Application and modeling of GaN FET in 1MHz large signal bandwidth power supply for radio frequency power amplifier

In this paper, implementation and testing of non- commercial GaN HEMT in a simple buck converter for envelope amplifier in ET and EER transmission techn iques has been done. Comparing to the prototypes with commercially available EPC1014 and 1015 GaN HEMTs, experimentally demonstrated power supply provided better thermal management and increased the switching frequency up to 25MHz. 64QAM signal with 1MHz of large signal bandw idth and 10.5dB of Peak to Average Power Ratio was gener ated, using the switching frequency of 20MHz. The obtaine defficiency was 38% including the driving circuit an d the total losses breakdown showed that switching power losses in the HEMT are the dominant ones. In addition to this, some basic physical modeling has been done, in order to provide an insight on the correlation between the electrical characteristics of the GaN HEMT and physical design parameters. This is the first step in the optimization of the HEMT design for this particular application.

A method to obtain the thermal parameters and the photothermal transduction efficiency in an optical hyperthermia device based on laser irradiation of gold nanoparticles

Optical hyperthermia systems based on the laser irradiation of gold nanorods seem to be a promising tool in the development of therapies against cancer. After a proof of concept in which the authors demonstrated the efficiency of this kind of systems, a modeling process based on an equivalent thermal-electric circuit has been carried out to determine the thermal parameters of the system and an energy balance obtained from the time-dependent heating and cooling temperature curves of the irradiated samples in order to obtain the photothermal transduction efficiency. By knowing this parameter, it is possible to increase the effectiveness of the treatments, thanks to the possibility of predicting the response of the device depending on the working configuration. As an example, the thermal behavior of two different kinds of nanoparticles is compared. The results show that, under identical conditions, the use of PEGylated gold nanorods allows for a more efficient heating compared with bare nanorods, and therefore, it results in a more effective therapy.

The effects of cocaine self-administration on dendritic spine density in the rat hippocampus are dependent on genetic background

Chronic exposure to cocaine induces modifications to neurons in the brain regions involved in addiction. Hence, we evaluated cocaine-induced changes in the hippocampal CA1 field in Fischer 344 (F344) and Lewis (LEW) rats, 2 strains that have been widely used to study genetic predisposition to drug addiction, by combining intracellular Lucifer yellow injection with confocal microscopy reconstruction of labeled neurons. Specifically, we examined the effects of cocaine self-administration on the structure, size, and branching complexity of the apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. In addition, we quantified spine density in the collaterals of the apical dendritic arbors of these neurons. We found differences between these strains in several morphological parameters. For example, CA1 apical dendrites were more branched and complex in LEW than in F344 rats, while the spine density in the collateral dendrites of the apical dendritic arbors was greater in F344 rats. Interestingly, cocaine self-administration in LEW rats augmented the spine density, an effect that was not observed in the F344 strain. These results reveal significant structural differences in CA1 pyramidal cells between these strains and indicate that cocaine self-administration has a distinct effect on neuron morphology in the hippocampus of rats with different genetic backgrounds.

Axisymmetric long liquid bridges in a time-dependent microgravity field

This paper deals with the dynamics of liquid bridges when subjected to an oscillatory microgravity field. The analysis has been performed by using a one-dimensional slice model, already used in liquid bridge problems, which allows to calculate not only the resonance frequencies of a wide range of such fluid configurations but also the dependence of the dynamic response of the liquid bridge on the frequency on the imposed perturbations. Theoretical results are compared with experimental ones obtained aboard Spacelab-Dl, the agreement between theoretical and experimental results being satisfactory

Management of irrigation frequency and nitrogen fertilization to mitigate GHG and NO emissions from drip-fertigated crops

Drip irrigation combined with split application of fertilizer nitrogen (N) dissolved in the irrigation water (i.e. drip fertigation) is commonly considered best management practice for water and nutrient efficiency. As a consequence, its use is becoming widespread. Some of the main factors (water-filled pore space, NH4+ and NO3−) regulating the emissions of greenhouse gases (i.e. N2O, CO2 and CH4) and NO from agroecosystems can easily be manipulated by drip fertigation without yield penalties. In this study, we tested management options to reduce these emissions in a field experiment with a melon (Cucumis melo L.) crop. Treatments included drip irrigation frequency (weekly/daily) and type of N fertilizer (urea/calcium nitrate) applied by fertigation. Crop yield, environmental parameters, soil mineral N concentrations and fluxes of N2O, NO, CH4 and CO2 were measured during 85 days. Fertigation with urea instead of calcium nitrate increased N2O and NO emissions by a factor of 2.4 and 2.9, respectively (P < 0.005). Daily irrigation reduced NO emissions by 42% (P < 0.005) but increased CO2 emissions by 21% (P < 0.05) compared with weekly irrigation. We found no relation between irrigation frequency and N2O emissions. Based on yield-scaled Global Warming Potential as well as NO cumulative emissions, we conclude that weekly fertigation with a NO3−-based fertilizer is the best option to combine agronomic productivity with environmental sustainability. Our study shows that adequate management of drip fertigation, while contributing to the attainment of water and food security, may provide an opportunity for climate change mitigation.

