Tendencias y patrones de la migración latinoamericana y caribeña hacia 2010 y desafíos para una agenda regional

En este documento se examinan las tendencias de la migración internacional de latinoamericanos y caribeños, en especial a la luz de la información de los censos de la ronda de 2010 cuyos microdatos estuvieron disponibles a comienzos de 2014, en conjunto con otras fuentes que involucran a los países de destino. El estudio comienza con un breve examen del contexto regional en el que acontece la migración internacional, y continúa con un análisis de los principales patrones y magnitudes de los intercambios migratorios, considerando algunos temas poco tratados en la región, como la participación de los jóvenes y los procesos de retorno. Posteriormente se realiza una caracterización seleccionada de las personas migrantes, para concluir con la identificación del estado del debate acerca de temas relevantes sobre la migración y el desarrollo, como las remesas, la relación de la migración con el reemplazo generacional y la agenda política de la migración contemporánea.

Programas de transferencias, condicionalidades y derechos de la infancia: apuntes a partir del caso del Uruguay

La centralidad que ocupan los niños, niñas y adolescentes en el desarrollo de los programas de transferencias ha sido documentada en las sucesivas evaluaciones que observan el impacto de estas políticas en múltiples indicadores de bienestar infantil. Sin embargo, los estudios que profundizan en los procesos ocurridos a partir de la puesta en marcha de los programas en las familias beneficiarias son bastante más escasos. En particular, todavía se conoce poco sobre el efecto específico de las condicionalidades sobre el bienestar infantil y sobre el grado en que las condicionalidades facilitan u obstaculizan el cumplimiento de los derechos fundamentales de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Este documento avanza sobre esta interrogante en dos partes. En los primeros dos capítulos se sintetiza la literatura regional e internacional para dar cuenta de los dos niveles (normativo y empírico) de debate asociados al uso de condicionalidades en los programas de transferencias. A partir del capítulo III se presentan los resultados de una investigación sobre uso de condicionalidades en un caso concreto: el Programa de Asignaciones Familiares del Uruguay.

The rights-based approach to social protection in Latin America: From rhetoric to practice

This paper aims to contribute to developing the normative framework for rights-based social protection systems and discusses lessons learned in some emblematic programmes implemented in Latin America which have sought to advance a rights approach. The paper emphasizes the added value of the rights-based approach and describes the normative content of the right to social security. It then describes the basic elements of a rights-based approach and examines how it is operationalized in the design, implementation and evaluation of landmark social protection programmes in the region. The paper seeks to demonstrate that, despite the large gap that still exists between the rhetoric of a human rights approach and its implementation in specific policies, there have been significant achievements in some countries in Latin America. It argues that some of the good practices in the region can serve as policy examples to follow elsewhere. The paper concludes with a number of public policy recommendations with a view to consolidating the rights perspective in social protection programmes.

Estudio sobre la autonomía económica de las mujeres en Costa Rica, El Salvador y Panamá

El presente estudio tiene como fin conocer los avances en materia de leyes y de política pública a partir de la firma de los Acuerdos de compromiso elaborados por los gobiernos de Costa Rica, El Salvador y Panamá en el tema de la autonomía económica de las mujeres en los primeros meses de 2014. Se busca analizar el resultado de las experiencias en estos países, detectar los avances y los desafíos, y a partir de este diagnóstico brindar propuestas de política pública que coadyuven a fortalecer el avance en la autonomía económica de las mujeres.

Fortalecimiento de la cadena de valor de tomate y chile verde dulce en El Salvador

Por el alto nivel de demanda y la baja participación de los productores salvadoreños, el mercado del tomate y el chile verde dulce ofrece numerosas oportunidades para su explotación en el país. La producción de estos cultivos es susceptible de gestar una mayor rentabilidad económica que los granos tradicionales, al tiempo que se abrirían ventanas de oportunidad para una diversificación productiva en beneficio de los estratos de la población rural más desfavorecida. En la actualidad, la demanda interna de tomate y chile verde dulce en El Salvador se cubre principalmente mediante la importación. Si se aumentara la productividad y la competitividad de los productores salvadoreños, además de crear oportunidades de desarrollo para el mundo rural, se brindarían espacios para revertir el déficit comercial del país en ambos cultivos.

