Compreensão de leitura: princípios avaliativos e interventivos no contexto educacional

Reading is a complex process that involves cognitive and linguistic skills, such as decoding and comprehension. When the skill to understand texts is not performed there is a commitment throughout the learning process interfering with the development of the student as a whole. Ensuring that the student carries out reading efficiently is one of the main challenges of schools. Considering these aspects, this study, through reflection of previous studies, presents the processes involved in reading comprehension, as well as problems that can interfere with these processes, assessment and intervention strategies with the students so that possible difficulties in the educational context can be minimized.

Desempenho de escolares de ensino público com e sem dificuldade de aprendizagem em habilidadefonológica, nomeação rápida, leitura e escrita

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Processos de leitura em escolares com transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade

This study aimed to characterize and compare the performance of students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and students with good academic performance on the readingassessment processes. Forty students ranging from 8 years and 2 months old to 10 years and 11 months old, from both genders, from 1st to 4th grades of elementary level, participated inthis study, distributed in two groups: GI, with 20 students with interdisciplinary diagnosis ofAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and GII, 20 students with good academic performance,paired with GI according to gender, age and school level. The students wereassessedthrough the Brazilian adaptation of the Assessment Process of Reading – PROLEC, composedof four blocks: identification of letters, lexical, syntactic and semantic processes. Statisticallysignificant difference occurred between GI and GII in the PROLEC tests, with the exception of thesame-different and lexical decision tests, indicating that the students from GI presented inferior performance when compared with students from GII. Regarding the classification of the resultsof PROLEC, there was a statistically significant difference in the lexical, syntactic and semanticprocesses and the letter and sound test, with the exception of same-different tests of identificationof letters process. The findings suggests that the group of students with ADHD showsinferior performance compared to the group without disabilities, highlighting that the attentionfactor affects the cognitive functions impairing the acquisition of skills necessary for reading.

Desempenho de escolares com dislexia: programas de intervenção metalinguistico e de leitura

Dyslexia is specific learning disabilities, of neurological origin, resulted from a phonological deficit of language. This study aims to verify the performance of students with dyslexia in phonological intervention program, reading program, and phonological and reading remediation program in students with dyslexia. The participants of this study were 60 students who were divided as follows: GI (ten students with dyslexia submitted to phonological remediation program and ten students with dyslexia not submitted to phonological remediation program), GII (ten students with dyslexia submitted to reading program and ten students with dyslexia not submitted to reading program), GIII (ten students with dyslexia submitted to phonological and reading program and ten students with dyslexia not submitted to phonological and reading program). The phonological and reading remediation was applied in three phases: pretest, training, post-testing. The results showed significant statistical difference between two evaluation moments, revealed better performance in the cognitive-linguistic skills in post-test situation comparing to the pretest, showing the efficacy of the three remediation programs for students with dyslexia. The better performance of the students with dyslexia submitted to the remediation programs shows the necessity of phonological instruction or phonological instruction with reading to be offered in the literacy context, once this will help students to develop cognitive-linguistic skills to learn the alphabetic basis of the Brazilian Portuguese writing system.

Desempenho de escolares com dislexia e transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade nos processos de leitura

This study aimed to characterize and to compare the performance of students with an interdisciplinary diagnosis of dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in students with good academic performance on the reading processes. Sixty students from both genders, from 2nd to 4th grades of municipal public schools in Marília - SP participated in this study, they were distributed as follows: GI, 20 students with interdisciplinary diagnosis of dyslexia; GII, 20 students with ADHD and GIII, 20 students with good academic performance, paired according to gender, age and grade level with GI and GII. The students were submitted to the application of the assessment of reading processes (PROLEC) composed by four processes: letters identification, lexical, syntactical and semantic. The results highlighted that the students of GIII showed superior performance comparing with GI and GII. There was difference between GI and GII only in low frequency word reading and non words reading of the lexical process. The inferior performance from GI and GII in the PROLEC tests can be justified by the difficulty on the coding and decoding abilities. In ADHD students this difficulty was due to impaired interaction between the visual, linguistic, attention and auditory processing and in the dyslexic students was due to failure at the phonological mediation process, which depends on the knowledge of rules of grapheme - phoneme conversion to the acquisition of word reading. These changes affect the reading achievement and the comprehension of the read text.

Desempenho cognitivo-linguístico e leitura em escolares com transtorno do déficit de atençào e hiperatividade

OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to compare the cognitive-linguistic skills performance and reading of students with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and students without behavioral and/or learning disorders. METHOD: the study included 20 students from 5th to 8th grade of elementary school. The students were divided into: Group I (GI): composed by 10 students with an interdisciplinary diagnosis of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, and Group II (GII): composed by 10 students without complaints of behavioral and/or learning disorders. The tests of metalinguistic skills and reading (PROHMELE) were used as procedure, composed of syllabic and phonemic identification, syllabic and phonemic manipulation, repetition of nonwords and reading tests. RESULTS: the results showed statistically significant differences between GI and GII, demonstrating that students from GI presented superior performances when compared to the students from GII. CONCLUSION: according to the findings of this study we can conclude that the difficulties presented by students with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder can be attributed to inattention, hyperactivity and disorganization, characteristic of this diagnosis, and not to a disorder of language of phonological basis.

