L'atto confermativo nelle diverse tipologie procedimentali

La dottrina classica inquadra la problematica definitoria relativa all’atto confermativo nell’ambito dell’analisi ermeneutica dell’istituto della conferma nelle due specie ossia la conferma propria e la conferma impropria chiamata o atto confermativo. Si avverte in particolare che la nozione di atto confermativo sia stata elaborata al fine di impedire l’elusione dell’inoppugnabilità del provvedimento amministrativo: qualora, infatti, sia inutilmente spirato il termine impugnatorio se la parte volesse tentare di recuperarlo potrebbe proporre all’amministrazione una domanda di riesame al fine di ottenere un provvedimento di conferma da impugnare, quindi, nei termini. Se in tale caso l’amministrazione anziché pronunciarsi con autonoma decisione e valutazione sia pure di conferma si limiti a rispondere di aver già provveduto, tale atto dell’amministrazione si qualifica come una conferma impropria e come tale non è impugnabile in quanto non contiene alcun nuovo provvedimento. L’indagine degli orientamenti dottrinali suggerisce, inoltre, di verificare in concreto l’aspetto confermativo del provvedimento e degli atti aventi carattere confermativo; questa prospettiva chiaramente non può prescindere dall’inquadramento degli atti di conferma nell’ambito procedimenti di riesame. Approfonditi gli aspetti classificatori, si è proceduto all’indagine degli aspetti critici collegati alla natura dell’atto confermativo con particolare riferimento all’obbligo di provvedere alla luce del mutato rapporto tra privati e pubblica amministrazione confrontando orientamenti dottrinali e pronunce giurisprudenziali. Il percorso di ricerca si è poi soffermato sull’analisi degli orientamenti in materia di autotutela e di riesame in generale al fine di offrire il quadro interpretativo generale per poi approfondire gli orientamenti più recenti in tema di procedimento amministrativo alla luce delle ultime modifiche legislative. Tale quadro ha consentito di aprire l’ambito di riflessione sul concetto e sull’operatività degli atti conferma. Infine, sono stati considerati più approfonditamente alcuni procedimenti che potessero costituire un’applicazione concreta degli strumenti interpretativi suggeriti da dottrina e giurisprudenza. Si è fatto particolare riferimento, infatti, alle problematiche applicative del concetto di atto confermativo nelle ipotesi di ricorso amministrativo, silenzio e dichiarazione di inizio attività, oggi segnalazione certificata di inizio attività. Nel capitolo dedicato alle conclusioni si è cercato di evidenziare quanto gli approdi ermeneutici in tema di procedimento e provvedimento di secondo grado e di autotutela siano di imprescindibile riferimento per risolvere i nodi interpretativi nelle ipotesi di concreta applicazione del concetto di atto confermativo. Infine, si è avuto modo di seguire il percorso interpretativo che considera gli aspetti relativi alle decisioni amministrative che possano presentare carattere confermativo ed atti che provvedimenti non sono, ma che sono sempre espressione dell’attività discrezionale della pubblica amministrazione, nella loro rilevanza sotto il profilo procedurale e sostanziale.

Edificio-Impianto: ruolo dell'involucro e dell'impiantistica. Miglioramento delle prestazioni energetiche degli edifici attraverso progetti innovativi che anticipano l'applicazione della Direttiva CE 2010/31

La tematica del presente scritto è l’analisi teorico-sperimentale del sistema edificio-impianto, che è funzione delle soluzioni progettuali adottate, dei componenti scelti e del tipo di conduzione prevista. La Direttiva 2010/31/CE sulle prestazioni energetiche degli edifici, entrata in vigore l’8 luglio 2010, pubblicata sulla Gazzetta Europea del 18 giugno 2010, sostituirà, dal 1º febbraio 2012, la direttiva 2002/91/CE. La direttiva prevede che vengano redatti piani nazionali destinati ad aumentare il numero di “edifici a energia quasi zero” e che entro il 31 dicembre 2020 tutti gli edifici di nuova costruzione dovranno essere “edifici a energia quasi zero”, per gli edifici pubblici questa scadenza è anticipata al 31 dicembre 2018. In questa prospettiva sono stati progettati due “edifici a energia quasi zero”, una villa monofamiliare e un complesso scolastico (scuola dell’infanzia, elementare, media inferiore) attualmente in via di realizzazione, con l’obiettivo principale di fornire un caso studio unico per ogni tipologia in quanto anche modulare e replicabile nella realtà del nostro territorio, che anticipano gli obiettivi fissati dalla Direttiva 2010/31/CE. I risultati ottenibili dai suddetti progetti, esposti nella tesi, sono il frutto di un attenta e proficua progettazione integrata, connubio tra progettazione architettonica ed energetico/impiantistica. La stessa progettazione ha esaminato le tecnologie, i materiali e le soluzioni tecniche “mirate” ai fini del comfort ambientale e di un’elevata prestazione energetica dell’edificio. Inoltre è stato dedicato ampio rilievo alla diagnosi energetica degli edifici esistenti attraverso 4 casi studio, i principali svolti durante i tre anni di dottorato di ricerca, esemplari del patrimonio edilizio italiano. Per ogni caso studio è stata condotta una diagnosi energetica dell’edificio, valutati i risultati e definita la classe energetica, ed in seguito sono stati presi in considerazione i possibili interventi migliorativi sia da un punto di vista qualitativo sia economico tenendo conto degli incentivi statali per l’incremento dell’efficienza energetica.

