征不再是土壤吸力和含水量相对应的一条曲线,而是由土壤质量含水量、吸力和容重三变量共同确定的一个曲面。本文在Brooks-Corey土壤水分特征曲线模型的基础上,提出了两种描述土壤质量含水量、吸力和容重三变量关系的曲面模型,分析了模型的优缺点和适用条件,并采用离心机石蜡控容重法实测了四种质地填装土壤的三变量特征曲面。研究结果表明:土壤持水特征是由土壤质量含水量、吸力和容重三变量共同确定的一个曲面这一假设是合理的;类似于Brooks-Corey模型的两种幂函数经验曲面模型能够合理地描述填装土壤的实测数据,决定系数均大于0.94;模型Ⅰ的拟合效果略好于模型Ⅱ,但模型Ⅱ包含两个物理意义明确的参数,具有一定的优势。这一研究将为校正容重变化对土壤水力学参数的影响提供新的途径。

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的影响

该文以陕北水蚀风蚀交错区普遍发育的地表和地上两种生物结皮为研究对象,分别以3种非生物结皮(无结皮、物理结皮、去除生物结皮)为对照,使用盘式入渗仪测定其饱和导水率。结果表明:与无结皮土壤相比,两种类型生物结皮均可极显著降低土壤饱和导水率;与去除生物结皮土壤相比,两种类型生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低均不显著;与有物理结皮发育的土壤相比,地表生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低不显著,而地上生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低显著。一方面,两种生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率均有明显降低作用,预示生物结皮在降雨活动中可能会增加径流、降低入渗,阻碍研究区水分亏缺条件下的植被恢复和生态与环境建设。另一方面,与不同的对照相比,生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的影响截然不同,该结论可在一定程度上解释当前有关生物结皮影响土壤水分入渗方面所存在的分歧。