Interdiffusion at Sb/Ge interfaces induced in thin multilayer films by nanosecond laser irradiation

Thin films consisting of 3 or 4 Sb and Ge alternating layers are irradiated with single nanosecond laser pulses (12 ns, 193 nm). Real time reflectivity (RTR) measurements are performed during irradiation, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is used to obtain the concentration depth profiles before and after irradiation. Interdiffusion of the elements takes place at the layer interfaces within the liquid phase. The reflectivity transients allow to determine the laser energy thresholds both to induce and to saturate the process being both thresholds dependent on the multilayer configuration. It is found that the energy threshold to initiate the process is lower when Sb is at the surface while the saturation is reached at lower energy densities in those configurations with thinner layers.

Produção de PCB recorrendo a tecnologia Laser

O elevado nível de integração e miniaturização dos componentes existente nos dias de hoje, criam novos desafios na concepção de circuitos impressos. Neste trabalho são apresentados métodos para interligação entre componentes, em circuitos impressos com elevado número de ligações, recorrendo a tecnologia laser. Foi desenvolvida uma máquina CNC de três eixos, para posicionamento de um laser, mantendo o suporte para as operações tradicionais com ferramentas. O sistema foi concebido para a produção de circuitos impressos por laser (fresagem e furação), no entanto a compatibilidade com outras ferramentas e acessórios presentes, possibilitam a execução de outros processos no mesmo equipamento, como remoção da máscara de solda, soldadura de componentes, colocação de pasta de solda, gravação, inspecção visual, entre outros. Com este trabalho, demonstra-se a importância dos circuitos impressos na evolução da electrónica, assim como se apresentam soluções para a sua concepção.

Caracterização e modelação de fissuras em edifícios utilizando 3D laser scanning, com vista à sua reabilitação

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Particle agglomeration study in rf silane plasmas: In situ study by polarization-sensitive laser light scattering

To determine self-consistently the time evolution of particle size and their number density in situ multi-angle polarization-sensitive laser light scattering was used. Cross-polarization intensities (incident and scattered light intensities with opposite polarization) measured at 135 degrees and ex situ transmission electronic microscopy analysis demonstrate the existence of nonspherical agglomerates during the early phase of agglomeration. Later in the particle time development both techniques reveal spherical particles again. The presence of strong cross-polarization intensities is accompanied by low-frequency instabilities detected on the scattered light intensities and plasma emission. It is found that the particle radius and particle number density during the agglomeration phase can be well described by the Brownian free molecule coagulation model. Application of this neutral particle coagulation model is justified by calculation of the particle charge whereby it is shown that particles of a few tens of nanometer can be considered as neutral under our experimental conditions. The measured particle dispersion can be well described by a Brownian free molecule coagulation model including a log-normal particle size distribution. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on scar tissue

Background: Physiotherapy has a very important role in the maintenance of the integumentary system integrity. There is very few evidence in humans. Nevertheless, there are some studies about tissue regeneration using low-level laser therapy (LLLT). Aim: To analyze the effectiveness of LLLT on scar tissue. Methods: Seventeen volunteers were stratified by age of their scars, and then randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG) — n = 9 – and a placebo group (PG) – n = 8. Fifteen sessions were conducted to both the groups thrice a week. However, in the PG, the laser device was switched off. Scars’ thickness, length, width, macroscopic aspect, pain threshold, pain perception, and itching were measured. Results: After 5 weeks, there were no statistically significant differences in any variable between both the groups. However, analyzing independently each group, EG showed a significant improvement in macroscopic aspect (p = 0.003) using LLLT. Taking into account the scars’ age, LLLT showed a tendency to decrease older scars’ thickness in EG. Conclusion: The intervention with LLLT appears to have a positive effect on the macroscopic scars’ appearance, and on old scars’ thickness, in the studied sample. However, it cannot be said for sure that LLLT has influence on scar tissue.

Tomographic imaging with a scanning laser ophtalmoscop

Retinal imaging with a confocal scaning laser Ophthalmoscope (cSLO) involves scanning a small laser beam over the retina and constructing an image from the reflected light. By applying the confocal principle, tomographic images can be produced by measuring a sequence of slices at different depths. However, the thickness of such slices, when compared with the retinal thickness, is too large to give useful 3D retinal images, if no processing is done. In this work, a prototype cSLO was modified in terms hardware and software to give the ability of doing the tomographic measurements with the maximum theoretical axial resolution possible. A model eye was built to test the performance of the system. A novel algorithm has been developed which fits a double Gaussian curve to the axial intensity profiles generated from a stack of images slices. The underlying assumption is that the laser light has mainly been reflected by two structures in the retina, the internal limiting membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium. From the fitted curve topographic images and novel thickness images of the retina can be generated. Deconvolution algorithms have also been developed to improve the axial resolution of the system, using a theoretically predicted cSLO point spread function. The technique was evaluated using measurements made on a model eye, four normal eyes and seven eyes containing retinal pathology. The reproducibility, accuracy and physiological measurements obtained, were compared with available published data, and showed good agreement. The difference in the measurements when using a double rather than a single Gaussian model was also analysed.

