Mutual Coupling Reduction Techniques in Electronic Steering Antennas in X Band

This work provides the development of an antenna for satellite communications onboard systems based on the recommendations ITU-R S.580-6 [1] and ITU-R S.465-5 [2]. The antenna consists of printed elements grouped in an array, working in a frequency band from 7.25 up to 8.4 GHz (15% of bandwidth). In this working band, transmission and reception are included simultaneously. The antenna reaches a gain about 31 dBi, has a radiation pattern with a beam width smaller than 10oand dual circular polarization. It has the capability to steer in elevation through a Butler matrix to 45

Comportamiento bajo cargas estáticas de sistemas provisionales de protección de borde realizados con elementos de acero = Behavior under static loads of temporary edge protection systems built with steel elements

La norma UNE-EN 13374 “Sistemas provisionales de protección de borde. Especificaciones del producto, métodos de ensayo” (1) clasifica los sistemas provisionales de protección de borde (SPPB) en tres clases (A, B y C), en función del ángulo de la superficie de trabajo y de la altura de caída de la persona a proteger. Los sistemas clase A son los indicados cuando la inclinación de la superficie de trabajo es menor de 10º. La norma establece los requisitos de flecha y de resistencia de los SPPB. Los requisitos se pueden comprobar tanto analítica como experimentalmente. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido la evaluación del comportamiento de los SPPB utilizados habitualmente en las obras y establecer los cambios necesarios para que cumplan con la norma UNE-EN 13374. Para ello se han evaluado analítica y experimentalmente tres SPPB clase A, fabricados con acero S235. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, el sistema empleado de forma habitual en obras no supera los requisitos de la norma ni analítica ni experimentalmente. El tercer sistema supera los requisitos con las dos metodologías de análisis. El segundo sistema supera los requisitos cuando la evaluación se realiza analíticamente pero no cuando la vía utilizada es la experimental.

Ductilidad del acero inoxidable bajo en níquel para estructuras de hormigón armado / Ductility in a new low nickel stainless steel for reinforced concrete

En este trabajo se presentan los diagramas tensióndeformación de un nuevo acero inoxidable con bajo contenido en níquel, un inoxidable convencional AISI 304 y un acero al carbono de uso común en estructuras de hormigón armado. Dicha ductilidad se ha estudiado determinando la tensión máxima (fmax), la tensión en el límite elástico (fy) y la deformación bajo carga máxima (εmax). Los tres materiales se han evaluado utilizando criterios aceptados internacionalmente, como son el índice p (capacidad de rotación plástica), el índice A* (área plástica de endurecimiento) y el índice de tenacidad Id (energía total absorbida en el punto de alargamiento bajo carga máxima), los resultados obtenidos se han comparado con los aceros convencionales de armaduras 500SD, 500N y 500H (EC-2).

El riesgo de caída en altura

Artículo técnico en revista especializada

Ku band transmitarray lens for microwave applications

In this document a microstrip constrained lens device for Ku band, for microwave purpose, is presented. This paper offers an overview of artificial lens-type devices and the proposed transmitarray lens is thoroughly studied in terms of design and manufacturing, with architecture discussion and selection, along with the design, manufacturing and validation of all the forming components of the transmitarray (transmission circuits, radiating elements, etc.). Each element is properly characterized and assembled properly in the complete transmitarray prototype. Eventually, radiation pattern measurements as well as gain and directivity values, are provided to show the proper behaviour of the proposed transmitarray lens.

Development of Interactive Materials by Engineering Students Using the Descartes Applets.

In a degree course such as Forestry Engineering, the general teaching objectives consist of explaining and helping students to understand the principles of Mechanics. For some time now we have encountered significant difficulties in teaching this subject due to the students' lack of motivation and to their insufficient prior preparation for the topic. If we add to this the discipline's inherent complexity and the students' preconceptions about the subject, these teaching difficulties become considerable. For this reason a series of didactic activities have been introduced sequentially in the teaching of this subject. This work describes the methodology, procedure and results for the action of developing a work project in groups using Descartes software. The results of this experiment can be considered very positive. Some of the critical preconceptions for learning the subject can be corrected, and the tutoring process in the classroom contributes to an improvement in teacherstudent communication. Since this scheme was established, the number of students taking part each academic year has increased, and this is the group with the greatest percentage of passing scores.