Il rapporto tra azione causale ed azione cartolare

Il presente lavoro affronta la questione del rapporto tra l’azione cartolare e l’azione causale nell’ambito dei titoli cambiari; nonché il problema della relazione, di diritto sostanziale, che intercorre tra i menzionati titoli ed i rapporti causali che soggiacciono alla loro emissione e circolazione; con costante riferimento sia al diritto italiano che al diritto paraguaiano. Vengono così analizzati i concetti tradizionali della causa della cambiale e della convenzione esecutiva, per poi passare alla analisi della funzione economica tipica dei titoli cambiari e, segnatamente, la previsione del loro rilascio o negoziazione nell’economia del rapporto fondamentale. Si affrontano, così, i noti problemi della novazione e della dazione in pagamento attuate mediante questi titoli, tenendo in particolare considerazione anche la struttura delegatoria che presentano alcuni di essi. Particolare attenzione viene dedicata al fatto che, nella maggior parte dei casi, le parti non prevedono specificamente l’incidenza del rilascio o girata del titolo cambiario sul rapporto sottostante. Per questa ragione, si mette in luce che nella maggior parte dei casi la fattispecie configura una modificazione della relazione causale intercorrente tra le parti, proprio per l’assenza di pattuizione espressa al riguardo. Strettamente connesso con quest’aspetto risulta l’esame dell’emissione dei titoli cambiari solvendi causa, problematica nell’ambito della quale non si è mancato di tener conto della disciplina antiriciclaggio e dei moderni contributi dottrinari sull’oggetto dell’obbligazione pecuniaria. Viene, infine, vagliata anche l’incidenza dell’ulteriore circolazione del titolo sul rapporto causale che giustifica il suo possesso da parte del girante; per poi passare, come conclusione del lavoro, a stabilire l’interpretazione non solo processuale ma anche sostanziale che deve darsi, alla luce dei risultati raggiunti, alla disciplina degli artt. 66 della legge cambiaria e 58 della legge assegni.

Study of innovative methods of control in the cereal productive chain for the production of beer and spirits

Researches performed during the PhD course intended to assess innovative applications of near-infrared spectroscopy in reflectance (NIR) in the production chain of beer. The purpose is to measure by NIR the "malting quality" (MQ) parameter of barley, to monitor the malting process and to know if a certain type of barley is suitable for the production of beer and spirits. Moreover, NIR will be applied to monitor the brewing process. First of all, it was possible to check the quality of the raw materials like barley, maize and barley malt using a rapid, non-destructive and reliable method, with a low error of prediction. The more interesting result obtained at this level was that the repeatability of the NIR calibration models developed was comparable with the one of the reference method. Moreover, about malt, new kinds of validation were used in order to estimate the real predictive power of the proposed calibration models and to understand the long-term effects. Furthermore, the precision of all the calibration models developed for malt evaluation was estimated and statistically compared with the reference methods, with good results. Then, new calibration models were developed for monitoring the malting process, measuring the moisture content and other malt quality parameters during germination. Moreover it was possible to obtain by NIR an estimate of the "malting quality" (MQ) of barley and to predict whether if its germination will be rapid and uniform and if a certain type of barley is suitable for the production of beer and spirits. Finally, the NIR technique was applied to monitor the brewing process, using correlations between NIR spectra of beer and analytical parameters, and to assess beer quality. These innovative results are potentially very useful for the actors involved in the beer production chain, especially the calibration models suitable for the control of the malting process and for the assessment of the “malting quality” of barley, which need to be deepened in future studies.

Patologie da Porcine Circovirus tipo 2 (PCV2) nel suino

The main work involved the PMWS (Post-weaning multisystemic Wasting Syndrome), caused by PCV-2 (Porcine Circovirus type 2) that involved post-weaned pigs. Merial Italy has funded a study activity in which groups of 3-5 animals were sampled for lungs, tracheo-bronchial and superficial inguinal lymph nodes, ileum and tonsils. The protocol applied can be identified as a more diagnostic potential on the individual than on the group. PNP. Another investigation has been conducted to study proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (PNP), a form of interstitial pneumonia in weaning and post-weaning pigs characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes, coagulative necrosis and granular debris within alveolar spaces. Many studies suggest porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as the main causes of the disease, but Aujeszky disease virus (ADV) and swine influenza virus (SIV) are also considered. An immunohistochemical study was carried out to evaluate the role of these viruses in PNP lesions in Italy. PNP results primarily associated with PRRSV, even if co-infection is characterized by more severe histological features. Reproductive pathology. A major risk factor for PCV2 infection is a viraemic episode taking place in pregnant sows with low antibody titer which is transmitted by specific PCV2 products of conception. PCV2 can infect the fetus even by vehicles through infected semen or ova, or as a result of infection of the genital tract. An investigation was carried out to identify the presence and localization of PCV2 in the genital tracts of sows experimentally infected with PCV2 and in their fetuses. The results obtained suggest that: conventional sows can be infected by intrauterine exposition; low antibody titres increase the probability of infection; PCV2 infection close to insemination time reduces the pregnancy rate; placental lesions may represent an additional cause of fetal suffering.

Irrigazione e cambiamenti climatici

The aim of this PhD thesis, developed in the framework of the Italian Agroscenari research project, is to compare current irrigation volumes in two study area in Emilia-Romagna with the likely irrigation under climate change conditions. This comparison was carried out between the reference period 1961-1990, as defined by WMO, and the 2021-2050 period. For this period, multi-model climatic projections on the two study areas were available. So, the climatic projections were analyzed in term of their impact on irrigation demand and adaptation strategies for fruit and horticultural crops in the study area of Faenza, with a detailed analysis for kiwifruit vine, and for horticultural crops in Piacenza plan, focusing on the irrigation water needs of tomato. We produced downscaled climatic projections (based on A1B Ipcc emission scenario) for the two study areas. The climate change impacts for the period 2021-2050 on crop irrigation water needs and other agrometeorological index were assessed by means of the Criteria water balance model, in the two versions available, Criteria BdP (local) and Geo (spatial) with different levels of detail. We found in general for both the areas an irrigation demand increase of about +10% comparing the 2021-2050 period with the reference years 1961-1990, but no substantial differences with more recent years (1991-2008), mainly due to a projected increase in spring precipitation compensating the projected higher summer temperature and evapotranspiration. As a consequence, it is not forecasted a dramatic increase in the irrigation volumes with respect to the current volumes.

Asymmetric aminocatalysis: a modern strategy for molecules, challenges and life

The studies conducted during my Phd thesis were focused on two different directions: 1. In one case we tried to face some long standing problems of the asymmetric aminocatalysis as the activation of encumbered carbonyl compounds and the control of the diastereoisomeric ratio in the diastero- and enantioselective construction of all carbon substituted quaternary stereocenters adjacent a tertiary one. In this section (Challenges) was described the asymmetric aziridination of ,-unsaturated ketones, the activation of ,-unsaturated -branched aldehydes and the Michael addition of oxindoles to enals and enones. For the activation via iminium ion formation of sterically demanding substrates, as ,-unsaturated ketones and ,-unsaturated -branched aldehydes, we exploited a chiral primary amine in order to overcome the problem of the iminium ion formation between the catalyst and encumbered carbonylic componds. For the control of diastereoisomeric ratio in the diastero- and enantioselective construction of all carbon substituted quaternary stereocenters adjacent a tertiary one we envisaged that a suitable strategy was the Michael addition to 3 substituted oxindoles to enals activated via LUMO-lowering catalysis. In this synthetic protocol we designed a new bifunctional catalyst with an amine moiety for activate the aldehyde and a tioureidic fragment for direct the approach of the oxindole. This part of the thesis (Challenges) could be considered pure basic research, where the solution of the synthetic problem was the goal itself of the research. 2. In the other hand (Molecules) we applied our knowledge about the carbonylic compounds activation and about cascade reaction to the synthesis of three new classes of spirooxindole in enantiopure form. The construction of libraries of these bioactive compounds represented a scientific bridge between medicinal chemistry or biology and the asymmetric catalysis.

Roles of Ecdysone signaling in cell survival and epithelium morphogenesis during Drosophila melanogaster development

In Drosophila the steroid hormone ecdysone regulates a wide range of developmental and physiological responses, including reproduction, embryogenesis, postembryonic development and metamorphosis. Drosophila provides an excellent system to address some fundamental questions linked to hormone actions. In fact, the apparent relative simplicity of its hormone signaling pathways taken together with well-established genetic and genomic tools developed to this purpose, defines this insect as an ideal model system for studying the molecular mechanisms through which steroid hormones act. During my PhD research program I’ve analyzed the role of ecdysone signaling to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms through which the hormone fulfills its pleiotropic functions in two different developmental stages: the oogenesis and the imaginal wing disc morphogenesis. To this purpose, I performed a reverse genetic analysis to silence the function of two different genes involved in ecdysone signaling pathway, EcR and ecd.