Multilevel high-voltage pulse generation based on a new modular solid-state switch

This paper describes a modular solid-state switching cell derived from the Marx generator concept to be used in topologies for generating multilevel unipolar and bipolar high-voltage (HV) pulses into resistive loads. The switching modular cell comprises two ON/OFF semiconductors, a diode, and a capacitor. This cell can be stacked, being the capacitors charged in series and their voltages balanced in parallel. To balance each capacitor voltage without needing any parameter measurement, a vector decision diode algorithm is used in each cell to drive the two switches. Simulation and experimental results, for generating multilevel unipolar and bipolar HV pulses into resistive loads are presented.

A CMOS variable width short-pulse generator circuit for UWB RADAR applications

IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 2713 – 2716, Seattle, EUA

Non-volatile analysis in fruits by laser resonant ionization spectrometry: application to resveratrol (3,5,4 -trihydroxystilbene) in grapes

Applied Physics B Lasers and Optics, vol.71

PINPIN a-Si: H based structures for X-ray image detection using the laser scanning technique

Conventional film based X-ray imaging systems are being replaced by their digital equivalents. Different approaches are being followed by considering direct or indirect conversion, with the later technique dominating. The typical, indirect conversion, X-ray panel detector uses a phosphor for X-ray conversion coupled to a large area array of amorphous silicon based optical sensors and a couple of switching thin film transistors (TFT). The pixel information can then be readout by switching the correspondent line and column transistors, routing the signal to an external amplifier. In this work we follow an alternative approach, where the electrical switching performed by the TFT is replaced by optical scanning using a low power laser beam and a sensing/switching PINPIN structure, thus resulting in a simpler device. The optically active device is a PINPIN array, sharing both front and back electrical contacts, deposited over a glass substrate. During X-ray exposure, each sensing side photodiode collects photons generated by the scintillator screen (560 nm), charging its internal capacitance. Subsequently a laser beam (445 nm) scans the switching diodes (back side) retrieving the stored charge in a sequential way, reconstructing the image. In this paper we present recent work on the optoelectronic characterization of the PINPIN structure to be incorporated in the X-ray image sensor. The results from the optoelectronic characterization of the device and the dependence on scanning beam parameters are presented and discussed. Preliminary results of line scans are also presented. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Laser welding of shape memory alloys

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Laser-induced diffusion decomposition in Fe-V thin-film alloys

We investigate the origin of ferromagnetism induced in thin-film (similar to 20 nm) Fe-V alloys by their irradiation with subpicosecond laser pulses. We find with Rutherford backscattering that the magnetic modifications follow a thermally stimulated process of diffusion decomposition, with formation of a-few-nm-thick Fe enriched layer inside the film. Surprisingly, similar transformations in the samples were also found after their long-time (similar to 10(3) s) thermal annealing. However, the laser action provides much higher diffusion coefficients (similar to 4 orders of magnitude) than those obtained under standard heat treatments. We get a hint that this ultrafast diffusion decomposition occurs in the metallic glassy state achievable in laser-quenched samples. This vitrification is thought to be a prerequisite for the laser-induced onset of ferromagnetism that we observe. 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Magnetic pulse welding

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Sistema de visão e laser para percepção em ambientes subaquáticos

A exploração do meio subaquático utilizando visão computacional é ainda um processo complexo. Geralmente são utilizados sistemas de visão baseados em visão stereo, no entanto, esta abordagem apresenta limitações, é pouco precisa e é exigente em termos computacionais quando o meio de operação é o subaquático. Estas limitações surgem principalmente em dois cenários de aplicação: quando existe escassez de iluminação e em operações junto a infraestruturas subaquáticas. Consequentemente, a solução reside na utilização de fontes de informação sensorial alternativas ou complementares ao sistema de visão computacional. Neste trabalho propõe-se o desenvolvimento de um sistema de percepção subaquático que combina uma câmara e um projetor laser de um feixe em linha, onde o projetor de luz estruturada _e utilizado como fonte de informação. Em qualquer sistema de visão computacional, e ainda mais relevante em sistemas baseados em triangulação, a sua correta calibração toma um papel fulcral para a qualidade das medidas obtidas com o sistema. A calibração do sistema de visão laser foi dividida em duas etapas. A primeira etapa diz respeito à calibração da câmara, onde são definidos os parâmetros intrínsecos e os parâmetros extrínsecos relativos a este sensor. A segunda etapa define a relação entre a câmara e o laser, sendo esta etapa necessária para a obtenção de imagens tridimensionais. Assim, um dos principais desafios desta dissertação passou por resolver o problema da calibração inerente a este sistema. Desse modo, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta que requer, pelo menos duas fotos do padrão de xadrez, com perspectivas diferentes. O método proposto foi caracterizado e validado em ambientes secos e subaquáticos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o sistema _e preciso e os valores de profundidade obtidos apresentam um erro significativamente baixo (inferiores a 1 mm), mesmo com uma base-line (distância entre a centro óptico da câmara e o plano de incidência do laser) reduzida.

Optimização da focagem de feixes laser em tecidos biológicos: desenvolvimento de um simulador óptico

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica