Purification and Regulatory Properties of Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata L.) Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase 1

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, the first enzyme in the pathway for interconversion of C1 fragments, was purified to homogeneity for the first time from any plant source. The enzyme from 72-h mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings was isolated using Blue Sepharose CL-6B and folate-AH-Sepharose-4B affinity matrices and had the highest specific activity (1.33 micromoles of HCHO formed per minute per milligram protein) reported hitherto. The enzyme preparation was extremely stable in the presence of folate or L-serine. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, ethylenediaminetetraacetate and 2-mercaptoethanol prevented the inactivation of the enzyme during purification. The enzyme functioned optimally at pH 8.5 and had two temperature maxima at 35 and 55°C. The Km values for serine were 1.25 and 68 millimolar, corresponding to Vmax values of 1.8 and 5.4 micromoles of HCHO formed per minute per milligram protein, respectively. The K0.5 value for L-tetrahydrofolate (H4folate) was 0.98 millimolar. Glycine, the product of the reaction and D-cycloserine, a structural analog of D-alanine, were linear competitive inhibitors with respect to L-serine with Ki values of 2.30 and 2.02 millimolar, respectively. Dichloromethotrexate, a substrate analog of H4folate was a competitive inhibitor when H4folate was the varied substrate. Results presented in this paper suggested that pyridoxal 5'-phosphate may not be essential for catalysis.The sigmoid saturation pattern of H4folate (nH = 2.0), one of the substrates, the abolition of sigmoidicity by NADH, an allosteric positive effector (nH = 1.0) and the increase in sigmoidicity by NAD+ and adenine nucleotides, negative allosteric effectors (nH = 2.4) clearly established that this key enzyme in the folate metabolism was an allosteric protein. Further support for this conclusion were the observations that (a) serine saturation exhibited an intermediary plateau region; (b) partial inhibition by methotrexate, aminopterin, O-phosphoserine, DL-{alpha}-methylserine and DL-O-methylserine; (c) subunit nature of the enzyme; and (d) decrease in the nH value from 2.0 for H4folate to 1.5 in presence of L-serine. These results highlight the regulatory nature of mung bean serine hydroxymethyltransferase and its possible involvement in the modulation of the interconversion of folate coenzymes.

Conformationally restricted formyl methionyl tripeptide chemoattractants: a three-dimensional structure-activity study of analogs incorporating a C alpha,alpha-dialkylated glycine at position 2

The conformationally restricted CHO-L-Met-Xxx-L-Phe-OY (where Xxx = Aib, Ac3c, Ac5c, Ac6c, and Ac7c; Y = H, Me) tripeptides, analogs of the chemoattractant CHO-L-Met-L-Leu-L-Phe-OH, have been synthesized in solution by classical methods and fully characterized. Compounds were compared to determine the combined effect of backbone conformational preferences and side-chain bulkiness on the relation of three-dimensional structure to biological activity. Each peptide was tested for its ability to induce granule enzyme secretion from rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In parallel, a conformational analysis on the CHO-blocked peptide and their tertbutyloxycarbonylated synthetic precursors was performed in the crystal state and in solution using X-ray diffraction, infrared absorption, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The biological and conformational data are discussed in relation to the proposed model of the chemotactic peptide receptor of rabbit neutrophils.

Stereochemical Analysis of Higher α,α-Dialkylglycine Containing Peptides. Characterization of Local Helical Conformations at Dipropylglycine Residues and Observation of a Novel Hydrated Multiple β-Turn Structure in Crystals of a Glycine Rich Peptide

