Chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active and stable relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system. Although its etiology is unknown, the accumulation and activation of mononuclear cells in the central nervous system are crucial to its pathogenesis. Chemokines have been proposed to play a major role in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes in inflammatory sites. They are divided into subfamilies on the basis of the location of conserved cysteine residues. We determined the levels of some CC and CXC chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 23 relapsing-remitting MS patients under interferon-ß-1a therapy and 16 control subjects using ELISA. MS patients were categorized as having active or stable disease. CXCL10 was significantly increased in the CSF of active MS patients (mean ± SEM, 369.5 ± 69.3 pg/mL) when compared with controls (178.5 ± 29.1 pg/mL, P < 0.05). CSF levels of CCL2 were significantly lower in active MS (144.7 ± 14.4 pg/mL) than in controls (237.1 ± 16.4 pg/mL, P < 0.01). There was no difference in the concentration of CCL2 and CXCL10 between patients with stable MS and controls. CCL5 was not detectable in the CSF of most patients or controls. The qualitative and quantitative differences of chemokines in CSF during relapses of MS suggest that they may be useful as a marker of disease activity and of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.

The use of genes for performance enhancement: doping or therapy?

Recent biotechnological advances have permitted the manipulation of genetic sequences to treat several diseases in a process called gene therapy. However, the advance of gene therapy has opened the door to the possibility of using genetic manipulation (GM) to enhance athletic performance. In such ‘gene doping’, exogenous genetic sequences are inserted into a specific tissue, altering cellular gene activity or leading to the expression of a protein product. The exogenous genes most likely to be utilized for gene doping include erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1), myostatin antagonists, and endorphin. However, many other genes could also be used, such as those involved in glucose metabolic pathways. Because gene doping would be very difficult to detect, it is inherently very attractive for those involved in sports who are prepared to cheat. Moreover, the field of gene therapy is constantly and rapidly progressing, and this is likely to generate many new possibilities for gene doping. Thus, as part of the general fight against all forms of doping, it will be necessary to develop and continually improve means of detecting exogenous gene sequences (or their products) in athletes. Nevertheless, some bioethicists have argued for a liberal approach to gene doping.

In vitro inhibitory effects of imatinib mesylate on stromal cells and hematopoietic progenitors from bone marrow

Imatinib mesylate (IM) is used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) because it selectively inhibits tyrosine kinase, which is a hallmark of CML oncogenesis. Recent studies have shown that IM inhibits the growth of several non-malignant hematopoietic and fibroblast cells from bone marrow (BM). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of IM on stromal and hematopoietic progenitor cells, specifically in the colony-forming units of granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM), using BM cultures from 108 1.5- to 2-month-old healthy Swiss mice. The results showed that low concentrations of IM (1.25 µM) reduced the growth of CFU-GM in clonogenic assays. In culture assays with stromal cells, fibroblast proliferation and α-SMA expression by immunocytochemistry analysis were also reduced in a concentration-dependent manner, with a survival rate of approximately 50% with a dose of 2.5 µM. Cell viability and morphology were analyzed using MTT and staining with acrydine orange/ethidium bromide. Most cells were found to be viable after treatment with 5 µM IM, although there was gradual growth inhibition of fibroblastic cells while the number of round cells (macrophage-like cells) increased. At higher concentrations (15 µM), the majority of cells were apoptotic and cell growth ceased completely. Oil red staining revealed the presence of adipocytes only in untreated cells (control). Cell cycle analysis of stromal cells by flow cytometry showed a blockade at the G0/G1 phases in groups treated with 5-15 µM. These results suggest that IM differentially inhibits the survival of different types of BM cells since toxic effects were achieved.