International cooperation in endourology: percutaneous and flexible ureteroscopic treatment of lower pole kidney stones

Introduction Lower pole kidney stones represent at time a challenge for the urologist. The gold standard treatment for intrarenal stones <2 cm is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) while for those >2 cm is Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The success rate of ESWL, however, decreases when it is employed for lower pole stones, and this is particularly true in the presence of narrow calices or acute infundibular angles. Studies have proved that ureteroscopy (URS) is an efficacious alternative to ESWL for lower pole stones <2 cm, but this is not reflected by either the European or the American guidelines. The aim of this study is to present the results of a large series of flexible ureteroscopies and PCNLs for lower pole kidney stones from high-volume centers, in order to provide more evidences on the potential indications of the flexible ureteroscopy for the treatment of kidney stones. Materials and Methods A database was created and the participating centres retrospectively entered their data relating to the percutaneous and flexible ureteroscopic management of lower pole kidney stones. Patients included were treated between January 2005 and January 2010. Variables analyzed included case load number, preoperative and postoperative imaging, stone burden, anaesthesia (general vs. spinal), type of lithotripter, access location and size, access dilation type, ureteral access sheath use, visual clarity, operative time, stone-free rate, complication rate, hospital stay, analgesic requirement and follow-up time. Stone-free rate was defined as absence of residual fragments or presence of a single fragment <2 mm in size at follow-up imaging. Primary end-point was to test the efficacy and safety of flexible URS for the treatment of lower pole stones; the same descriptive analysis was conducted for the PCNL approach, as considered the gold standard for the treatment of lower pole kidney stones. In this setting, no statistical analysis was conducted owing to the different selection criteria of the patients. Secondary end-point consisted in matching the results of stone-free rates, operative time and complications rate of flexible URS and PCNL in the subgroup of patients harbouring lower pole kidney stones between 1 and 2 cm in the higher diameter. Results A total 246 patients met the criteria for inclusion. There were 117 PCNLs (group 1) and 129 flexible URS (group 2). Ninety-six percent of cases were diagnosed by CT KUB scan. Mean stone burden was 175±160 and 50±62 mm2 for groups 1 and 2, respectively. General anaesthesia was induced in 100 % and 80% of groups 1 and 2, respectively. Pneumo-ultrasonic energy was used in 84% of cases in the PCNL group, and holmium laser in 95% of the cases in the flexible URS group. The mean operative time was 76.9±44 and 63±37 minutes for groups 1 and 2 respectively. There were 12 major complications (11%) in group 1 (mainly Grade II complications according to Clavidien classification) and no major complications in group 2. Mean hospital stay was 5.7 and 2.6 days for groups 1 and 2, respectively. Ninety-five percent of group 1 and 52% of group 2 required analgesia for a period longer than 24 hours. Intraoperative stone-free rate after a single treatment was 88.9% for group 1 and 79.1% for group 2. Overall, 6% of group 1 and 14.7% of group 2 required a second look procedure. At 3 months, stone-free rates were 90.6% and 92.2% for groups 1 and 2, respectively, as documented by follow-up CT KUB (22%) or combination of intra-venous pyelogram, regular KUB and/or kidney ultrasound (78%). In the subanalysis conducted comparing 82 vs 65 patients who underwent PCNL and flexible URS for lower pole stones between 1 and 2 cm, intreoperative stone-free rates were 88% vs 68% (p= 0.03), respectively; anyway, after an auxiliary procedure which was necessary in 6% of the cases in group 1 and 23% in group 2 (p=0.03), stone-free rates at 3 months were not statistically significant (91.5% vs 89.2%; p=0.6). Conversely, the patients undergoing PCNL maintained a higher risk of complications during the procedure, with 9 cases observed in this group versus 0 in the group of patients treated with URS (p=0.01) Conclusions These data highlight the value of flexible URS as a very effective and safe option for the treatment of kidney stones; thanks to the latest generation of flexible devices, this new technical approach seems to be a valid alternative in particular for the treatment of lower pole kidney stones less than 2 cm. In high-volume centres and in the hands of skilled surgeons, this technique can approach the stone-free rates achievable through PCNL in lower pole stones between 1 and 2 cm, with a very low risk of complications. Furthermore, the results confirm the high success rate and relatively low morbidity of modern PCNL for lower pole stones, with no difference detectable between the prone and supine position.