The peptide Boc-Gly-Dpg-Gly-Gly-Dpg-Gly-NHMe (1) has been synthesized to examine the conformational preferences of Dpg residues in the context of a poor helix promoting sequence. Single crystals of 1 were obtained in the space group P21/c with a = 13.716(2) Å, b = 12.960(2) Å, c = 22.266(4) Å, and β = 98.05(1)°; R = 6.3% for 3660 data with |Fo| > 4σ. The molecular conformation in crystals revealed that the Gly(1)-Dpg(2) segment adopts φ, ψ values distorted from those expected for an ideal type II‘ β-turn (φGly(1) = +72.0°, ψGly(1) = −166.0°; φDpg(2) = −54.0°, ψDpg(2) = −46.0°) with an inserted water molecule between Boc-CO and Gly(3)NH. The Gly(3)-Gly(4) segment adopts φ, ψ values which lie broadly in the right handed helical region (φGly(3) = −78.0°, ψGly(3) = −9.0°; φGly(4) = −80.0°, ψGly(4) = −18.0°). There is a chiral reversal at Dpg(5) which takes up φ, ψ values in the left handed helical region. The Dpg(5)-Gly(6) segment closely resembles an ideal type I‘ β-turn (φDpg(5) = +56.0°, ψDpg(5) = +32.0°; φGly(6) = +85.0°, ψGly(6) = −3.0°). Molecules of both chiral senses are found in the centrosymmetric crystal. The C-terminus forms a hydrated Schellman motif, with water insertion into the potential 6 → 1 hydrogen bond between Gly(1)CO and Gly(6)NH. NMR studies in CDCl3 suggest substantial retention of the multiple turn conformation observed in crystals. In solution the observed NOEs support local helical conformation at the two Dpg residues.

Chloroplastic glutamine synthetase from normal and water stressed safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) leaves

The chloroplastic isoform of glutamine synthetase (GS(2), EC 6.3.1.2) from normal and water stressed safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. cv.A-300) leaves has been purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by a procedure involving anion-exchange, hydrophobic and size-exclusion chromatography followed by electroelution of the protein from preparative polyacrylamide gels. The observed molecular weight of the native protein varied from 305-330 kDa depending on the sizing column employed. The native protein is composed of 44 kDa subunits. Under conditions of saturating ammonium and at ATP levels of 0.1-10 mM, double-reciprocal plots with respect to glutamate are biphasic and concave downward at high concentrations of the varied substrate for normal enzyme but are linear for enzyme from water-stressed plants. Under subsaturating ATP levels, K-Glu is over 18-fold lower for enzyme from stressed leaves. The K-m, (ATP) varies with Mg2+ levels in the assay mixture. Double-reciprocal plots of initial velocity with respect to ATP at changing fixed levels of NH4+ are linear for normal enzyme but are curved upwards for enzyme from stressed leaves. Initial velocity data of 1/v vs. 1/ammonium for the enzyme from both the sources are non-linear (curved upwards) when ATP is saturating. At subsaturating ATP levels, the data are linear for normal enzyme but are still non-linear for the enzyme from stressed leaves. The results obtained suggest positively cooperative binding of NH4+ A V-max(/2) value of 3.6 mM for Mg2+ was obtained at 5 mM ATP. The isoelectric point of the native protein from normal and stressed leaves was determined to be, respectively, 5.6 and 6.1. The mixed competitive and competitive inhibitors, methionine sulfoximine and ADP and K-i values of 0.086 mM (0.017 for the enzyme from stressed leaves) and 2.15 mM (1.70 for the enzyme from stressed leaves), respectively. Enzyme from stressed leaves is not inhibited by 5 mM proline. The observed kinetic constants of GS(2) from normal and water stressed safflower seedlings are discussed in relation to the known water-stress tolerance of this crop plant.

Interactions of L-serine at the active site of serine hydroxymethyltransferases: induction of thermal stability