Chromatic spatial contrast sensitivity estimated by visual evoked cortical potential and psychophysics

The purpose of the present study was to measure contrast sensitivity to equiluminant gratings using steady-state visual evoked cortical potential (ssVECP) and psychophysics. Six healthy volunteers were evaluated with ssVECPs and psychophysics. The visual stimuli were red-green or blue-yellow horizontal sinusoidal gratings, 5° × 5°, 34.3 cd/m2 mean luminance, presented at 6 Hz. Eight spatial frequencies from 0.2 to 8 cpd were used, each presented at 8 contrast levels. Contrast threshold was obtained by extrapolating second harmonic amplitude values to zero. Psychophysical contrast thresholds were measured using stimuli at 6 Hz and static presentation. Contrast sensitivity was calculated as the inverse function of the pooled cone contrast threshold. ssVECP and both psychophysical contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) were low-pass functions for red-green gratings. For electrophysiology, the highest contrast sensitivity values were found at 0.4 cpd (1.95 ± 0.15). ssVECP CSF was similar to dynamic psychophysical CSF, while static CSF had higher values ranging from 0.4 to 6 cpd (P < 0.05, ANOVA). Blue-yellow chromatic functions showed no specific tuning shape; however, at high spatial frequencies the evoked potentials showed higher contrast sensitivity than the psychophysical methods (P < 0.05, ANOVA). Evoked potentials can be used reliably to evaluate chromatic red-green CSFs in agreement with psychophysical thresholds, mainly if the same temporal properties are applied to the stimulus. For blue-yellow CSF, correlation between electrophysiology and psychophysics was poor at high spatial frequency, possibly due to a greater effect of chromatic aberration on this kind of stimulus.

Acute effect of alcohol intake on sine-wave Cartesian and polar contrast sensitivity functions

The aim of this study was to assess contrast sensitivity for angular frequency stimuli as well as for sine-wave gratings in adults under the effect of acute ingestion of alcohol. We measured the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) for gratings of 0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 4, 10, and 20 cycles per degree of visual angle (cpd) as well as for angular frequency stimuli of 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 96 cycles/360°. Twenty adults free of ocular diseases, with normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity, and no history of alcoholism were enrolled in two experimental groups: 1) no alcohol intake (control group) and 2) alcohol ingestion (experimental group). The average concentration of alcohol in the experimental group was set to about 0.08%. We used a paradigm involving a forced-choice method. Maximum sensitivity to contrast for sine-wave gratings in the two groups occurred at 4 cpd sine-wave gratings and at 24 and 48 cycles/360° for angular frequency stimuli. Significant changes in contrast sensitivity were observed after alcohol intake compared with the control condition at spatial frequency of 4 cpd and 1, 24, and 48 cycles/360° for angular frequency stimuli. Alcohol intake seems to affect the processing of sine-wave gratings at maximum sensitivity and at the low and high frequency ends for angular frequency stimuli, both under photopic luminance conditions.

Efeito da impregnação a vácuo na transferência de massa durante o processo de salga de cortes de peito de frango

A impregnação a vácuo (IV) tem sido estudada como uma alternativa para reduzir o tempo dos processos de salga aplicados a diversos alimentos. Neste trabalho, foi investigada a influência da aplicação de vácuo no processo de salga de cortes de peito de frango. Os cortes foram submersos em soluções com diferentes concentrações de NaCl para a avaliação de dois processos distintos de impregnação de sal: a) processo inteiramente a pressão atmosférica (IPA); e b) com aplicação de vácuo seguido do restabelecimento da pressão atmosférica (IV). A transferência de massa entre a amostra e a solução salina foi avaliada através das determinações de ganho de água (GA), ganho de sal (GS) e ganho de massa total (GM) pelas amostras submetidas à IV e à IPA. A comparação entre os processos de IV e IPA, com 6 horas de imersão, indicou que a utilização de um período inicial de vácuo pode incrementar o GA, GS e GM em 78, 25 e 54%, respectivamente. Isso se deve à contribuição sinérgica do mecanismo hidrodinâmico (HDM) aos mecanismos osmóticos e difusivos existentes. Deste modo, a IV pode ser considerada como uma alternativa de processo para a salga de cortes de carne de frango. No entanto, deve-se estar atento para que os ganhos de água e sal sejam compatíveis com as exigências legais e tecnológicas.