Programa Parâmetros em Ação – Meio Ambiente na escola: avaliação de sua efetividade na rede pública de ensino em quatro municípios no estado do Pará

Está previsto em lei que a Educação Ambiental (EA) deve ser oferecida pelas escolas em todos os níveis de ensino numa abordagem interdisciplinar. Esta possibilidade deveria se estabelecer a partir de uma política de capacitação de professores, permitindo a inclusão do tema meio ambiente na rotina escolar, através de atividades intedisciplinares, transversais e inserção da temática no conteúdo de cada disciplina. Devido à conhecida complexidade do desenvolvimento da conscientização da população, é esperado que programas desta natureza possam contribuir substancialmente para a formação de uma sociedade que se relacione harmonicamente com o meio ambiente e que possa promover o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais. Cabe perguntar, então, se a proposta contida em um programa de formação continuada implementado em âmbito nacional - Programa Parâmetros em Ação – Meio Ambiente – está sendo alcançada. O estudo foi realizado junto aos diversos segmentos de educação da rede pública de ensino, em quatro municípios do Estado no Pará, sendo que um deles se caracterizou como nosso controle por não ter implementado o programa. O interesse deste estudo foi avaliar, através do detalhamento neste amplo e complexo processo de formação de professores, como e se professores e alunos de Paragominas, Ipixuna, Dom Eliseu e Ulianópolis no Estado do Pará praticam os pressupostos norteadores que são difundidos e veiculados através desta política pública de Educação Ambiental. Nossa expectativa era de que os municípios que desenvolveram por mais tempo esta experiência, apresentassem um desempenho geral mais aprimorado, além de que escolas, professores e alunos desenvolvessem um perfil de comportamento onde a autonomia de ação fosse evidente. No entanto, esse não foi o resultado encontrado no estudo desta tese. A diferença esperada entre o município controle e os demais municípios não se evidenciou, não foi expressivo o aumento do desempenho em função do tempo de exercício do programa, assim como as ações desenvolvidas remetem ao conservadorismo dinâmico. Desta forma a implementação do Programa mencionado não apresentou diferenças significativas na estrutura político-ideológica, social e pedagógica da Educação Ambiental nas escolas pesquisadas.

Estudo das reações no sistema 'CU'-'AL'-'AG'-'MN'

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Pancreatic Alpha-Cell Dysfunction Contributes to the Disruption of Glucose Homeostasis and Compensatory Insulin Hypersecretion in Glucocorticoid-Treated Rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A new genus and two new species of Opilioacaridae (Acari: Parasitiformes) from Amazonia, Brazil with a key to world genera

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Bainitic precipitation in the Cu-9 wt.%Al-4 wt.%Mn-5 wt.%Ag alloy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Brasilacarus cocaris (Acari: Opilioacaridae), a new genus and species from Amazonia, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Admiralty Bay Benthos Diversity-A census of a complex polar ecosystem

A thorough census of Admiralty Bay benthic biodiversity was completed through the synthesis of data, acquired from more than 30 years of observations. Most of the available records arise from successive Polish and Brazilian Antarctic expeditions organized since 1977 and 1982, respectively, but also include new data from joint collecting efforts during the International Polar Year (2007-2009). Geological and hydrological characteristics of Admiralty Bay and a comprehensive species checklist with detailed data on the distribution and nature of the benthic communities are provided. Approximately 1300 species of benthic organisms (excluding bacteria, fungi and parasites) were recorded from the bay`s entire depth range (0-500 m). Generalized classifications and the descriptions of soft-bottom and hard-bottom invertebrate communities are presented. A time-series analysis showed seasonal and interannual changes in the shallow benthic communities, likely to be related to ice formation and ice melt within the bay. As one of the best studied regions in the maritime Antarctic Admiralty Bay represents a legacy site, where continued, systematically integrated data sampling can evaluate the effects of climate change on marine life. Both high species richness and high assemblage diversity of the Admiralty Bay shelf benthic community have been documented against the background of habitat heterogeneity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Homicide and public security indicator trends in the city of Sao Paulo between 1996 and 2008: a time-series ecological study

