Chemical modifications of carboxylated chitosan

C-6-carboxylated chitosan obtained by oxidation of chitosan was selectively modified in order to obtain derivatives similar to bacterial antigens. Selective O-acetylation of 6-carboxyl chitosan afforded a modified polysaccharide with the 2-amino group available for further modifications to create carbonyl groups. A deaminative degradation reaction allowed the formation of oligosaccharides with terminal aldehyde groups. Reductive alkylation with lactose introduced lactityl branches which were oxidized with galactose oxidase to give aldehyde groups in its -galactose residues.

多表征模型组合仿真的形式描述与因果序研究

多表征模型组合仿真是可组合仿真、遗留系统集成的重要研究领域，也是多表征建模与仿真的一项关键技术，无论在理论研究还是实际应用上都有重要意义。本文针对多表征模型组合仿真问题在以下几个方面展开了较深入的研究：（1）并发控制机制；（2）多表征模型组合的形式描述；（3）因果序保持；（4）所有权管理服务。 在分析并发表示法特点的基础上，针对并发表示法中对于交互控制过于集中的问题，将集中式的并发控制机制改为分布式的并发控制机制，改进了整个并发控制的体系结构模型；对于多表征实体中的集中式并发控制处理中容易造成服务瓶颈的问题，利用多表征仿真的分层交互规则，将原有的单个交互消解器和一致性执行器改成分布式的控制方式，以有效缓解单个交互消解器的负担。 在改进的采用分布式并发控制机制的体系结构基础上，对多表征模型组合的机制及过程进行了分析，然后使用并行离散事件规范PDEVS对多表征原子模型与耦合模型进行了形式化定义，证明了多表征耦合模型具有耦合封闭性，这使得可以将多表征耦合模型与其它的多表征原子模型或多表征耦合模型一起不断地组合成更大的系统，即多表征模型可以以构件耦合的方式层次式地组成整个仿真系统。并提出了一个多表征模型组合框架。通过多表征模型组合框架清晰地描述了多表征模型组合的过程以及与HLA/RTI协调的机制。 针对HLA时间管理服务中没有提供因果排序机制，而多表征模型组合仿真需要保证以因果序提交模型交互的问题，我们通过引入向量时间，设计了一个符合因果序提交的通信协议，并对其相关的正确性问题进行了证明。 分析了HLA所有权协议应用于多表征模型组合仿真时存在的不足，并以HLA协商型推模式所有权服务为例进行了改进，使得所有权协议可以支持指定某个成员为对象属性所有权的接收者、解决了RTI不存储释放了所有权的属性的更新值，以及HLA属性所有权服务本身不包含时间管理机制等问题。

可扩展的卫星网络建模与仿真研究

卫星网络仿真是对卫星网络进行优化设计、性能分析、效能评估的有效途径。本文针对卫星网络的建模与仿真开展了如下工作： 围绕卫星网络的建模问题，本文在分析卫星网络组成结构和运行特点的基础上，建立了卫星的轨道运行、平台状态、有效载荷模型；针对不同组网模式建立了结构模型；综合考虑卫星的状态参数和空间环境对链路的影响建立了链路模型；基于物理信道、网络层、传输层三个层次建立了通信模型，并讨论了各仿真模型的组成、适应性和可扩展性。 在建模基础上，设计了基于HLA的卫星组网仿真系统总体架构，给出了仿真联邦对象模型的详细设计与具体实现方式，设计了仿真运行流程和系统接口，并进行了仿真实验，验证了仿真模型的正确性和有效性，并进一步分析了HLA在进行面向服务扩展时的适用性，给出了利用XMSF体系结构对其进行扩展的必要性和研究思路。 通过对可扩展的建模与仿真框架（XMSF）特别是面向服务的体系结构（SOA）和仿真服务总线（SSB）的讨论，针对研究卫星网络上层应用的需要，设计了基于XMSF/HLA双层体系结构的原型系统，重点研究了基于web的C/S交互通讯模式和仿真服务总线运行模式。该系统结构支持对HLA的“web化”扩展，并可跨平台、跨语言共享，易于理解和实现。

Efficient synthesis of highly substituted pyrrolin-4-ones via PIFA-mediated cyclization reactions of enaminones

A convenient and efficient synthesis of highly substituted pyrrolin-4-ones is developed via the PIFA-mediated cyclization reactions of readily available enaminones, and a mechanism involving sequential cleavage of N-C bond, formation of new N-C bond, intramolecular addition reaction, and benzilic acid type rearrangement is proposed.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of trace iron (III) and aluminum (III) with hybrid linear analysis

Hybrid linear analysis (HLA) was applied to resolution of overlapping spectra of Fe3+-salicylfluorone and Al3+-salicylfluorone complexes and simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of Fe3+ and Al3+. The absorbance matrix of 7 standard mixtures at 41 measuring points ranged from the wavelength of 550 nm to 630 nm was used for calibration. To avoid the effect of interaction between the two components on the determination, the column vector of K matrix obtained from the standard mixtures with least squares was used as the pure spectrum of component. The recoveries of the two elements for the analysis of the synthetic samples were 93.3% similar to 107.5% in the range of the concentration ratio of Fe3+:Al3+ = 10:1 to 1:8. Comparing with the partial least squares (PIS) model, the HLA method was simple, accuracy and precise.

