Improving the Fuel Economy of a Tuned 600cc FSAE Engine

To maintain its relevance, motorsport cannot be exempt from
the trend of increasing fuel economy. This bears obvious
competitive benefits as well, either in decreasing the
frequency of pit stops or the mass of fuel carried. Given the
increased points weighting of fuel economy for the Formula
Student (FS) competition, a complete analysis was performed
on the Queen's Formula Racing 600cc motorcycle engine in
preparation for the 2011 competition.
The criteria for such high performance fuel economy differ to
a degree from most mass transportation counterparts and were
divided into three distinct regimes; full load, part load and no
load conditions.
Full load positions naturally demand maximum torque for
performance but that does not imply that fuel savings cannot
be made whilst preserving this. The point at which maximum
torque is produced with minimum air -fuel ratio, Leanest
mixture for Best Torque (LBT), was therefore sought and
mapped for full load.
At part load, torque is less of a concern, and maintaining a
sustainable engine temperature and transient response become
more important. With decreasing AFR, engine temperatures
can rise dramatically so temperatures were measured close to
the exhaust port for a wide range of air-fuel ratios.
Competition track data was analysed to highlight key part load
operating regions and these were mapped according to
measured safe temperature limits. Torque response to a step
throttle change was also measured to ensure suitable engine
transient performance was maintained.
At no load conditions, with low engine speed only idle
conditions need to be satisfied. In the situation where the
engine is still at high speed without load, the engine is being
motored and no fuel is required. An overrun fuel cut was
employed to reflect this giving significant fuel savings. The
effect on torque and engine pickup was measured.
Modifications were also made to the fuel injector location to
improve fuel mixing and evaporation at this lower air flow
condition.
These mapping regimes were implemented and tested using
fully transient lap simulations using competition track data
and a four quadrant AC engine dynamometer. The experiment
indicated a reduction in fuel consumption for 22 laps of the FS
track from 5.08litres to 3.67litres, around 27% in total. The
actual fuel used at the 2011 competition was 3.6 litres while
placing 8th in the endurance event, further validating the
benefits of these mapping regimes.

A tubular direct methanol fuel cell with Ti mesh anode

A novel tubular cell structure for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is proposed based on a tubular Ti mesh and a Ti mesh anode. A dip coating method has been developed to fabricate the cell. The characterization of the tubular MEA has been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), half cell and single cell testing. The tubular DMFC single cell comprises: a Ti mesh, a cathode diffusion layer and catalyst layer, a Nafion recast membrane and a PtRuO/Ti anode. Half cell tests show that the optimum catalyst loading, Ru/(Ru + Pt) atomic ratio and the Nafion loading of a PtRuO/Ti mesh anode are: 4 mg cm, 38% and 0.6 mg cm, respectively. Single cell tests show that the Nafion loading of the recast Nafion membrane and the concentration of the methanol in the electrolyte have a major influence on cell performance. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structure and reactivity of the Ru(0 0 0 1) electrode towards fuel cell electrocatalysis

The reactivity of the Ru(0 0 0 1) electrode towards the adsorption and electrooxidation of CO and methanol has been studied by variable-temperature in situ FTIR spectroscopy in both perchloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution, and the results interpreted in terms of the surface chemistry of the Ru(0 0 0 1) electrode. Both linear (CO) and threefold hollow (CO) binding CO adsorbates (bands at 1970-2040 and 1770-1820 cm, respectively) were observed on the Ru(0 0 0 1) electrode in both 0.1 M HClO and 0.1 M NaOH solutions from the CO adsorption. In the acid solution, CO was detected as the main adsorbed species on Ru(0 0 0 1) surface over all the potential region studied. In contrast, in the alkaline solution, more CO than CO was detected at lower potentials, whilst increasing the potential resulted in the transformation of CO to CO. At higher potentials, the oxidation of the adsorbed CO took place via reaction with the active (1 × 1)-O oxide/hydroxide. It was found that no dissociative adsorption or electrooxidation of methanol took place at the Ru(0 0 0 1) at potentials below 900 mV vs Ag/AgCl in perchloric acid solution at both 20 and 55°C. However, in the alkaline solution, methanol did undergo dissociative adsorption, to form linearly adsorbed CO (CO) with little or no CO adsorbed at threefold hollow sites (CO) at both 20 and 55°C. Increasing the temperature from 20 to 55°C clearly facilitated the methanol dissociative adsorption to CO and also enhanced the electrooxidation of the CO. At the higher potentials, significant oxidation of methanol to CO and methyl formate in acid solution and to bicarbonate and formate in alkaline solution, was observed, which was attributed to the formation of an active RuO phase on the Ru(0 0 0 1) surface, in agreement with our previous studies. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All right reserved.

On-line FTIR spectroscopic investigations of methanol oxidation in a direct methanol fuel cell

A real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) analysis of the products of methanol oxidation in a prototype direct-methanol fuel cell operating at high temperatures (150 to 185°C) is reported here. The methanol oxidation products on platinum black and platinum-ruthenium catalyst surfaces were determined as a function of the fuel cell operating temperature, current density, and methanol/water mole ratio. Neither formaldehyde nor formic acid was detected in anode exhaust gas at all cell operating conditions. The product distributions of methanol oxidation obtained by on-line FTIRS are consistent with our previous results obtained by on-line mass spectroscopy under similar conditions. With pure methanol in anode feed, methanaldimethylacetal was found to be the main product, methyl formate and CO were also found. However, when water was present in the anode feed, the main product was CO , and the formation of methanaldimethylacetal and methyl formate decreased significantly with increase of the water/methanol mole ratio. Increase of cell operating temperature enhanced the formation of CO and decreased the formation of methanaldimethylacetal and methyl formate. Pt/Ru catalyst is more active for methanol oxidation and has a higher selectivity toward CO formation than Pt-black. Nearly complete methanol oxidation, i.e., the product was almost exclusively CO , was achieved using a Pt/Ru catalyst and a water/methanol mole ratio of 2 or higher in the anode feed at a temperature of 185°C or above.

Trimethoxymethane as an alternative fuel for a direct oxidation PBI polymer electrolyte fuel cell

The oxidation of trimethoxymethane (TMM) (trimethyl orthoformate) in a direct oxidation PBI fuel cell was examined by on-line mass spectroscopy and on-line FTIR spectroscopy. The results show that TMM was almost completely hydrolyzed in a direct oxidation fuel cell which employs an acid doped polymer electrolyte to form a mixture of methylformate, methanol and formic acid. It also found that TMM was hydrolyzed in the presence of water at 120°C even without acidic catalyst. The anode performance improves in the sequence of methanol, TMM, formic acid/methanol, and methylformate solutions. Since formic acid is electrochemically more active than methanol, these results suggest that formic acid is probably a key factor for the improvement of the anode performance by using TMM instead of methanol under these conditions. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

PtRuO/Ti anodes with a varying Pt:Ru ratio for direct methanol fuel cells

PtRuO/Ti anodes with a varying Pt:Ru ratio were prepared by thermal deposition of a PtRuO catalyst layer onto a Ti mesh for the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The morphology and structure of the catalyst layers were analyzed by SEM, EDX, and XRD. The catalyst coating layers became porous with increase of the Ru content, and showed oxide and alloy characteristics. The relative activities of the PtRuO/Ti electrodes were assessed and compared using half-cell tests and single DMFC experiments. The results showed that these electrodes were very active for the methanol oxidation and that the optimum Ru surface coverage was ca. 38% for a DMFC operating at 20-60 °C. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

PtRu/Ti anodes with varying Pt:Ru ratio prepared by electrodeposition for the direct methanol fuel cell

PtRu/Ti anodes with varying Pt : Ru ratio were prepared by electrodeposition of a thin PtRu catalyst layer onto Ti mesh for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The morphology and structure of the catalyst layers were analyzed by SEM, EDX and XRD. The catalyst coating layer shows an alloy character. The relative activities of the PtRu/Ti electrodes were assessed and compared in half cell and single DMFC experiments. The results show that these electrodes are very active for the methanol oxidation and that the optimum Ru surface coverage was ca. 9 at.% for DMFC operating at 20°C and 11 at.% at 60°C. The PtRu/Ti anode shows a performance comparable to that of the conventional carbon-based anode in a DMFC operating with 0.25 M or 0.5 M methanol solution and atmosphere oxygen gas at 90°C. © the Owner Societies 2006.

Preparation and characterization of new anodes based on Ti mesh for direct methanol fuel cells

A novel anode structure based on Ti mesh for the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) has been prepared by thermal deposition of ~5 µm PtRuO2 catalyst layer on ~50 µm Ti mesh. The preparation procedures and the main characteristics of the anode were studied by half-cell testing, scanning electron microscopy analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray measurement, and single-cell testing. The optimum calcination temperature is 450°C, calcination time is 90- 120 min, PtRuO2 catalyst loading is 5.0 mg cm-2, Pt precursor concentration range of solution is 0.14- 0.4 M, and solution aging time is 1 day. The performances of the anodes prepared using the solution kept within 20 days showed no significant difference. When it was used in DMFC feed with low-concentration methanol solution at 90°C, this new anode shows better performance than that of the conventional anode, because its thin hydrophilic structure is a benefit to the transport of methanol and carbon dioxide. However, due to its opening structure, when higher concentration methanol was employed, the performance of the cell with new anode became worse. © 2006 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Ti mesh anodes prepared by electrochemical deposition for the direct methanol fuel cell

An anode structure based on Ti mesh has been developed for the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). This new anode was prepared by electrochemical deposition of a ~ 3 µ m PtRu catalyst layer on ~ 50 µ m Ti mesh. It has a thinner structure compared to that of a porous carbon-based conventional anode. The Ti mesh anode shows a performance comparable to, and exceeding that, of the conventional anode in a DMFC operating with 0.25 or 0.5 M methanol solution and atmosphere oxygen at 90 C. However, it shows a lower performance of the cell when higher concentrations of methanol was employed. This may be attributed to its thin and open structure, which could facilitate the transport of methanol from the flow field to the anode catalyst layer and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. © 2006 International Association for Hydrogen Energy.