The scope of this paper was to analyze the association between homicides and public security indicators in Sao Paulo between 1996 and 2008, after monitoring the unemployment rate and the proportion of youths in the population. A time-series ecological study for 1996 and 2008 was conducted with Sao Paulo as the unit of analysis. Dependent variable: number of deaths by homicide per year. Main independent variables: arrest-incarceration rate, access to firearms, police activity. Data analysis was conducted using Stata. IC 10.0 software. Simple and multivariate negative binomial regression models were created. Deaths by homicide and arrest-incarceration, as well as police activity were significantly associated in simple regression analysis. Access to firearms was not significantly associated to the reduction in the number of deaths by homicide (p>0,05). After adjustment, the associations with both the public security indicators were not significant. In Sao Paulo the role of public security indicators are less important as explanatory factors for a reduction in homicide rates, after adjustment for unemployment rate and a reduction in the proportion of youths. The results reinforce the importance of socioeconomic and demographic factors for a change in the public security scenario in Sao Paulo.

Strain-specific polyketide synthase genes of Aspergillus niger

In silico comparison of 34 putative pks genes in Aspergillus niger strain CBS 513.88 versus A. niger strain ATCC 1015 genome revealed significant nucleotide identity (>95% covering a minimum of 99% of the gene sequence) for 31 of these genes (approximately 91%). A. niger CBS 513.88 harbors three putative pks genes (An01g01130, An11g05940, and An15g07920), for which nucleotide identity was not found in A. niger ATCC 1015. To compare the results of the in silico analysis with the in vivo situation, experimental data were obtained for a large number of A. niger strains obtained from different substrates and geographical regions. Three putative Os genes that were found to be variable between the two A. niger strains using bioinformatics tools were in fact strain-specific genes based on experimental data. The PCR amplification signals for the An01g01130, An11g05940, and An15g07920 pks genes were detected in only 97%, 71%, and 26% of the strains, respectively. Southern blot analyses confirmed the PCR data. Because one of the strain-specific pits genes (An15g07920) is located in a putative ochratoxin cluster, we focused our investigation on that region. We assessed the ochratoxin production capability of the 119 A. niger strains and found a positive association between the presence of this pia gene and the capability of the respective strain to produce ochratoxin. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Functional characterization of sugarcane mustang domesticated transposases and comparative diversity in sugarcane, rice, maize and sorghum

Transposable elements (TEs) account for a large portion of plant genomes, particularly in grasses, in which they correspond to 50%-80% of the genomic content. TEs have recently been shown to be a source of new genes and new regulatory networks. The most striking contribution of TEs is referred as "molecular domestication", by which the element coding sequence loses its movement capacity and acquires cellular function. Recently, domesticated transposases known as mustang and derived from the Mutator element have been described in sugarcane. In order to improve our understanding of the function of these proteins, we identified mustang genes from Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays and performed a phenetic analysis to assess the diversity and evolutionary history of this gene family. This analysis identified orthologous groups and showed that mustang genes are highly conserved in grass genomes. We also explored the transcriptional activity of sugarcane mustang genes in heterologous and homologous systems. These genes were found to be ubiquitously transcribed, with shoot apical meristem having the highest expression levels, and were downregulated by phytohormones. Together, these findings suggest the possible involvement of mustang proteins in the maintenance of hormonal homeostasis.