Violencia sexual contra las mujeres (Tema Central)

La violencia sexual contra las mujeres tiene diferentes manifestaciones, todas ellas constituyen una violación de sus derechos humanos, conforme lo determina el Estatuto de Roma y la jurisprudencia internacional. En América Latina, la violencia sexual contra las mujeres ha sido una de las formas de represión desde el Estado, en las situaciones de conflicto armado, pero también es parte de la cotidianidad de las mujeres, el riesgo de ser violadas es una realidad con la que deben convivir.

Estudio de los aspectos teórico-prácticos del delito de trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual y su prueba en el proceso penal acusatorio (Tema Central)

El delito de trata de personas es considerado como un tema de interés actual para la sociedad, en vista de que se encuentra catalogado como la nueva forma de esclavitud moderna, el entender que el término “trata” el término oficial utilizado por Naciones Unidas para hacer referencia al comercio de seres humanos y a la explotación por parte de terceros a estos, especialmente en los ámbitos: sexual, laboral, militar, religioso e incluso familiar, ha permitido que nuestro país, debido a los compromisos adquiridos con la comunidad internacional, adopte el principio de la debida diligencia para implementar políticas destinadas a la prevención, persecución y protección en esta clase de delito, y que cada vez su estudio y conocimiento general se debe incrementar para evitar que existan más víctimas de un delito de lesa humanidad, como está considerado la trata de personas.

Pecadoras e infectadas: la prostituta en la primera mitad del Siglo XX

Dentro de los estudios históricos y culturales desarrollados en el país, la investigación de la prostitución y de quienes ejercieron dicha actividad ha sido un tema poco abordado. Así, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito el acercarnos a la figura de las rameras que vivieron en Quito, en la primera mitad del siglo XX y responder a una pregunta central: ¿cómo se construyó entonces su imagen desde la perspectiva religiosa y médica? Para hacerlo, en primer lugar, se expone datos sobre su situación específica, explorando aspectos como su edad, estado civil, el marco legal en el que se desenvolvía, lugar de trabajo, relaciones laborales, etc. En otras palabras, se le otorga un rostro social, se le da una identidad más concreta. Ya con estos elementos, en segundo término, se analiza la manera en que desde lo religioso, utilizando tanto la idea de lo abyecto como la del mal necesario, se afirma a la hetaira como pecadora y el opuesto de la mujer virtuosa. Y, luego, se estudia cómo surge una mirada médica, que a partir de parámetros como la higiene y la degeneración de la raza, la convierte en la portadora por antonomasia de las enfermedades venéreas, en un ser infectado del que hay que cuidarse. De esta forma, la prostituta se constituye no sólo en un peligro moral, sino también sanitario, cargando, por lo tanto, un doble estigma.

Del abuso sexual a la construcción del lesbianismo

El presente trabajo hace un recorrido teórico por el territorio del abuso sexual infantil en niñas y las repercusiones que se producen en la construcción del lesbianismo, tomando como eje central el incesto. La violencia sexual de por sí es conflictiva, porque descoloca los sentidos propios del cuerpo, la identidad, deconstruye la sexualidad eminentemente infantil, ahora perdida. El acto incestuoso complica el escenario, porque echa por la borda las significaciones de las relaciones parentales que sostienen y organizan la cultura y que permite relacionarse a papá-mama-hijos/as desde las ternuras. Analiza el abuso sexual infantil incestuoso como acto perverso que cosifica al otro abyectándolo a lo in-mundo (objeto-cosa)1 de lo cual se puede gozar. El cuerpo ilegitimado desde las prácticas perversas, no tendrá otra alternativa sino buscar formas codificar el acto, y asumir el cuerpo vejado. Aborda al lesbianismo, no como única alternativa del abuso sexual incestuoso, sino como alternativa inconsciente que rechaza al agresor. Además indaga sobre los sentidos del lesbianismo y la homofobia.

¿Galantería o acoso sexual callejero?