Detection and quantification of Roundup Ready® soybean residues in sausage samples by conventional and real-time PCR

The increasing presence of products derived from genetically modified (GM) plants in human and animal diets has led to the development of detection methods to distinguish biotechnology-derived foods from conventional ones. The conventional and real-time PCR have been used, respectively, to detect and quantify GM residues in highly processed foods. DNA extraction is a critical step during the analysis process. Some factors such as DNA degradation, matrix effects, and the presence of PCR inhibitors imply that a detection or quantification limit, established for a given method, is restricted to a matrix used during validation and cannot be projected to any other matrix outside the scope of the method. In Brazil, sausage samples were the main class of processed products in which Roundup Ready® (RR) soybean residues were detected. Thus, the validation of methodologies for the detection and quantification of those residues is absolutely necessary. Sausage samples were submitted to two different methods of DNA extraction: modified Wizard and the CTAB method. The yield and quality were compared for both methods. DNA samples were analyzed by conventional and real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of Roundup Ready® soybean in the samples. At least 200 ng of total sausage DNA was necessary for a reliable quantification. Reactions containing DNA amounts below this value led to large variations on the expected GM percentage value. In conventional PCR, the detection limit varied from 1.0 to 500 ng, depending on the GM soybean content in the sample. The precision, performance, and linearity were relatively high indicating that the method used for analysis was satisfactory.

Resíduos de glifosato e ácido aminometilfosfônico e teores de isoflavonas em soja BRS 244 RR e BRS 154

A principal forma de controle das plantas daninhas durante o cultivo de soja geneticamente modificada (GM RR) BRS 244 RR é o uso de glifosato. Porém, existem dúvidas quanto à segurança desse herbicida, à qualidade dos grãos e do solo da soja GM RR cultivada em Planossolo. Resíduos da molécula do glifosato e do metabólito ácido aminometilfosfônico (AMPA) podem estar presentes nos grãos, bem como, podem afetar a concentração de isoflavonas. Por isso, avaliaram-se as sojas BRS 244 RR e BRS 154 cultivadas nos seguintes tratamentos: T1 - soja BRS 244 RR, sem aplicação de herbicida, com capina manual aos 28 dias após o plantio (dap); T2 - soja BRS 154 sem aplicação de herbicida, com capina manual também aos 28 dap; T3 - soja BRS 244 RR com uma aplicação de glifosato a 960 g ia ha-1 aos 28 dap; T4 - soja BRS 244 RR com duas aplicações de glifosato a 960 g ia ha-1 aos 28 e 56 dap; T5 - soja BRS 244 RR com uma aplicação de herbicida imazetapir a 100 g ia ha-1 aos 28 dap; T6 - soja BRS 154 com uma aplicação de herbicida imazetapir a 100 g ia ha-1 aos 28 dap. Verificou-se que a aplicação de glifosato no controle de plantas daninhas resultou em teores elevados de glifosato e ácido aminometilfosfônico no solo. Nos grãos, o teor de isoflavonas não parece ser significativamente afetado pela aplicação de glifosato, mas os resíduos desse herbicida foram superiores ao permitido pela legislação vigente, que é de 10 mg.kg-1.

Consumer preferences of genetically modified foods of vegetal and animal origin in Chile

Given the debate generated by Genetically Modified (GM) foods in developed and developing countries, the aim was to evaluate the importance of determining factors in the preference of consumers in Temuco and Talca in central-southern Chile for GM foods using conjoint analysis and to determine the existence of different market segments using a survey of 800 people. Using conjoint analysis, it was established that, in general, genetic modification was a more important factor than either brand or price in the consumer's decision to purchase either food. Cluster analysis identified three segments: the largest (51.4%) assigned greatest importance to brand and preferred genetically modified milk and tomato sauce; the second group (41.0%) gave greatest importance to the existence of genetic manipulation and preferred non-genetically modified foods; the smallest segment (7.6%) mainly valued price and preferred milk and tomato sauce with no genetic manipulation. The three segments rejected the store brand and preferred to pay less for both foods. The results are discussed based on studies conducted in developed and developing countries.

Detection of genetically modified organisms in soy products sold in Turkish market

PCR-based technique for GMO detection is the most reliable choice because of its high sensitivity and specificity. As a candidate of the European Union, Turkey must comply with the rules for launching into the market, traceability, and labeling of GMOs as established by EU legislation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess soybean products in the Turkish market to verify compliance with legislation using qualitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay to detect the presence of GM soybean and to quantify its amount of GM soybean in the samples tested positive using real-time PCR. DNA extracted by the modified CTAB method was properly used for PCR amplification of food materials. The amplification of a 118 bp DNA fragment of the lectin gene from soybean by PCR was successfully achieved in all samples. The GMO screening was based on the detection of 35S promoter and NOS terminator sequences. The GM positive samples were subjected to detection of Roundup ReadyTM soybean (RR) using quantitative real-time PCR. It was found that 100% of the tested food samples contained less than 0.1 per cent of EPSPS gene.

Acceptance of a food of animal origin obtained through genetic modification and cloning in South America: a comparative study among university students and working adults

AbstractWith the aim of comparing the acceptance of milk obtained from cloned, genetically modified (GM) and conventionally bred cows among working adults and university students, and identifying and characterizing typologies among both subsamples in terms of their preferences, a survey was applied to 400 people in southern Chile, distributed using a simple allocation among the subsamples. Using a conjoint analysis, it was found that consumers preferred milk from a conventional cow. Using a cluster analysis, in both subsamples two segments sensitive to production technology were identified. Rejection of cloning was greatest among university students, whereas a higher proportion of working adults rejected GM. The segments differed in terms of area of residence, knowledge about GM, and milk consumption habits. Contrary to what was expected, no differences were found according to education, gender or degree of satisfaction with food-related life.

Bioensaios na detecção e quantificação de sementes de soja geneticamente modificada resistente ao glifosato

O cultivo mundial de soja geneticamente modificada (GM) resistente ao glifosato é crescente e a presença dessas sementes em lotes de sementes convencionais tornou-se um problema para o comércio internacional da soja. Reconhecendo a importância dos novos mercados e dos produtos GM, a Tecnologia de Sementes terá que assegurar a pureza genética dos produtos derivados da biotecnologia através de testes confiáveis, práticos e de baixo custo. Nesse contexto, os objetivos do trabalho foram verificar a eficiência do teste de germinação com herbicida no substrato (bioensaios) na detecção e na quantificação de misturas de cultivares GM em amostras de sementes convencionais. Amostras de sementes convencionais foram preparadas com 0, 1, 3 e 5% de sementes de soja GM e submetidas aos métodos de pré-embebição, substrato umedecido e imersão em herbicida, instaladas em bandejas plásticas contendo 25 sementes, com e sem associação ao kit de detecção de OGM. Na seqüência, amostras contaminadas com 0, 1, 3, 5 e 8% de sementes de soja GM foram semeadas em rolos de papel (25 e 50 sementes/rolo) e bandejas plásticas com 25 sementes seguindo o método de pré-embebição em herbicida. Aos seis dias após a instalação, avaliaram-se comprimento de hipocótilo, comprimento de raiz, número de raízes secundárias e comprimento da maior raiz secundária. O método de pré-embebição é o mais eficiente para a detecção e quantificação da presença de sementes de soja GM, permitindo 100% de acertos na detecção, independentemente da porcentagem de contaminantes nas amostras convencionais de sementes de soja e apresenta exatidão na quantificação da presença de até 3% de sementes de soja GM em amostras convencionais, sendo sua precisão condicionada ao porcentual de mistura presente na amostra.

Comparação de métodos na detecção de sementes de soja geneticamente modificada resistente ao glifosato

Pesquisas tem sido conduzidas visando determinar métodos de detecção de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM), devido, principalmente, à importância sobre a atividade comercial. Atualmente, são utilizados bioensaios, que avaliam características fenotípicas das plântulas, testes de ELISA e Kits, que possibilitam identificar proteínas transgênicas específicas de DNA. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a eficiência dos métodos para detectar sementes de soja Roundup Ready (RR). Amostras de sementes de soja geneticamente modificada (GM) resistente ao glifosato e de sementes do parental suscetível foram submetidas a bioensaios (pré-embebidas, umedecidas em substrato, imersas em solução contendo glifosato e pulverização de plântulas), Kit Trait Test e detecção pelo método da PCR. Os bioensaios são métodos mais eficientes comparando a relação custo/benefício na detecção de sementes de soja GM, sendo o método de pré-embebição o mais indicado e a análise das características morfológicas de plântulas é importante nos bioensaios para detecção de sementes de soja GM.

Bioensaio em casa-de-vegetação na detecção e quantificação de sementes de soja geneticamente modificada

Preocupações com os atributos intrínsecos e extrínsecos de qualidade nos alimentos têm crescido nas últimas décadas e a polêmica acirrou-se com a entrada no mercado dos alimentos geneticamente modificados (GM) de consumo global. Esta situação tem levado institutos de pesquisa, agências de inspeção e companhias de vários países a desenvolver estratégias e métodos para detecção de sementes de plantas GM. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência de bioensaio em casa-de-vegetação na detecção e quantificação de misturas de sementes GM em amostras convencionais. Amostras de sementes convencionais foram preparadas com 0, 1, 3 e 5% de sementes de soja GM e semeadas em bandejas plásticas contendo areia peneirada. As bandejas foram mantidas em casa-de-vegetação climatizada e, após quinze dias da instalação do experimento, aplicou-se o herbicida glifosato sobre as plântulas. Catorze dias depois da aplicação do herbicida, avaliou-se o número de plântulas sobreviventes, sem sintomas da ação do glifosato, determinando se a plântula era ou não geneticamente modificada . O bioensaio em casa-de-vegetação é eficiente para detecção e estimativa da quantidade de sementes de soja GM em amostras de soja convencional.

Sistema hidropônico com uso de solução de herbicida na detecção de soja geneticamente modificada resistente ao glifosato

Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a eficiência do sistema hidropônico com uso de solução herbicida na detecção de cultivares de soja GM resistentes ao glifosato e convencionais e estabelecer um protocolo de detecção em sistema hidropônico. Foram utilizadas amostras de sementes de dois genótipos geneticamente modificados e os respectivos parentais não geneticamente modificados (não-GM). Foram realizados cinco ensaios para estabelecer o protocolo de detecção; nos ensaios I e II foi realizada a pré-germinação das sementes, seguida da colocação das plântulas em recipientes contendo solução nutritiva, com posterior transferência para solução de herbicida (as concentrações utilizadas foram 0; 0,12; 0,24; 0,36; 0,48% do equivalente ácido do glifosato), e finalmente, as plântulas retornaram para a solução nutritiva. Nos ensaios III, IV e V, as sementes foram colocadas diretamente em recipientes contendo solução de herbicida e depois transferidas para solução nutritiva. Os parâmetros avaliados foram porcentagem de plântulas normais, comprimento de plântula, de raiz e de parte aérea e número de raízes secundárias. O sistema hidropônico permite a detecção de sementes de soja resistente ao glifosato em 5 dias, após tratamento com solução de glifosato. O protocolo de detecção de sementes de soja GM em sistema hidropônico recomendado é a permanência das sementes em contato com a solução do herbicida na concentração de 0,12% do equivalente ácido do glifosato por quatro horas, seguido da transferência das sementes para a solução nutritiva até completar cinco dias, utilizando como parâmetro de avaliação o comprimento de plântulas e a presença de raízes secundarias das plântulas de soja GM.