Tools in Spanish Universities to facilitate the transmission from High School to University and their assessment.

Incoming students in the University have education deficiencies, so universities studies require a sound basis of scientific knowledge. In this project are analysed instruments to reinforcing knowledge in those areas related to the studies that students are about to embark on public Spanish universities. There are important differences among universities and, in each university there are great differences among titles. Initial courses (cursos cero) are widespread (in 50% of universities) that selfevaluation instruments (14 % of universities). It is necessary to improve diffusion of those instruments because it is not possible to evaluate them. So are proposed the next actuations: to make regular standard surveys for professors and students; to publish results of surveys; public universities should institutionalize their basic training offer and improve the dissemination of this offer especially through the web. This paper presents a questionnaire to assess student opinion about these tools. To analyze the effectiveness, and make an initial estimate of the evaluation of these tools, we conducted a pilot test of the questionnaire with 68 students at the University of Extremadura. The results of preliminary statistical analysis conducted on the pilot test indicate that the survey results are reliable. A global evaluation of both tools, with a scale of 1 to 5, gave an average score of 3.29 for initial courses and 3.41 for selfevaluation. The 72.9% of the students consider the "self assessment" more effective than the "initial course"

Analysis of the information about Doctoral Degrees presented in the Spanish universities websites.

Globalization has intensified competition, as evidenced by the growing number of international classification systems (rankings) and the attention paid to them. Doctoral education has an international character in itself. It should promote opportunities for graduate students lo participate in these international studies. The quality and competitiveness are two of the most important issues for universities. To promote the interest of graduates to continue their education after the graduate level, it would be necessary to improve the published information of ihe doctoral programs. It should increase the visibility and provide high-quality, easily accessible and comparable information which includes all the relevant aspects of these programs. The authors analysed the website contents of doctoral programs, it was observed a lack of quality of them and very poor information about the contents, so that it was decided that any of them could constitute a model for creating new websites. The recommendations on the format and contents in the web were made by a discussion group. They recommended an attractive design; a page with easy access to contents and easy to find on Ihe net and with the information in more than one language. It should include complete program and academic staff information. It should also be included the study's results which should be easily accessible and includes quantitative data, such as number of students who completed scholars, publications, research projects, average duration of the studies, etc. It will facilitate the choice of program

Development and Assessment of the Competence Creativity Applied to Technical Drawing

The results obtained after incorporating the competence “creativity” to the subject Technical Drawing of the first course of the Degree in Forestry, Technical University of Madrid, are presented in this study.At first, learning activities which could serve two functions at the same time -developing students’ creativity and developing other specific competences of the subject- were considered. Besides, changes in the assessment procedure were made and a method which analyzes two aspects of the assessment of the competence creativity was established. On the one hand, the products are evaluated by analyzing the outcomes obtained by students in the essays suggested and by establishing a parameter to assess the creativity expressed in those essays. On the other, an assessment of the student is directly carried out through a psychometric test which has been previously chosen by the team.Moreover, these results can be applied to similar or could be of general application

Validez del coeficiente de amplificación dinámica como herramienta para predecir el comportamiento de tablas de madera sometidas a acciones de impacto

Las tablas de madera se emplean usualmente en construcción como parte integrante de protecciones colectivas y medios auxiliares. En estos usos, las cargas a que están sometidas son fundamentalmente de tipo dinámico y suelen aplicarse en forma de impacto. Para estas aplicaciones, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, trabajan colocadas de cara. El coeficiente de amplificación dinámica se ha usado desde hace decenios para evaluar analíticamente elementos sometidos a impacto. Sin embargo, la obtención de este coeficiente se basa en unas hipótesis que en ocasiones se alejan de la realidad. En este trabajo se han sometido a distintos tipos de impacto tablas de madera aserrada de pino silvestre, colocadas de cara, y se han comparado los resultados obtenidos con el comportamiento analítico previsto en base al empleo del coeficiente de amplificación dinámica.