Tuning of modulation spectrum parameters for voice pathology detection

Acoustic parameters are frequently used to assess the presence of pathologies in human voice. Many of them have demonstrated to be useful but in some cases its results could be optimized by selecting appropriate working margins. In this study two indices, CIL and RALA, obtained from Modulation Spectra are described and tuned using different frame lengths and frequency ranges to maximize AUC in normal to pathological voice detection. After the tuning process, AUC reaches 0.96 and 0.95 values for CIL and RALA respectively representing an improvement of 16 % and 12 % at each case respect to the typical tuning based only on frame length selection.

Estudio de la respuesta dinámica transversal de viaductos altos de líneas de ferrocarril de alta velocidad bajo la acción de cargas de uso

Es conocido que las dimensiones de los puentes de ferrocarril han ido cambiando debido a las estrictas condiciones de trazado impuestas en las líneas de alta velocidad. Además, la creciente preocupación de la sociedad por cuidar y proteger el medio ambiente, reflejado en la correspondiente normativa, ha generado nuevos condicionantes en el diseño de estas infraestructuras. En concreto, se ha limitado el movimiento de grandes volúmenes de terreno particularmente en los espacios protegidos. Por estas razones, hoy en día se proyectan y construyen puentes de ferrocarril más altos y más largos en todo el mundo. En España se han construido varios viaductos de pilas altas para líneas de alta velocidad. Ejemplos de estas infraestructuras son el Viaducto O’Eixo y el Viaducto de Barbantiño, situados en la línea de alta velocidad Madrid-Galicia, Estos viaductos altos se caracterizan por tener una mayor flexibilidad lateral y una frecuencia fundamental de oscilación baja, de hasta 0.2 Hz. La respuesta dinámica de este tipo de estructura puede aumentar como consecuencia de la aproximación entre la frecuencias propias de la misma y las de excitación debidas al paso del tren y a la acción del viento. Por lo tanto, estas estructuras pueden presentar problemas a la hora de cumplir con las limitaciones impuestas en las normas de diseño de puentes de ferrocarril, y otras, para garantizar la seguridad del tráfico y el confort de los viajeros. La respuesta dinámica lateral de viaductos de pilas altas no ha sido suficientemente estudiada en la literatura científica. Se pueden intuir varios de los motivos para explicar esta carencia. El primero es la relativamente reciente aparición de este tipo de viaductos asociados al desarrollo de la alta velocidad. Por otro lado, se hace necesario, para estudiar este tema, construir nuevos modelos numéricos adecuados para el estudio de la interacción dinámica lateral del puente y del tren. La interacción entre el puente y un tren viajando sobre él es un problema dinámico no lineal, dependiente del tiempo y de acoplamiento entre los dos subsistemas que intervienen (vehículo y puente). Los dos subsistemas, que pueden ser modelados como estructuras elásticas, interaccionan el uno con el otro a través de las fuerzas de contacto, que tiene una marcada naturaleza no lineal por el rozamiento entre rueda y carril, y por la geometría de los perfiles de estos dos elementos en contacto. En esta tesis, se desarrolla la formulación completa de un modelo no lineal de interacción tren-vía-puente-viento que reproduce adecuadamente las fuerzas laterales de contacto rueda-carril, fuerzas que van a tener una gran influencia en los índices de seguridad del tráfico. Este modelo se ha validado a partir de casos resueltos en la literatura científica, y de medidas experimentales tomadas en eventos dinámicos ocurridos en los viaductos de Arroyo de Valle y Arroyo de las Piedras. Puentes altos que han estado monitorizados en servicio durante dos años. En los estudios realizados en este trabajo, se cuantifican, empleando el modelo construido, los niveles de seguridad del tráfico y de confort de los pasajeros de trenes ligeros de alta velocidad, como el tren articulado AVE S-100, que viajan sobre