Esta investigación pretende analizar porqué los “piropos”, o en general cualquier acto o expresión de naturaleza sexual dirigida a la mujer mientras ésta hace uso del espacio público, no constituyen “galantería”. Por el contrario, en virtud de su contenido sexual y de las circunstancias de poder que las recubren, se tratan de comportamientos que pueden ser entendidos como acoso sexual callejero. Con ese propósito, en el primer capítulo se realiza un estudio sobre cuestiones que constituyen la causa de la existencia de este fenómeno social: la dicotomía público/privado y el deber ser de los sexos. El análisis de estas dimensiones permite entender cómo el acoso sexual callejero se trata de una manifestación misógina basada en la desigualdad social histórica de la mujer. En el segundo capítulo de esta tesis se analizan las consecuencias del acoso sexual callejero en la vida de las mujeres y los medios jurídicos para enfrentarlos. Se identifica cómo el acoso sexual callejero vulnera los derechos a la autonomía, a la libertad y a la seguridad de las mujeres y se estudian los posibles remedios legales para sancionar y disuadir estos comportamientos.

Análisis de la problemática jurídica en el Ecuador, frente al reconocimiento legal del trabajo sexual como derecho constitucional

La presente investigación, enfocará primordialmente, la problemática jurídica actual frente a los derechos y obligaciones de quienes se encuentran en este grupo de trabajo. Así como sobre cómo cuáles serían las posibles soluciones jurídicas para el real ejercicio de sus derechos constitucionales. El lector podrá encontrar, los articulados que rigen la relación laboral del trabajador en general y la problemática jurídica actual, frente al reconocimiento del trabajo sexual como una modalidad de trabajo. Resultado de encuestas realizadas a trabajadoras de sexo de la ciudad de Azogues en el mes de marzo del 2015, así como entrevistas efectuadas directamente a las lideresas de las diferentes Asociaciones de trabajadoras del sexo que estuvieron presente en la ciudad de Quito, durante el III Encuentro de Trabajadoras del Sexo “Emputadas por Nuestros Derechos” y que acudieron con propuestas de ser reconocidas como trabajadoras en la Asamblea Nacional. Por otro lado, se planteó posibles soluciones jurídicas que permitirán hacer efectivo el goce del derecho al trabajo, tal como manda la Constitución, “un derecho y un deber social”. Frente a la propuesta del grupo de trabajadoras del sexo de ser reconocidas como autónomas, se consideró como solución jurídica, la necesidad de presentar un proyecto de ley especial que regule la actividad, el mismo que deberá ser aprobado por la Asamblea Nacional. Como trabajo sexual subordinado, se consideró necesario incluir un capítulo especial dentro del Código del Trabajo para regular la relación laboral.

Sexual symbolism in the Early Neolithic of the southern Levant: pestles and mortars from WF16

WF16 is a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in the Southern Levant that has produced an important collection of ground stone artefacts. These include one explicit and one ambiguous representation of a phallus – the latter may be a human head and shoulders. The authors note the visual similarity of certain pestles from WF16 to phalli and suggest that such artefacts and their use may have been imbued with sexual metaphor. As such, the most potent references to sex, reproduction and fertility in the early Neolithic may not be the exotic figures claimed to be ‘Mother Goddesses’ but located in the most mundane of domestic artefacts.

Direct versus indirect sexual selection: genetic basis of colour, size and recruitment in a wild bird