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), EC 2.1.2.1, exhibits broad substrate and reaction specificity. In addition to cleaving many 3-hydroxyamino acids to glycine and an aldehyde, the enzyme also catalyzed the decarboxylation, transamination and racemization of several substrate analogues of amino acids. To elucidate the mechanism of interaction of substrates, especially L-serine with the enzyme, a comparative study of interaction of L-serine with the enzyme from sheep liver and Escherichia coli, was carried out. The heat stability of both the enzymes was enhanced in the presence of serine, although to different extents. Thermal denaturation monitored by spectral changes indicated an alteration in the apparent T, of sheep liver and E. coli SHMTs from 55 +/- 1 degrees C to 72 +/- 3 degrees C at 40 mM serine and from 67 +/- 1 degrees C to 72 +/- 1 degrees C at 20 mM serine, respectively. Using stopped flow spectrophotometry k values of (49 +/- 5)(.)10(-3) s(-1) and (69 +/- 7).10(-3) s(-1) for sheep liver and E. coli enzymes were determined at 50 mM serine. The binding of serine monitored by intrinsic fluorescence and sedimentation velocity measurements indicated that there was no generalized change in the structure of both proteins. However, visible CD measurements indicated a change in the asymmetric environment of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate at the active site upon binding of serine to both the enzymes. The formation of an external aldimine was accompanied by a change in the secondary structure of the enzymes monitored by far UV-CD spectra. Titration microcalorimetric studies in the presence of serine (8 mM) also demonstrated a single class of binding and the conformational changes accompanying the binding of serine to the enzyme resulted in a more compact structure leading to increased thermal stability of the enzyme.

The mean and turbulence structure simulation of the monsoon trough boundary layer using a one-dimensional model with e-l and e-epsilon closures

An attempt has been made here to study the sensitivity of the mean and the turbulence structure of the monsoon trough boundary layer to the choice of the constants in the dissipation equation for two stations Delhi and Calcutta, using one-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer model with e-epsilon turbulence closure. An analytical discussion of the problems associated with the constants of the dissipation equation is presented. It is shown here that the choice of the constants in the dissipation equation is quite crucial and the turbulence structure is very sensitive to these constants. The modification of the dissipation equation adopted by earlier studies, that is, approximating the Tke generation (due to shear and buoyancy production) in the epsilon-equation by max (shear production, shear + buoyancy production), can be avoided by a suitable choice of the constants suggested here. The observed turbulence structure is better simulated with these constants. The turbulence structure simulation with the constants recommended by Aupoix et al (1989) (which are interactive in time) for the monsoon region is shown to be qualitatively similar to the simulation obtained with the constants suggested here, thus implying that no universal constants exist to regulate dissipation rate. Simulations of the mean structure show little sensitivity to the type of the closure parameterization between e-l and e-epsilon closures. However the turbulence structure simulation with e-epsilon closure is far better compared to the e-l model simulations. The model simulations of temperature profiles compare quite well with the observations whenever the boundary layer is well mixed (neutral) or unstable. However the models are not able to simulate the nocturnal boundary layer (stable) temperature profiles. Moisture profiles are simulated reasonably better. With one-dimensional models, capturing observed wind variations is not up to the mark.

Parameterized Algorithms for MAX COLORABLE INDUCED SUBGRAPH Problem on Perfect Graphs

We address the parameterized complexity ofMaxColorable Induced Subgraph on perfect graphs. The problem asks for a maximum sized q-colorable induced subgraph of an input graph G. Yannakakis and Gavril IPL 1987] showed that this problem is NP-complete even on split graphs if q is part of input, but gave a n(O(q)) algorithm on chordal graphs. We first observe that the problem is W2]-hard parameterized by q, even on split graphs. However, when parameterized by l, the number of vertices in the solution, we give two fixed-parameter tractable algorithms. The first algorithm runs in time 5.44(l) (n+#alpha(G))(O(1)) where #alpha(G) is the number of maximal independent sets of the input graph. The second algorithm runs in time q(l+o()l())n(O(1))T(alpha) where T-alpha is the time required to find a maximum independent set in any induced subgraph of G. The first algorithm is efficient when the input graph contains only polynomially many maximal independent sets; for example split graphs and co-chordal graphs. The running time of the second algorithm is FPT in l alone (whenever T-alpha is a polynomial in n), since q <= l for all non-trivial situations. Finally, we show that (under standard complexitytheoretic assumptions) the problem does not admit a polynomial kernel on split and perfect graphs in the following sense: (a) On split graphs, we do not expect a polynomial kernel if q is a part of the input. (b) On perfect graphs, we do not expect a polynomial kernel even for fixed values of q >= 2.

Plasmodium berghei glycine cleavage system T-protein is non-essential for parasite survival in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts

T-protein, an aminomethyltransferase, represents one of the four components of glycine cleavage system (GCS) and catalyzes the transfer of methylene group from H-protein intermediate to tetrahydrofolate (THF) forming N-5, N-10-methylene THF (CH2-THF) with the release of ammonia. The malaria parasite genome encodes T-, H- and L-proteins, but not P-protein which is a glycine decarboxylase generating the aminomethylene group. A putative GCS has been considered to be functional in the parasite mitochondrion despite the absence of a detectable P-protein homologue. In the present study, the mitochondrial localization of T-protein in the malaria parasite was confirmed by immunofluorescence and its essentiality in the entire parasite life cycle was studied by targeting the T-protein locus in Plasmodium berghei (Pb). PbT knock out parasites did not show any growth defect in asexual, sexual and liver stages indicating that the T-protein is dispensable for parasite survival in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. The absence of P-protein homologue and the non-essentiality of T protein suggest the possible redundancy of GCS activity in the malaria parasite. Nevertheless, the H- and L-proteins of GCS could be essential for malaria parasite because of their involvement in alpha-lcetoacid dehydrogenase reactions. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comportamiento agronomico, fitosanitario y calidad de grano de tres hibridos y cuatro variedades comerciales de cafe (Coffea arabica L.) agroforestal en Masatepe, Nicaragua

Se establecieron parce las en el Centro Jardín Botánico y Campos Azúles (Masatepe, Masaya) las variedades de café Pacas , Catrenic, Pacas injerta sobre Robusta, Catrenic injerta sobre Robusta y tres híbrido F1: Caturra 9*ET 15 L2, A.30 ( Híbrido 2), Caturra * ET 15 L3, A17 ( Híbrid o 3) y T 5296*ET6 L.13, A.12 ( Híbrido 4) , con el propósito de determinar el comportamiento fitosanitario, productivo y de calidad de grano . Se midieron de octubre 2006 a diciembre 2007 , variables morfol��gicas y fitosanitarias de la planta de café y d el 2004 al 2007 componentes producción de grano y a nális is físico organol��ptico del grano de café verde. Los datos fueron evaluados mediante análisis de varianza para experimentos unifactoriables en bloques completos al azar con cuatro y ocho repeticiones par a e l factor variedades . E l área de muestreo fue con stituida por 12 plantas a 2 x 1. 25, café establecido bajo sombra de Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd , Simarouba glauca DC ; Samanea Saman (Jacq.) Merr , Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC en combinación con fertilización orgánica moderado (OM) y convencional moderado (CM). Los resultados indican que las variedades comerciales Pacas y Catrenic obtuvieron mayo r altura de 160.14 a 190. 61 los híbridos e xpre saron un diámetro de tronco superior , evidenciaron también menor desarr ollo de ramas secundarias productivas, pero una mayo r cantidad de ramas primarias y superior área de copa . Pacas mostró mayo r i ncidencia de H. vastatrix Berk y Br , mientras que Catrenic presento resistencia. Leucoptera coffeella Guerin - Meneville , Colletotr ichum coffeanum Noack , Chasparria en frutos e H y pot h enemus hampie Ferrari no su peraron niveles de incidencia tolerable en ninguna variedad. Ante Cercospora coffeicola Berk y Cooke los Híbrido 2 e Híbrido 3 expresaron susceptibilidad. Catrenic obtuvo el may o r peso de fruto, requiriendo menor número de frutos para componer un kilogramo de café uva. El mayo r rendimiento de caf é en el tiempo fue presentado por el Híbrido 2 , aumentando 314 kg a 65 kg oro superior a l Híbrido 3 y 4. Todas las variedades producen l os mayo res porcentajes de granos con cribas entre 15 a 17, en las tres cosechas. Tanto Pacas y Híbrido 2 expresaron un a calidad buena de acidez en el 37. 5 % y 25 % respectivamente de l total de las muestras. El aroma y cuerpo obtenido por Híbrido 4, Híbrido 2 y Catrenic fue superior. El tipo de café producido se clasific ó en Tipo Lavado Nicaragua (GW) en la mayo r proporción de muestras y Tipo Estri ctamente de Altura (SHG) donde Híbrido 2 y Catrenic obtuvieron la mayo r distribución . Según los resultados antes descritos, las siete variedades desarrollaron un café de tipo BB mercado de exigencia