viaductos altos sometidos, o no, a fuertes vientos laterales racheados. Finalmente, se ha obtenido el grado de mejora de la seguridad del tráfico y del confort de los viajeros, cuando se emplean pantallas anti-viento en el tablero y amortiguadores de masa sintonizados en la cabeza de las pilas de un viaducto alto. Resultando, el uso simultaneo de estos dos dispositivos (pantallas y amortiguadores de masa), en puentes altos de líneas de alta velocidad, una opción a considerar en la construcción de estas estructuras para elevar significativamente el nivel de servicio de las mismas. It is known that dimensions of railway bridges have been changing due to the strict high-speed lines layout parameters. Moreover, the growing concern of society to take care of and protect the environment, reflected in the corresponding regulations, has created new environment requirements for the design of these infrastructures. Particularly, the mentioned regulations do not allow designers to move far from terrain to build these railway lines. Due to all these reasons, longer and higher railway bridges are being designed and built around the world. In Spain, several high pier railway viaducts have been built for high speed lines. Barbantiño Viaduct and Eixo Viaduct, belonging to the Madrid-Galicia high speed line, are examples of this kind of structures. These high viaducts have great lateral flexibility and a low fundamental vibration frequency of down to 0.2 Hz. The dynamic response of high speed railway bridges may increase because of the approximation between the natural viaduct frequencies and the excitation ones due to the train travel and the wind action. Therefore, this bridge response could not satisfy the serviceability limits states, for traffic safety and for passenger comfort, considered by the design standards of high speed bridges. It is difficult to find papers in the scientific literature about the lateral response of high-speed trains travel over long viaducts with high piers. Several reasons could explain this issue. On one hand, the construction of this kind of viaduct is relatively recent and it is associated to the development of the high speed railway. On the other hand, in order to study the dynamic lateral interaction between the train and the high bridge, it is necessary to build new numerical and complex models. The interaction between the bridge-track subsystem and the vehicle subsystem travelling over the bridge is a coupling, nonlinear and time dependent problem. Both subsystems, train and bridge, which can be modelled as elastic structures, interact each other through the contact forces. These forces have a strong nonlinear nature due to the friction and the geometry of rail and wheel profiles. In this thesis, the full formulation of a train-track-bridge-wind nonlinear interaction model is developed. This model can reproduce properly the lateral contact wheel-rail forces, which have a great influence on traffic safety indices. The validation of the model built has been reached through interaction solved cases found in the scientific literature and experimental measures taken in dynamic events which happened at Arroyo de las Piedras and Arroyo del Valle Viaducts. These high bridges have been controlled during two years of service by means of structural health monitoring. In the studies carried out for this thesis, the levels of traffic safety and passenger comfort are quantified using the interaction model built, in the cases of high speed and light trains, as AVE S-100, travelling over high pier bridges and with or without lateral turbulent winds acting. Finally, the improvement rate of the traffic safety and passenger comfort has been obtained, when wind barriers are used at the bridge deck and tuned mass dampers are installed at the pier heads of a high viaduct. The installation of both devices, wind barriers and tuned mass damper, at the same time, turned out to be a good option to be considered in the design of high pier railway viaducts, to improve significantly the serviceability level of this kind of structures.

A clustering technique for partial discharge and noise sources identification in power cables by means of waveform parameters

On-line partial discharge (PD) measurements have become a common technique for assessing the insulation condition of installed high voltage (HV) insulated cables. When on-line tests are performed in noisy environments, or when more than one source of pulse-shaped signals are present in a cable system, it is difficult to perform accurate diagnoses. In these cases, an adequate selection of the non-conventional measuring technique and the implementation of effective signal processing tools are essential for a correct evaluation of the insulation degradation. Once a specific noise rejection filter is applied, many signals can be identified as potential PD pulses, therefore, a classification tool to discriminate the PD sources involved is required. This paper proposes an efficient method for the classification of PD signals and pulse-type noise interferences measured in power cables with HFCT sensors. By using a signal feature generation algorithm, representative parameters associated to the waveform of each pulse acquired are calculated so that they can be separated in different clusters. The efficiency of the clustering technique proposed is demonstrated through an example with three different PD sources and several pulse-shaped interferences measured simultaneously in a cable system with a high frequency current transformer (HFCT).

Msh2 status modulates both apoptosis and mutation frequency in the murine small intestine

Deficiency in genes involved in DNA mismatch repair increases susceptibility to cancer, particularly of the colorectal epithelium. Using Msh2 null mice, we demonstrate that this genetic defect renders normal intestinal epithelial cells susceptible to mutation in vivo at the Dlb-1 locus. Compared with wild-type mice, Msh2-deficient animals had higher basal levels of mutation and were more sensitive to the mutagenic effects of temozolomide. Experiments using Msh2-deficient cells in vitro suggest that an element of this effect is attributable to increased clonogenicity. Indeed, we show that Msh2 plays a role in the in vivo initiation of apoptosis after treatment with temozolomide, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and cisplatin. This was not influenced by the in vivo depletion of O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase after administration of O6-benzylguanine . By analyzing mice mutant for both Msh2 and p53, we found that the Msh2-dependent apoptotic response was primarily mediated through a p53-dependent pathway. Msh2 also was required to signal delayed p53-independent death. Taken together, these studies characterize an in vivo Msh2-dependent apoptotic response to methylating agents and raise the possibility that Msh2 deficiency may predispose to malignancy not only through failed repair of mismatch DNA lesions but also through the failure to engage apoptosis.

Demonstration of an interferon γ-dependent tumor surveillance system in immunocompetent mice

This study demonstrates that endogenously produced interferon γ (IFN-γ) forms the basis of a tumor surveillance system that controls development of both chemically induced and spontaneously arising tumors in mice. Compared with wild-type mice, mice lacking sensitivity to either IFN-γ (i.e., IFN-γ receptor-deficient mice) or all IFN family members (i.e., Stat1-deficient mice) developed tumors more rapidly and with greater frequency when challenged with different doses of the chemical carcinogen methylcholanthrene. In addition, IFN-γ-insensitive mice developed tumors more rapidly than wild-type mice when bred onto a background deficient in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. IFN-γ-insensitive p53−/− mice also developed a broader spectrum of tumors compared with mice lacking p53 alone. Using tumor cells derived from methylcholanthrene-treated IFN-γ-insensitive mice, we found IFN-γ’s actions to be mediated at least partly through its direct effects on the tumor cell leading to enhanced tumor cell immunogenicity. The importance and generality of this system is evidenced by the finding that certain types of human tumors become selectively unresponsive to IFN-γ. Thus, IFN-γ forms the basis of an extrinsic tumor-suppressor mechanism in immunocompetent hosts.

Gilbert syndrome and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: A dose-dependent genetic interaction crucial to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

Severe jaundice leading to kernicterus or death in the newborn is the most devastating consequence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49; G-6-PD) deficiency. We asked whether the TA repeat promoter polymorphism in the gene for uridinediphosphoglucuronate glucuronosyltransferase 1 (EC 2.4.1.17; UDPGT1), associated with benign jaundice in adults (Gilbert syndrome), increases the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in G-6-PD deficiency. DNA from term neonates was analyzed for UDPGT1 polymorphism (normal homozygotes, heterozygotes, variant homozygotes), and for G-6-PD Mediterranean deficiency. The variant UDPGT1 promoter allele frequency was similar in G-6-PD-deficient and normal neonates. Thirty (22.9%) G-6-PD deficient neonates developed serum total bilirubin ≥ 257 μmol/liter, vs. 22 (9.2%) normals (P = 0.0005). Of those with the normal homozygous UDPGT1 genotype, the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia was similar in G-6-PD-deficients and controls (9.7% and 9.9%). In contrast, in the G-6-PD-deficient neonates, those with the heterozygous or homozygous variant UDPGT1 genotype had a higher incidence of hyperbilirubinemia than corresponding controls (heterozygotes: 31.6% vs. 6.7%, P < 0.0001; variant homozygotes: 50% vs. 14.7%, P = 0.02). Among G-6-PD-deficient infants the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia was greater in those with the heterozygous (31.6%, P = 0.006) or variant homozygous (50%, P = 0.003) UDPGT1 genotype than in normal homozygotes. In contrast, among those normal for G-6-PD, the UDPGT1 polymorphism had no significant effect (heterozygotes: 6.7%; variant homozygotes: 14.7%). Thus, neither G-6-PD deficiency nor the variant UDPGT1 promoter, alone, increased the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia, but both in combination did. This gene interaction may serve as a paradigm of the interaction of benign genetic polymorphisms in the causation of disease.

Evolution of foraging behavior in Drosophila by density-dependent selection

One of the rare examples of a single major gene underlying a naturally occurring behavioral polymorphism is the foraging locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Larvae with the rover allele, forR, have significantly longer foraging path lengths on a yeast paste than do those homozygous for the sitter allele, fors. These variants do not differ in general activity in the absence of food. The evolutionary significance of this polymorphism is not as yet understood. Here we examine the effect of high and low animal rearing densities on the larval foraging path-length phenotype and show that density-dependent natural selection produces changes in this trait. In three unrelated base populations the long path (rover) phenotype was selected for under high-density rearing conditions, whereas the short path (sitter) phenotype was selected for under low-density conditions. Genetic crosses suggested that these changes resulted from alterations in the frequency of the fors allele in the low-density-selected lines. Further experiments showed that density-dependent selection during the larval stage rather than the adult stage of development was sufficient to explain these results. Density-dependent mechanisms may be sufficient to maintain variation in rover and sitter behavior in laboratory populations.