Indirect and direct models of sexual selection make different predictions regarding the quantitative genetic relationships between sexual ornaments and fitness. Indirect models predict that ornaments should have a high heritability and that strong positive genetic covariance should exist between fitness and the ornament. Direct models, on the other hand, make no such assumptions about the level of genetic variance in fitness and the ornament, and are therefore likely to be more important when environmental sources of variation are large. Here we test these predictions in a wild population of the blue tit (Parus caeruleus), a species in which plumage coloration has been shown to be under sexual selection. Using 3 years of cross-fostering data from over 250 breeding attempts, we partition the covariance between parental coloration and aspects of nestling fitness into a genetic and environmental component. Contrary to indirect models of sexual selection, but in agreement with direct models, we show that variation in coloration is only weakly heritable (h(2) < 0.11), and that two components of offspring fitness-nestling size and fledgling recruitment-are strongly dependent on parental effects, rather than genetic effects. Furthermore, there was no evidence of significant positive genetic covariation between parental colour and offspring traits. Contrary to direct benefit models, however, we find little evidence that variation in colour reliably indicates the level of parental care provided by either males or females. Taken together, these results indicate that the assumptions of indirect models of sexual selection are not supported by the genetic basis of the traits reported on here.

Research note: amendments to the model for predicting age at sexual maturity for growing pullets of layer strains following changes in photoperiod

A model was published by Lewis et al. (2002) to predict the mean age at first egg (AFE) for pullets of laying strains reared under non-limiting environmental conditions and exposed to a single change in photoperiod during the rearing stage. Subsequently, Lewis et al. (2003) reported the effects of two opposing changes in photoperiod, which showed that the first change appears to alter the pullet's physiological age so that it responds to the second change as though it had been given at an earlier age (if photoperiod was decreased), or later age (if photoperiod was increased) than the true chronological age. During the construction of a computer model based on these two publications, it became apparent that some of the components of the models needed adjustment. The amendments relate to (1) the standard deviation (S.D.) used for calculating the proportion of a young flock that has attained photosensitivity, (2) the equation for calculating the slope of the line relating AFE to age at transfer from one photoperiod to another, (3) the equation used for estimating the distribution of AFE as a function of the mean value, (4) the point of no return when pullets which have started spontaneous maturation in response to the current photoperiod can no longer respond to a late change in photoperiod and (5) the equations used for calculating the distribution of AFE when the trait is bimodal.

Change in the effect of constant photoperiods on the rate of sexual maturation in modern genotypes of domestic pullet

1. Data for modern egg-type hybrids reared on constant daylengths show that, as expected, they mature more quickly than earlier genotypes. However, the constant photoperiod which gives earliest sexual maturity has not changed as a result of selection and is 10 h for both early and modern genotypes. 2. Further analysis showed that the rate of delay in sexual maturity for constant photoperiods above 10 h is similar for modern and for early hybrids ( +0.29 d for each incremental one hour of photoperiod), the response of modern hybrids below 10 h ( +4.22 d for each one-hour reduction in photoperiod) is more than double that of early hybrids ( +1.71 d/h).

Changes in light intensity can influence age at sexual maturity in domestic pullets

1. Shaver White and ISA Brown pullets were reared to 140 d in groups of 8 in cages on a 10-h photoperiod of incandescent light and maintained at an illuminance of 3 or 25 lux, or transferred from 3 to 25 lux or from 25 to 3 lux at 63 or 112 d of age. 2. There was no significant difference in sexual maturity, measured as eggs per 100 bird.d at 139 and 140 d, for ISA Brown maintained on 3 or 25 lux, but Shaver White pullets exposed to constant 3 lux matured significantly later than those maintained on 25 lux. 3. In Shaver Whites, sexual maturity was significantly delayed by an increase from 3 to 25 lux at 63 and 112 d, and advanced by a decrease from 25 to 3 lux at 112 d. Sexual maturity of ISA Browns was not significantly affected by a change in illuminance at 63 or 112 d, though responses were in the same direction as for Shaver Whites. 4. In both breeds, total feed consumed to 112 d was higher for birds on 3 lux than 25 lux, but lower between 112 d and 140 d when birds on 25 lux underwent rapid sexual development. In both breeds, body weight at 63 d was higher for birds exposed to 3 lux than 25 lux, but body weight gain thereafter was similar for the two light intensities. 5. In both breeds, plasma luteinising hormone (LH) concentration at 63 and 112 d was lower in birds maintained on 3 lux than 25 lux. At 63 and 112 d, transfers from 25 to 3 lux depressed, whereas transfers from 3 to 25 lux at 63 d, but not at 112 d, increased plasma LH. 6. Advances or delays in sexual maturity induced by changes in illuminance were not correlated with differences in feed intake, body weight gain, or with changes in plasma LH. 7. One possible explanation for the inverse relationship between the direction of change in illuminance at 63 and 112 d in pullets exposed to a 10-h photoperiod and the age at which they became sexually mature is that changes in light intensity and/or spectral composition affect the entrainment of the circadian rhythm of photoinducibility, to effect a phase shift in the photoinducible phase and/or the responsiveness of phototransduction pathways.