Obtaining carbonation depth of concrete used two different procedures standard EHE-08

In the Standard EHE 08, for the first time, durability acquires the status of Limit State. Article 8 provides that the term Durability limit state, produced by physical and chemical actions, different loads and actions of structural analysis, which can degrade the concrete and reinforcement to unacceptable limits. The verification of this limit state can be done through a procedure set out in the provisions of the Standard. This procedure is based on the use of tables that, depending on the aggressiveness of the environment in which the structure is the concrete strength and the life of the project, setting the quality of the concrete cover (minimum thickness and maximum water cement ratio of concrete used) and the maximum crack width. This procedure, simple in its application, provides highly secure solutions. In addition, on Annex 9, the Standard EHE 08 offers models for testing the durability limit state in cases of corrosion of reinforcement due to carbonation of concrete or entry of chloride ions. The results obtained with these models are tighter than those obtained with the procedure of the articles. In this paper we use both methods in the study of reinforced concrete structures with potential problems of corrosion of reinforcement due to carbonation of concrete. Later checking the results obtained by both procedures. Results demonstrate that the use of the models listed in Annex 9 of Standard EHE 08 offer cheaper solutions than those obtained using the procedure of the articles

Análisis de sistemas provisionales de protección de borde sometidos a acciones de impacto

Con este trabajo se evalúan sistemas provisionales de protección de borde (SPPB), con los mismos materiales y las mismas dimensiones que los habitualmente empleados en obras de construcción bajo un impacto de 180 J, que corresponde muy aproximadamente a una energía que puede ser la que resulta como consecuencia de una situación real después de la caída de un trabajador. Los resultados demuestran que todos los sistemas analizados son capaces de superar el impacto. Sin embargo, en algunos casos, como consecuencia del impacto, las barandillas o los postes experimentan deformaciones elásticas o plásticas que dan lugar a movimientos lo suficientemente importantes como para producir la caída del trabajador al vacío al bascular sobre la protección.

Comparación del comportamiento de sistemas provisionales de protección de borde sometidos a cargas estáticas

En este trabajo se compara el comportamiento frente a cargas estáticas de sistemas provisionales de protección de borde (SPPB) fabricados con postes de tubo de acero y barandillas de dos tipos: de tubo acero y de tablas de madera de pino silvestre. Se han evaluado según la norma UNE-EN 13374 “Sistemas Provisionales de Protección de Borde. Especificaciones del producto. Métodos de ensayo” para sistemas clase A, obteniendo los diagramas carga-desplazamiento en los ensayos de flecha y de resistencia. Los resultados muestran que una parte importante de los SPPB, utilizados en las obras de construcción, no son capaces de superar los requisitos de la norma UNE-EN 13374 cuando se evalúan experimentalmente. Asimismo, para una luz entre postes de 2400 mm, los requisitos de flecha indicados por la norma son más exigentes que los requisitos de resistencia para los SPPB ensayados

Medidas de propiedades dieléctricas de materiales de construcción mediante elipsometría

A set of measurements of electromagnetic properties of building materials is presented in this work. The method is based on the measurement of the polarization state of the reflected signal from the material under study at a fixed angle of incidence. From the measured data, by using the Fresnel equations, it has been obtained the dielectric constant. Measurements were done by using two horn antennas at the frequency of 9 GHz. The obtained results are compared with the free space reflexion and transmission Fresnel method and other reflection methods based on a conductor waveguide. The method explained in this work can be used for other type of materials and its main advantage is the non-destructive character and the ease implementation.

Obtención de Árboles Tipo para la Gestión del Arbolado Urbano de Santiago del Estero (Argentina).

El cálculo del valor económico del arbolado urbano, en la mayoría de los métodos de tasación, se basa en las medidas dasométricas del arbolado, los precios de vivero para cada especie y las condiciones estéticas, de salud, adecuación y localización de cada árbol en el entorno urbano. En la ciudad de Santiago del Estero se han contabilizado 226 especies diferentes de árboles, así como un gran número de ejemplares que dificultan las labores de gestión, medición y tasación que requiere el arbolado urbano. En este trabajo se han empleado técnicas de análisis estadístico multivariante para determinar árboles tipo que representen y agrupen especies y características dasométricas. El método de clasificación supervisada permite obtener funciones discriminantes que agrupan los diferentes árboles de la ciudad en tres clases. En cada clase se selecciona la especie más frecuente en las plantaciones realizadas por la municipalidad. Para asignar un árbol tipo a cada uno de los grupos se ha empleado valores medios de los árboles muestreados. Dichos árboles tipo permiten resumir la diversidad del arbolado de Santiago del Estero.