Identification of an Edwardsiella tarda surface antigen and analysis of its immunoprotective potential as a purified recombinant subunit vaccine and a surface-anchored subunit vaccine expressed by a fish commensal strain

Edwardsiella tarda is the etiological agent of edwardsiellosis, a systematic disease that affects a wide range of marine and freshwater fish cultured worldwide. In order to identify E. tarda antigens with vaccine potential, we in this study conducted a systematic search for E. tarda proteins with secretion capacity. One of the proteins thus identified was Esa1, which contains 795 amino acid residues and shares extensive overall sequence identities with the D15-like surface antigens of several bacterial species. In silico analyses indicated that Esa1 localizes to outer membrane and possesses domain structures that are conserved among bacterial surface antigens. The vaccine potential of purified recombinant Esa1 was examined in a Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) model, which showed that fish vaccinated with Esa1 exhibited a high level of survival and produced specific serum antibodies. Passive immunization of naive fish with antisera raised against Esa1 resulted in significant protection against E. tarda challenge. Taking advantage of the secretion capacity of Esa1 and the natural gut-colonization ability of a fish commensal strain, we constructed an Esa1-expressing recombinant strain, FP3/pJsa1. Western immunoblot and agglutination analyses showed that FP3/pJsa1 produces outer membrane-localized Esa1 and forms aggregates in the presence of anti-Esa1 antibodies. Vaccination analyses showed that FP3/pJsa1 as an intraperitoneal injection vaccine and an oral vaccine embedded in alginate microspheres produced relative percent survival rates of 79% and 52%, respectively, under severe challenging conditions that resulted in 92-96% mortality in control fish. Further analyses showed that following oral vaccination, FP3/pJsa1 was able to colonize in the gut but unable to disseminate into other tissues. Together these results indicate that Esa1 is a protective immunogen and an effective oral vaccine when delivered by FP3/pJsa1 as a surface-anchored antigen. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

迟缓爱德华氏菌两种保护性抗原及AcrAB耐药系统的分析

迟缓爱德华氏菌是危害水产养殖业发展的重要病原菌之一，因而其免疫防治研究具有重要意义。论文分析了9种具有保护潜能的迟缓爱德华氏菌蛋白，经过牙鲆免疫保护实验，筛选出EseD和Et18两种有显著性保护效应的抗原。为了提高其保护效应，论文使用基因工程技术将这两种抗原融合到一起，构建重组融合蛋白EEH。结果表明，融合蛋白EEH保护效应较EseD和Et18分别免疫时有所提高。ELISA和Western blotting 结果显示，三种蛋白都能诱导牙鲆产生特异抗体。这些研究为开发迟缓爱德华氏菌疫苗提供了理论基础。 论文克隆分析了迟缓爱德华氏菌AcrAB耐药系统，采用定点突变确定了acrAB、acrR的启动子序列和AcrR在acrAB启动子的结合位点。启动子分析显示，AcrR对acrAB启动子有300倍抑制效应, 对acrR启动子有3倍抑制效应。定点突变显示，K39和R45对AcrR功能具重要性；缺失突变表明，N端205个氨基酸残基是其功能必需。实验筛选出Acriflavine、Ethidium Bromide、Methyl Viologen、Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate等四种AcrR诱导物。分析AcrR过量表达菌株结果显示，其耐药性、生长状况和毒力水平较阴性对照组降低。这些研究加深了我们对迟缓爱德华氏菌耐药机制及其与毒力关系的了解。

Endothelial cells release phenotypically and quantitatively distinct microparticles in activation and apoptosis

Background: Endothelial cells (EC) shed endothelial microparticles (EMP) in activation and apoptosis. Objectives: We compared the antigenic expression of EMP species released during activation as compared to apoptosis, in three cell lines. Methods: EC from renal and brain microvascular (MiVEC) and coronary macrovascular (MaVEC) origin were incubated with TNF-alpha to induce activation, or deprived of growth factors to induce apoptosis. Antigens expressed on EMP and EC were assayed flow cytometrically and included constitutive markers (CD31, CD51/61, CD105), inducible markers (CD54, CD62E and CD106), and annexin V binding. Results: It was found that in apoptosis, constitutive markers in EMP were markedly increased (CD31>CD105), with a concomitant decrease in expression in EC. Annexin V EC surface binding and annexin V+ EMP were more sharply increased in apoptosis than in activation. In contrast, in activation, inducible markers in EMP were markedly increased in both EMP and EC (CD62E>CD54>CD 106). Coronary MaVEC released significantly less EMP than MiVEC. Conclusion: EC release qualitatively and quantitatively distinct EMP during activation compared to apoptosis. Analysis of EMP phenotypic signatures may provide clinically useful information on the status of the endothelium. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

