Audit report on the City of Clarinda, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on the City of Clarinda, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Forensic intelligence for medicine anti-counterfeiting

Medicine counterfeiting is a crime that has increased in recent years and now involves the whole world. Health and economic repercussions have led pharmaceutical industries and agencies to develop many measures to protect genuine medicines and differentiate them from counterfeits. Detecting counterfeit is chemically relatively simple for the specialists, but much more information can be gained from the analyses in a forensic intelligence perspective. Analytical data can feed criminal investigation and law enforcement by detecting and understanding the criminal phenomenon. Profiling seizures using chemical and packaging data constitutes a strong way to detect organised production and industrialised forms of criminality, and is the focus of this paper. Thirty-three seizures of a commonly counterfeited type of capsule have been studied. The results of the packaging and chemical analyses were gathered within an organised database. Strong linkage was found between the seizures at the different production steps, indicating the presence of a main counterfeit network dominating the market. The interpretation of the links with circumstantial data provided information about the production and the distribution of counterfeits coming from this network. This forensic intelligence perspective has the potential to be generalised to other types of products. This may be the only reliable approach to help the understanding of the organised crime phenomenon behind counterfeiting and to enable efficient strategic and operational decision making in an attempt to dismantle counterfeit network.

Audit report on Mills County, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on Mills County, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on Webster County, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on Webster County, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on the Xenia Rural Water District for the year ended December 31, 2010

Audit report on the Xenia Rural Water District for the year ended December 31, 2010

Audit report on Washington County, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on Washington County, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on the Iowa State Fair Authority for the year ended October 31, 2010

Audit report on the Iowa State Fair Authority for the year ended October 31, 2010

Audit report of the Rebuild Iowa Office for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report of the Rebuild Iowa Office for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on the City of Urbana, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on the City of Urbana, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

On the use of IRMS in forensic science: proposals for a methodological approach

The flourishing number of publications on the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in forensic science denotes the enthusiasm and the attraction generated by this technology. IRMS has demonstrated its potential to distinguish chemically identical compounds coming from different sources. Despite the numerous applications of IRMS to a wide range of forensic materials, its implementation in a forensic framework is less straightforward than it appears. In addition, each laboratory has developed its own strategy of analysis on calibration, sequence design, standards utilisation and data treatment without a clear consensus.Through the experience acquired from research undertaken in different forensic fields, we propose a methodological framework of the whole process using IRMS methods. We emphasize the importance of considering isotopic results as part of a whole approach, when applying this technology to a particular forensic issue. The process is divided into six different steps, which should be considered for a thoughtful and relevant application. The dissection of this process into fundamental steps, further detailed, enables a better understanding of the essential, though not exhaustive, factors that have to be considered in order to obtain results of quality and sufficiently robust to proceed to retrospective analyses or interlaboratory comparisons.

Audit report on the Central Iowa Juvenile Detention Center in Eldora, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on the Central Iowa Juvenile Detention Center in Eldora, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on the City of Dyersville, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on the City of Dyersville, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report of the Iowa State Prison Industries for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report of the Iowa State Prison Industries for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on America’s Agricultural Industrial Heritage Landscape, Inc., d/b/a Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area, in Waterloo, Iowa for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009

Audit report on America’s Agricultural Industrial Heritage Landscape, Inc., d/b/a Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area, in Waterloo, Iowa for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009

Audit report on the City of Clarence, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010

Audit report on the City of Clarence, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2010