Chemosensory response of marine flagellate towards L- and D- dissolved free amino acids generated during heavy grazing on bacteria

This study investigated the generation of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) by the bacterivorous flagellate Rhynchomonas nasuta when feeding on abundant prey. Specifically, it examined whether this flagellate protist exhibits a chemosensory response towards those amino acids. The concentrations of glycine and the and D-enantiomers of glutamate, serine, threonine, alanine, and leucine were determined in co-cultures of the flagellate and bacteria. Glycine, L- and D-alanine, and L-serine were found to accumulate under these conditions in amounts that correlated positively with flagellate abundance, suggesting that protists are involved in their generation. Investigations of the chemotactic response of young and old foraging protists to the same amino acids, offered in concentrations similar to those previously generated, showed that glycine elicited the strongest attraction in both age groups. Young protists were strongly attracted to all the assayed amino acids, whereas older protists maintained a high level of attraction only for glycine. These results suggest that glycine generated by protists actively grazing in bacterially enriched patches functions as an infochemical, signaling to foraging protists the presence of available prey in the aquatic environment.

Efeito da L-Arginina e Glicina na parede do cólon irradiado Estudo experimental em ratos

A radioterapia é amplamente utilizada no tratamento de tumores pélvicos, incluindo os de bexiga, intestino e reto. Ela apresenta efeitos danosos, notadamente em tecidos que apresentam intensa renovação celular, sendo a mucosa intestinal altamente susceptível. Nesse contexto, a suplementação dietética com aminoácidos tem se mostrado uma terapia promissora para minimizar este dano. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar o efeito da suplementação dietética com os aminoácidos L-arginina e glicina na estrutura da parede do cólon de ratos submetidos a irradiação abdominal. Quarenta ratos Wistar machos adultos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos, cada um com dez animais: I controle não irradiado e sem suplementação de aminoácidos; II controle irradiado e sem suplementação de aminoácidos; III irradiado e suplementado com L-arginina; IV irradiado e suplementado com glicina. O período de suplementação dietética foi de 14 dias, com a irradiação ocorrendo no 8. dia do experimento. A análise estereol��gica mostrou que a irradiação provocou diminuição do volume total da parede col��nica dos animais dos grupos II e III em relação aos animais saudáveis, mas não dos ratos que receberam suplementação de glicina. A camada mucosa dos animais irradiados de todos os grupos diminuiu quando comparada com os ratos saudáveis não irradiados. Os animais irradiados que não receberam suplementação de aminoácido apresentaram diminuição da camada muscular da mucosa, quando comparados com os grupos I e IV, e o grupo de ratos suplementados com glicina apresentou aumento significativo da camada submucosa em relação aos grupos I e II. Os animais do grupo III mostraram diminuição da camada muscular própria em comparação aos grupos I e IV. A suplementação com L-arginina foi eficaz na manutenção do volume parcial do epitélio da camada mucosa. Nossos resultados sugerem que a suplementação de glicina apresentou efeitos superiores ao da suplementação com L-arginina na estrutura da parede col��nica, haja vista que foi capaz de manter a espessura da parede e a superfície epitelial da mucosa, enquanto a Larginina foi capaz de manter o volume parcial do epitélio e a superfície epitelial, mas não o volume total da parede intestinal.