Educação Literária e formação de leitores: da leitura 'em si' para leitura 'para si'

This article deals with the relationship between the reader formation and the teaching of strategies of reading. We based our discussion in reading and childhood literature researchers as: Arena (2007a, 2007b, 2008 and 2010), Bajard (2002), Chiappini (1997), Coelho (2000), Cosson (2007), Foucambert (1994), Harvey & Goudivs (2007), Perroti (1986), Smith (1999), Soares (1999), Solé (2009), Zilberman (2005), and others. We dialogue with some points from the historical-cultural perspective, having a strong focus on a humanitarian literary education in elementary schools.

Aplicação do modelo de tutoria em tarefas de leitura e escrita para criança com dislexia do desenvolvimento

Developmental dyslexia is characterized by impairment in reading and writing as a result of changes in the cognitive-linguistic behavior. The goal of the research was to analyze and compare the performance on tasks of reading and writing in children with developmental dyslexia after a mentoring program. Participated in this study 15 children of both genders from 3rd to 7th grade public schools of a city in the State of São Paulo, with average age (M = 9.4) and (DP = 1.08) divided into GIexperimental group (7 children who received intervention) and GII – control group (8 children did not receive the intervention, they were matched according to sex and age group with GI). The children were subjected to the diagnostic survey of reading and writing and to the intervention program in Reading Recovery tutoring. The data regarding reading and writing tasks related to mentoring program were collected in CEES-Centro de Estudos de Educação e Saúde da UNESP. The results revealed statistically significant difference between the GI and GII, where children with dyslexia in the GI showed superior performance on the task of reading words and reading the book I in relation to children of the GII. It was concluded that the GI introduced significant advances compared to GII that did not receive mentoring intervention, demonstrating that due to variability of cognitive-linguistic profile of children with dyslexia, it is necessary to develop, mainly, in the school context programs with specific difficulties that focus on interventions of this population.

Leitura Literária em sala de aula: a prática colaborativa no Ensino das Estratégias de leitura

Este artigo é fruto de reflexões oriundas de uma pesquisa, em andamento, a partir de observação acerca do trabalho pedagógico relacionado à literatura infantil nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental em uma escola pública, municipal, do Estado de São Paulo. Compreendemos que aprender a ler não é uma prática natural, espontânea, mas uma prática cultural criada pelo homem e, por isso, deve ser conteúdo escolar. Neste sentido, cabe ao professor ensinar a seus alunos atitudes, escolhas, ou seja, ações intelectuais que permitam ao leitor mirim colocar a compreensão como objetivo de sua leitura e que aprenda a mobilizar várias estratégias de leitura para atingir esse objetivo, uma vez que os dados revelados pela pesquisa “A Literatura na escola: espaços e contextos – a realidade brasileira e portuguesa” mostram que, apesar dos investimentos em programas de fomento à leitura, como, por exemplo, o Programa Nacional de Biblioteca na Escola – PNBE, nossas escolas, em sua grande maioria, não conseguem formar leitores qualitativamente melhores.Visto a necessidade de (re) pensarmos as práticas relacionadas à leitura e, especificamente, à leitura literária, nossa discussão se dirige a questões referentes ao modo como a leitura e o livro de literatura infantil são trabalhados, por professores e seus alunos, em sala de aula, e a influência dessas práticas no processo de atribuição de sentido das crianças ao que seja o ato de ler, bem como em relação a sua própria identidade de leitores em formação. O debate gerado pela pesquisa que deu origem a este texto evidencia o quanto as crianças sentem-se capazes e ativas em seu processo de apropriação da leitura literária decorrente do trabalho pedagógico relacionado à literatura infantil por meio da abordagem do ensino de estratégias de leitura.

Formação de professores para o ensino inicial da leitura e da escrita, na década de 1880, em São Paulo-Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Filme O Jardim Secreto: uma experiência com a leitura das legendas cinematográficas

By analyzing the pedagogical practices in respect of acts of reading in the current context of school education institutions vital, it is clear that they are linked to decipher. But it is believed that for the student to learn to read is necessary dialogue with the text, attribute meaning to writing and comprehension. When thinking about the use of technologies such as film subtitles, it is believed that they allow readers to form since they require a quick read without using the decryption with the attribution of meaning to follow the entire course of the film. This paper aims to present and analyze a film session the project subtitled and dubbed films in public schools and training of the reader, which investigates the contributions of cinematic legends in training readers in elementary school. In this paper we present data on the session of the film The Secret Garden, with students between six and ten years old in a public school in Marilia, SP. The session took place in film school, in a room adapted. When analyzing the results, we observed that reading subtitles contributes to children are not attached to decipher, because we used reading strategies to understand the plot and tried to dialogue with the text. This approach not only contributes reader for reading the screens, but also in fixed supports, for developing specific tactics for the scrolling text which can be applied to the texts on the immobilized support.

Computador: um recurso para o incentivo da leitura nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental

A presente reflexão motiva-se no seio da crescente discussão sobre a utilização das tecnologias de informação e comunicação na educação, assim como acerca do uso de computadores que permitem o acesso à pesquisa e a informações novas. Este trabalho é decorrência de estudos realizados para a disciplina de monografia de conclusão de curso, e tem como objetivos: verificar o posicionamento de professores sobre o uso do computador como um recurso que estimule a leitura para alunos dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; averiguar o que os professores pensam sobre a inclusão digital; descobrir para qual tipo de leitura o computador é utilizado. Os resultados apresentados são provenientes apenas dos estudos teóricos realizados, visto que fazem parte de um projeto de pesquisa ainda em andamento.