The effect of ram replacement and sex ratio on the sexual response of anoestrous ewes

It is accepted that an important source of variation in the response of anoestrous ewes, to the introduction of rams, is the intensity of male stimulation. The aim of this study was to investigate strategies capable of increasing the impact and transmission of the ram stimuli. In Experiment 1, two groups of seven ewes (Bluefaced Leicester male x Swaledale female) were individually penned with one ram and for the next 6 h the rams either remained in the pen or were replaced hourly. Blood samples revealed no difference in the pattern of plasma LH secretion. In Experiment 2, three groups of 16 ewes were either introduced to one ram, individually (H) or in groups of 8 (L), or remained isolated. Ram introduction increased the plasma LH pulsatility (P < 0.001). H ewes displayed more (nine versus six) male-induced LH pulses (pulses occurring within the first 45 min) and more pulses per 8 h intervals than the L group of ewes (1.9 +/- 0.3 versus 1.3 +/- 0.3), but these differences were not significant. It was concluded that (i) frequent replacement of rams within a few hours following ram introduction to ewes does not further improve the response of ewes, especially if the ram:ewe ratio is high; (ii) the characterization of the plasma LH secretion parameters during a period of 6-8 h does not seem to be an effective method to detect small differences in the intensity of stimulation received by the ewes when exposed to rams; (iii) North Country Mule ewes (Bluefaced Leicester male x Swaledale female) in the UK respond to the presence of rams in spring (late oestrous/early anoestrous season) with an elevation in plasma LH secretion. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Statistical modeling suggests that antiandrogens in effluents from wastewater treatment works contribute to widespread sexual disruption in fish living in English rivers.

BACKGROUND: The widespread occurrence of feminized male fish downstream of some wastewater treatment works has led to substantial interest from ecologists and public health professionals. This concern stems from the view that the effects observed have a parallel in humans, and that both phenomena are caused by exposure to mixtures of contaminants that interfere with reproductive development. The evidence for a "wildlife-human connection" is, however, weak: Testicular dysgenesis syndrome, seen in human males, is most easily reproduced in rodent models by exposure to mixtures of antiandrogenic chemicals. In contrast, the accepted explanation for feminization of wild male fish is that it results mainly from exposure to steroidal estrogens originating primarily from human excretion. OBJECTIVES: We sought to further explore the hypothesis that endocrine disruption in fish is multi-causal, resulting from exposure to mixtures of chemicals with both estrogenic and antiandrogenic properties. METHODS: We used hierarchical generalized linear and generalized additive statistical modeling to explore the associations between modeled concentrations and activities of estrogenic and antiandrogenic chemicals in 30 U.K. rivers and feminized responses seen in wild fish living in these rivers. RESULTS: In addition to the estrogenic substances, antiandrogenic activity was prevalent in almost all treated sewage effluents tested. Further, the results of the modeling demonstrated that feminizing effects in wild fish could be best modeled as a function of their predicted exposure to both anti-androgens and estrogens or to antiandrogens alone. CONCLUSION: The results provide a strong argument for a multicausal etiology of widespread feminization of wild fish in U.K. rivers involving contributions from both steroidal estrogens and xeno-estrogens and from other (as yet unknown) contaminants with antiandrogenic properties. These results may add farther credence to the hypothesis that endocrine-disrupting effects seen in wild fish and in humans are caused by similar combinations of endocrine-disrupting chemical cocktails.