绵枣（Scilla sinensis Merr.）多倍体复合体（广义百合科）的物种生物学研究

本文采用物种生物学的方法分析了绵枣[Scilla sinensis (Lour.) Merr.]多倍体复合体细胞地理、形态、生态适应和发育节律的变异。此外，还对AA细胞型居群进行了等位酶分析和杂交实验。结果如下： 1. 细胞学检查秀自中国境内45个居群，检出AA、AB、BB、AAA、BBB和AABB 6个细胞型。多数居群由1种细胞型组成。AA几乎占据着该复合体在中国的整个分布区。BB仅局限于华中和华东地区。AABB分布于华中和华东地区的北侧、东北地区的东南部及台湾岛。45个居的细胞型组成以细胞地理分布图表示。总结前人与我们的工作，该复合体中已发现12个整倍体细胞型（AA、AB、BB、AAA、ABB、BBB、AAAA、AABB、ABBB、BBBB、AABBB和AAABBB）和各种基于多倍体的非整倍体。其基本细胞型为AA、BB和AABB。AA分布于除日本和大陆上BB分布区中心外该复合体的整个分布区。BB分布中国华东和华中地区、朝鲜的济州岛和日本。AABB分布日本、朝鲜和中国东北地区的东南部及华中、华东地区的东侧。另外，BB居群染色体数量最多，AABB次之，而AA最低。 2. 野外调查和栽培实验表明AA细胞型在中国东部和西部地区间存在形态和生态分化，东部居群形态变异较小，其共同特征是纺锤形鳞茎，红褐色;根茎短柱状;叶多灰绿色，蜡质明显，斜升;花葶较强壮而直立;花紫红色;子房每室1胚珠。西部为AA细胞型的现代变异中心，居群间形态变异大，区别于东部居群的特点是鳞茎纺锤形或近球形，根茎短柱状或盘状，叶鲜绿色，蜡质不明显，平卧地面;花葶1－4枝，直立，多花葶时斜升;花白色或淡红色，子房每室胚珠1 ～ 2枚。AA和BB细胞型是向着适于不同地理区的环境发展，因而具有不同的形态和生物学特性的两个类型。BB鳞茎近球形，黄褐色，根茎不明显，为盘状;叶墨绿色，柔软而平卧地面，是适于阴湿的林下环境的结果。春季萌发较早，约在3月初，其夏季休眠特性刚好可渡过华中地区东部夏季的高温多雨，待秋季温度下降时开花结实。而AA划适应了光照较强而干旱的山坡草地灌丛的类型。其发育节律变异较大，但萌动较BB晚，无夏季休眠。AABB细胞型的形态介于两祖先二倍体之间，没有形成独特的生态适应和发育节律。 3. 对AA细胞型的等位酶分析表明，该种的居群表现出较高的遗传变异（A = 2.0, P = 58.6%, H_o = 0.172 和 H_e = 0.185）。居群间存在较明显的分化(F_(ST) = 0.314)。东西两地区间也存在遗传分化。 4. AA居群间多数组合的F_1都低于对照的花粉育性和结实率。尤其是东部和西部居群间组合的F_1花粉育性和结实率极低，几近不育。如果仅仅考虑该复合体的形态变异，它只能作为一个形态复杂多变的种，Scilla sinensis (Lour) Merr.。可是如此处理就掩盖了其细胞型间清晰的进化关系。为弥补这一缺陷，当研究细胞型间的进化关系时，可采用生物学和概念。AA细胞型为S. sinensis (Lour.) Merr.， 可分两亚种：subsp. sinensis 和 subsp. alboviridis (Hand.-Mazz.) K. Y. Ding。BB细胞型为S. thunbergii Miyabe et Kudo。而ABB及含有A和B染色体组的多倍体作为杂交种S. x sino-japonica K.Y.Ding。两个二倍体种形态界限很清楚，但AABB的存在湮灭了两者的间断。