导弹测试系统的视景仿真及方法研究

随着现代武器装备的不断更新，武器系统的可测试性成为保证系统实际性能指标的重要手段。本文简述了新一代某精确制导导弹测试系统的视景仿真的设计与实现。在测试系统中，引入了新一代的分布式交互仿真技术－高级体系结构（HLA）、虚拟现实技术和视景生成技术，逼真的显示虚拟战场、作战过程。视景模拟可分为视景建模、视景渲染和视景生成三部分，借助于专门的图形处理技术和灵活有效的视景驱动，既增加了视景的逼真度，又确保了系统运行的实时性；共享的虚拟试验场包括山地、沙漠、大海等多个背景及坦克、飞机、军舰等多种动、静态武器装备模型；光照、雾、火光、碎片等各种特殊效果的实现，丰富了试验场的连续性和真实感；为测试系统作了部分的技术方法研究，包括海浪建模、特殊效果模型、地形匹配、碰撞检测；提供多个目标运动模型，可为任意或预定运动；根据导弹飞行姿态及速度来模拟环境场景及目标物，并根据控制操作的要求对场景和目标物进行缩放、漫游、旋转和三维形态变换；为进一步的数据采集和分析，能够记录并回放多个历史记录；制定了数据调度策略，在不牺牲真实性的情况下，保证了系统运行的实时性，解决了系统的一大难点。基于分布式虚拟现实技术的视景仿真能够为导弹系统的可测试性提供了更高的可信度，必将使导弹性能迈上一个新台阶，同时能为多种武器提供测试和训练。

Desempenho morfoagronômico de genótipos de girassol cultivados na Chapada do Araripe, Pernambuco.

RESUMO: Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agronômico de genótipos de girassol nas condições edafoclimáticas do primeiro semestre de 2015 na Chapada do Araripe, instalou-se um experimento na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), no município de Araripina, Estado de Pernambuco. O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e 13 tratamentos, correspondendo aos genótipos de girassol: M734, NTC 90, BRS G43, BRS G44, BRS G45, BRS G46, SYN 065, HLA 2013, HLA 2014, HLA 2015, HLA 2016, HLA 2017 e SYN 045. Avaliaram-se as seguintes características: sobrevivência final, floração inicial, maturação fisiológica, altura média do capítulo, peso de 1000 aquênios, diâmetro médio dos capítulos, produção final de aquênios, curvatura do capítulo e plantas acamadas, quebradas e atacadas por pássaros. Os genótipos apresentaram diferenças morfoagronômicas quando cultivados no primeiro semestre em condições edafoclimáticas da região do Araripe, com exceção da variável sobrevivência. O genótipo NTC 90 alcançou o maior peso de aquênios. Todos os genótipos, exceto HLA 2015, apresentaram elevado rendimento de grãos. Os caracteres plantas acamadas, quebradas, atacadas por pássaros ou a curvatura do capítulo não foram relacionadas às diferentes cultivares. ABSTRACT: The study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of different sunflower genotypes in edaphoclimatic conditions of Araripe region in the first semester of 2015. The experiment was established at the Experimental Station of Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), Araripina, Pernambuco, Brazil. Experimental design was a randomized blocks with thirteen treatments, corresponding to the sunflower genotypes: M734, NTC 90, BRS G43, BRS G44, BRS G45, BRS G46, SYN 065, HLA 2013, HLA 2014, HLA 2015, HLA 2016, HLA 2017 e SYN 045, with four replicates. The following characteristics were evaluated: final survival, early flowering, physiological maturity, average plant height, weight of 1,000 seeds, average flower diameter, final seed production, flower head curvature, lodged, broken and damaged by birds plants. The genotypes showed morphoagronomic differences when grown in the first semester of 2015 on edaphoclimatic conditions of the Araripe region, except for the variable survival. The NTC 90 genotype achieved the highest weight of head flower. All genotypes, except HLA 2015 showed high grain yield. The characters lodged, broken and damaged plants by birds or curvature of the head flower were not related to the different cultivars.

Avaliação de genótipos de girassol em ambiente de sequeiro e irrigado no Distrito Federal.