γ-Aminobutyric acid type B receptor-dependent burst-firing in thalamic neurons: A dynamic clamp study

Synchronized network responses in thalamus depend on phasic inhibition originating in the thalamic reticular nucleus (nRt) and are mediated by the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). A suggested role for intra-nRt connectivity in inhibitory phasing remains controversial. Recently, functional GABA type B (GABAB) receptors were demonstrated on nRt cells, and the slow time course of the GABAB synaptic response seems ideally suited to deinactivate low-threshold calcium channels. This promotes burst firing, a characteristic feature of synchronized responses. Here we investigate GABAB-mediated rebound burst firing in thalamic cells. Whole-cell current-clamp recordings were obtained from nRt cells and somatosensory thalamocortical relay cells in rat brain slices. Synthetic GABAB inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, generated by a hybrid computer–neuron synapse (dynamic clamp), triggered rebound low-threshold calcium spikes in both cell types when peak inhibitory postsynaptic potential hyperpolarization was greater than −92 mV. The threshold inhibitory postsynaptic potential conductance for rebound burst generation was comparable in nRt (7 nS) and thalamocortical (5 nS) cells. However, burst onset in nRt (1 s) was considerably delayed compared with thalamocortical (0.6 s) cells. Thus, GABAB inhibitory postsynaptic potentials can elicit low-threshold calcium spikes in both relay and nRt neurons, but the resultant oscillation frequency would be faster for thalamocortical–nRt networks (3 Hz) than for nRt–nRt networks (1–2 Hz). We conclude, therefore, that fast (>2 Hz) GABAB-dependent thalamic oscillations are maintained primarily by reciprocal connections between excitatory and inhibitory cells. These findings further indicate that when oscillatory neural networks contain both recurrent and reciprocal inhibition, then distinct population frequencies may result when one or the other type of inhibition is favored.

Is redshift-dependent evolution of galaxies a theoretical artifact?

The physical validity of the hypothesis of (redshift-dependent) luminosity evolution in galaxies is tested by statistical analysis of an intensively studied complete high-redshift sample of normal galaxies. The necessity of the evolution hypothesis in the frame of big-bang cosmology is confirmed at a high level of statistical significance; however, this evolution is quantitatively just as predicted by chronometric cosmology, in which there is no such evolution. Since there is no direct observational means to establish the evolution postulated in big-bang studies of higher-redshift galaxies, and the chronometric predictions involve no adjustable parameters (in contrast to the two in big-bang cosmology), the hypothesized evolution appears from the standpoint of conservative scientific methodology as a possible theoretical artifact.

Molecular mechanism of use-dependent calcium channel block by phenylalkylamines: Role of inactivation

The role of channel inactivation in the molecular mechanism of calcium (Ca2+) channel block by phenylalkylamines (PAA) was analyzed by designing mutant Ca2+ channels that carry the high affinity determinants of the PAA receptor site [Hockerman, G. H., Johnson, B. D., Scheuer, T., and Catterall, W. A. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 22119–22122] but inactivate at different rates. Use-dependent block by PAAs was studied after expressing the mutant Ca2+ channels in Xenopus oocytes. Substitution of single putative pore-orientated amino acids in segment IIIS6 by alanine (F-1499-A, F-1500-A, F-1510-A, I-1514-A, and F-1515-A) gradually slowed channel inactivation and simultaneously reduced inhibition of barium currents (IBa) by (−)D600 upon depolarization by 100 ms steps at 0.1 Hz. This apparent reduction in drug sensitivity was only evident if test pulses were applied at a low frequency of 0.1 Hz and almost disappeared at the frequency of 1 Hz. (−)D600 slowed IBa recovery after maintained membrane depolarization (1–3 sec) to a comparable extent in all channel constructs. A drug-induced delay in the onset of IBa recovery from inactivation suggests that PAAs promote the transition to a deep inactivated channel conformation. These findings indicate that apparent PAA sensitivity of Ca2+ channels is not only defined by drug interaction with its receptor site but also crucially dependent on intrinsic gating properties of the channel molecule. A molecular model for PAA-Ca2+ channel interaction that accounts for the relationship between drug induced inactivation and channel block by PAA is proposed.