野生大豆（Glycine.soja）体细胞胚胎发生及其影响因素的研究

野生大豆子叶切段、下胚轴切段、第一对未展开真叶通过悬浮培养，可以诱导产生胚状体。胚状体发育到鱼雷期中止发育，但以幼胚诱导的胚状体发育到子叶期，并进一步再生根和芽。 不同激素和培养基的作用中，2. 4-D，2.4.5-T均可诱导胚状体，NAA不能，附加BA（0.1mg/L���位下同），KT (0.1)，ABA(>0.1)，GA3 (0.2)抑制胚状体发生，在六种不同培养基中，B5培养基诱导胚状体数目最多，还原态氮是必需的，5%的蔗糖浓度不利于胚状体发生，但0.5%的蔗糖浓度则有利于胚状体发生。

水稻(Oryza sativa L. ssp japonica)幼苗根质膜蛋白质组分析

根质膜具有重要的生物学功能，它参与了根响应脱落酸（ABA）的一系列活动。尽管已经有很多有关ABA影响根的生长和发育的报道，但是在蛋白质组水平上研究参与ABA信号转导及相关活动的质膜蛋白质的报道还未见到。我们期望利用蛋白质组学技术平台研究外源ABA胁迫下水稻根质膜与ABA功能相关的蛋白质组的变化。 本论文通过双向电泳（2DE）结合质谱（MALDI-TOF MS 和 MALDI-TOF/TOF MS）分析的方法鉴定了102个质膜相关蛋白质。这些蛋白质功能涉及到跨膜运输（16.2%）、胁迫反应（14.3%）、物质运输（4.8%）、细胞骨架动态变化（5.7%）、细胞壁重建（3.8%）、碳代谢和能量循环（13.3%）、蛋白质代谢（14.3%）、信号转导（18.1%）和其他功能的蛋白质（4.8%），以及未知功能的蛋白质（2.9%）。其中大约30％的蛋白质以同工型的形式存在。在这些鉴定结果中，有10个斑点（代表10种蛋白质）已被报道为质膜特异的蛋白质;68个蛋白质斑点（代表58种蛋白质）是质膜相关蛋白质。其余54个蛋白质斑点（代表42种蛋白质）是首次在水稻根的质膜囊泡中被鉴定出来。 在ABA处理条件下，我们在2DE胶上发现了15个响应ABA调节的蛋白质斑点。9个上调的蛋白质斑点分别代表以下9种蛋白质：vacuolar proton-ATPase A subunit, vacuolar ATPase B subunit、patatin、 Salt-stress root protein RS1、谷氨酰氨合成酶（Glutamine synthetase，GS）、OSR40c1、H+-exporting ATPase （vacuolar ATPase E subunit）、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶I型（glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase, type I，GADPH）和醛缩酶C-1（aldolase C-1）。6个下调的蛋白质斑点分别代表4种蛋白质：endosperm lumenal binding protein、remorin protein、富含脯氨酸蛋白质（glycine-rich protein，GRP）和蔗糖合成酶（sucrose synthase, SuSy）。其中，OSR40c1和endosperm lumenal binding protein与蛋白质合成相关，从它们与ABA的关系中可以看出，ABA可能抑制了细胞的蛋白质合成。而vacuolar proton-ATPase A subunit、vacuolar ATPase B subunit和 H+-exporting ATPase参与了细胞质pH的调控，ABA致使了细胞质pH的上升。甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶I型、醛缩酶C-1和蔗糖合酶参与了细胞壁的生长发育，ABA的作用可能导致了细胞壁生长发育的延迟。ABA促使Patatin上升，其作用可能与质膜膜脂的降解有关。而ABA的刺激也使谷氨酰氨合成酶的表达显著上升，谷氨酰氨合成酶可以去除细胞内有害的游离NH+4。同时还有未知功能的富含脯氨酸蛋白质（glycine-rich protein，GRP）同样受到ABA的诱导，但具体的功能及其与ABA的关系还要进一步的实验证据。

Glycine receptor activation regulates short-term plasticity in CA1 area of hippocampal slices of rats

Functional glycine receptors (GlyRs) are enriched in the hippocampus, but their roles in synaptic transmission are unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of GlyR activation on paired-pulse stimulation of the whole-cell postsynaptic currents (PSCs)