RESUMO: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar o comportamento de 16 genótipos de girassol em ambiente de sequeiro e ambiente irrigado do Cerrado do Distrito Federal visando aumentar disponibilidade de cultivares mais produtivas e adaptadas. Os ensaios foram conduzidos na área experimental da Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF. Os ensaios foram arranjados experimentalmente em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os genótipos avaliados foram: CF 101, ADV 5504, BRS G42, BRS 323, HELIO 250, HELIO 251, SYN 045, SYN 3950HO, MG 305, MG 360, AGUARÁ 04, AGUARÁ 06, PARAÍSO 20, GNZ NEON, HLA 2012 e M734. Os caracteres avaliados foram rendimento estimado de grãos, tamanho do capítulo, peso de mil aquênios, altura de plantas, teor de óleo e dias para floração inicial. Houve diferenças significativas entre os genótipos para todas as características avaliadas. Dos 16 genótipos avaliados, os híbridos SYN 045 (3.786,2 kg ha-1) e MG 305 (4.987,2 kg ha-1) se sobressaíram quanto ao rendimento estimado de grãos. Quanto ao teor de óleo, os híbridos MG 306 (53,95%) e SYN 3950HO (49,49%) se destacaram. Foram identificados os genótipos mais promissores dentre os avaliados, podendo ser explorados em programas de melhoramento que visam o desenvolvimento de cultivares mais adaptadas.

Comportamento temporal de genótipos de girassol no Cerrado do Distrito Federal em safrinha de 2014 e 2015.

RESUMO:Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento agronômico de genótipos de girassol no Cerrado do Distrito Federal, foram conduzidos ensaios na safrinha dos anos de 2014 e 2015, na estação experimental da Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, e foram avaliados 12 genótipos de girassol: HLA 2015, NTC 90, SYN 065, M734, BRS G44, HLA 2014, BRS G45, BRS G43, HLA 2013, HLA 2017, BRS G46, HLA 2016. As características avaliadas foram rendimento de grãos, tamanho do capitulo, peso de mil aquênios, altura de plantas e dias de floração inicial. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas para as características avaliadas. Os genótipos que se destacaram em relação ao rendimento de grãos foram HLA 2014 (3.161 kg ha-1) e a testemunha M743 (3.212 kg ha-1). Além disso, o ensaio do ano 2014 apresentou uma média de rendimento maior (2.829 kg ha-1) e mais precoces (63,10 dias) em relação a 2015. O trabalho permitiu a identificação de materiais promissores para exploração em programas de melhoramento genético. ABSTRACT: Aiming the evaluation on agronomic behavior of sunflower genotypes in the Brazilian savannah, experiments were carried on in the second crop of 2014 and 2015 at Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Cerrados (Embrapa), Planaltina, DF. A complete randomized block design was used with four replications and 12 genotypes of sunflower were analyzed: HLA 2015, NTC 90, SYN 065, M734, BRS G44, HLA 2014, BRS G45, BRS G43, HLA 2013, HLA 2017, BRS G46, HLA 2016.The evaluated characteristics were grain yield, head, weight thousand achenes, plant height, and flowering time. Significant differences were found in all evaluated characteristics. The genotypes that stood out in seed yield were HLA 2014 (3161 kg ha-1) and M743 (3212 kg ha-1). Besides, the 2014 experiment presented a seed yield average higher (2829 kg ha-1), and earlier flowering (63,10 days) when compared to 2015 experiment. This study allowed the identification of promising materials to explore in breeding programs.

Meta-stable memory in an artificial immune network

Neal, M., Meta-stable memory in an artificial immune network, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems {ICARIS}, Springer, 168-180, 2003,LNCS 2787/2003

The extradomain a of fibronectin enhances the efficacy of lipopolysaccharide defective Salmonella bacterins as vaccines in mice

The Extradomain A from fibronectin (EDA) has an immunomodulatory role as fusion protein with viral and tumor antigens, but its effect when administered with bacteria has not been assessed. Here, we investigated the adjuvant effect of EDA in mice immunizations against Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis). Since lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major virulence factor and the LPS O-polysaccharide (O-PS) is the immunodominant antigen in serological diagnostic tests, Salmonella mutants lacking O-PS (rough mutants) represent an interesting approach for developing new vaccines and diagnostic tests to differentiate infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA tests). Here, antigenic preparations (hot-saline extracts and formalin-inactivated bacterins) from two Salmonella Enteritidis rough mutants, carrying either intact (SE Delta waaL) or deep-defective (SE Delta gal) LPS-Core, were used in combination with EDA. Biotinylated bacterins, in particular SE Delta waaL bacterin, decorated with EDAvidin (EDA and streptavidin fusion protein) improved the protection conferred by hot-saline or bacterins alone and prevented significantly the virulent infection at least to the levels of live attenuated rough mutants. These findings demonstrate the adjuvant effect of EDAvidin when administered with biotinylated bacterins from Salmonella Enteritidis lacking O-PS and the usefulness of BEDA-SE Delta waaL as non-live vaccine in the mouse model.

A Doença Celíaca

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas