A vibrational spectroscopic study of tengerite-(Y) Y2(CO3)3 2–3H2O

The mineral tengerite-(Y) has been studied by vibrational spectroscopy. Multiple carbonate stretching modes are observed and support the concept of non-equivalent carbonate units in the tengerite-(Y) structure. Intense sharp bands at 464, 479 and 508 cm−1 are assigned to YO stretching modes. Raman bands at 765 and 775 cm−1 are assigned to the CO32− ν4 bending modes and Raman bands at 589, 611, 674 and 689 cm−1 are assigned to the CO32− ν2 bending modes. Multiple Raman and infrared bands in the OH stretching region are observed, proving the existence of water in different molecular environments in the structure of tengerite-(Y).

SEM, EDX and vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral ushkovite MgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O: Implications of the molecular structure

The mineral ushkovite has been analyzed using a combination of electron microscopy with EDX and vibrational spectroscopy. Chemical analysis shows the mineral contains P, Mg with very minor Fe. Thus, the formula of the studied ushkovite is Mg32+(PO4)2·8H2O. The Raman spectrum shows an intense band at 953 cm−1 assigned to the ν1 symmetric stretching mode. In the infrared spectra complexity exists with multiple antisymmetric stretching vibrations observed, due to the reduced tetrahedral symmetry. This loss of degeneracy is also reflected in the bending modes. Strong infrared bands around 827 cm−1 are attributed to water librational modes. The Raman spectra of the hydroxyl-stretching region are complex with overlapping broad bands. Hydroxyl stretching vibrations are identified at 2881, 2998, 3107, 3203, 3284 and 3457 cm−1. The wavenumber band at 3457 cm−1 is attributed to the presence of FeOH groups. This complexity is reflected in the water HOH bending modes where a strong infrared band centered around 1653 cm−1 is found. Such a band reflects the strong hydrogen bonding of the water molecules to the phosphate anions in adjacent layers. Spectra show three distinct OH bending bands from strongly hydrogen-bonded, weakly hydrogen bonded water and non-hydrogen bonded water. Vibrational spectroscopy enhances our knowledge of the molecular structure of ushkovite.

Temporal

An evolving meditation upon the complex, periodic processes that mark Australia’s seasonality, and our increasing ability to disturb them. By amplifying and shining light upon a myriad of mysterious lives lived in blackness, the work presents a sensuous, deep engagement with the rich, irregular spectras of seasonal forms: whilst hinting at a far less comforting background increasingly framed by anthropogenic climate change. ’Temporal’ uses custom interactive systems, illusionary techniques and real time spatial audio processes that draw upon a rich array of media, including seasonal, nocturnal field recordings sourced in the Bundaberg region and detailed observations of foliage & flowering phases from that region. By drawing inspiration from the subtle transitions between what Europeans once named ‘Summer’ and ‘Autumn’ and the multiple seasons recognised by other cultures, whilst also including bodily disturbances within the work, ’Temporal’ creates a compellingly immersive environment that wraps audiences in luscious yet ominous atmospheres beyond sight and hearing. This work completes a two year long project of dynamic mediated installations that have been presented in Sydney, Beijing, Cairns and Bundanon, that have each been somehow choreographed by environmental cycles; alluding to a new framework for making works that we named ‘Seasonal’. These powerful, responsive & experiential works each draw attention to that which will disappear when biodiverse worlds have descended into an era of permanent darkness – an ‘extinction of human experience’. By tapping into the deeply interlocking seasonal cycles of environments that are themselves intimately linked with social, geographical & political concerns, participating audiences are therefore challenged to see the night, their locality & ecologies in new ways through extending their personal limits of perception, imagery & comprehension.

The future of outsourcing in the Asia-Pacific region: Implications for research and practice—panel report from PACIS 2014

This paper summarizes a panel discussion held at the 18th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS) in Chengdu, China, 2014, with the same title. The panel discussed the future of outsourcing in the Asia-Pacific region (specifically the importance of outsourcing, new trends, and issues in outsourcing). This paper provides directions for future research that surpasses regional specificity (i.e., the Asia-Pacific region), and contributes to research interests on outsourcing in general.

Effective intercalation of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) into hydrocalumite: Mechanism discussion via near-infrared and mid-infrared investigations

The intercalation of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), into hydrocalumite (CaAl-LDH-Cl) was investigated in this study. To understand the intercalation behavior, X-ray diffraction (XRD), mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were undertaken. The near-infrared spectra indicated a special spectral range from 6000 to 5600cm-1and prominent bands of CaAl-LDH-Cl intercalated with SDS around 8388cm-1. This band was assigned to the second overtone of the first fundamental of CH stretching vibrations of SDS, and it could be used to determinate the result of CaAl-LDH-Cl modified by SDS. Moreover, the results revealed that different adsorption behaviors were observed at different (high and low) concentrations of SDS. When the SDS concentration was around 0.2molL-1, anion exchange intercalation occurred and the interlayer distance expanded to about 3.25nm. When SDS concentration was 0.005molL-1, the surface adsorption of DS- was the major anion exchange event.

Near infrared spectroscopy of marble from Chillagoe, Australia and in comparison with other selected natural carbonates

Marble from the Chillagoe deposits was extensively used in the construction of Australia’s parliament house. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been applied to study the quality of marble from the Chillagoe marble deposits and to distinguish between different types of marble in the Chillagoe deposits. A comparison of the NIR spectra of marble with dolomite and monohydrocalcite is made. The spectrum of the marble closely resembles that of monohydrocalcite and is different from that of dolomite. The infrared spectra of the minerals are characterised by OH and water stretching vibrations. Both the first and second fundamental overtones of these bands are observed in the NIR spectra. Marble is characterised by NIR bands at 4005, 4268 and 4340 cm–1, attributed to carbonate combination bands and overtones. Marble also shows NIR bands at 5005, 5106, 5234 and 5334 cm–1 assigned to water combination bands. Finally the NIR spectrum of the marble displays broad low-intensity features centred upon 6905 cm–1 attributed to the water first overtones. It appears feasible to identify marble through the use of NIR spectroscopy.

Infrared and Raman spectroscopic characterization of the carbonate bearing silicate mineral aerinite – Implications for the molecular structure

The mineral aerinite is an interesting mineral because it contains both silicate and carbonate units which is unusual. It is also a highly colored mineral being bright blue/purple. We have studied aerinite using a combination of techniques which included scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Raman bands at 1049 and 1072 cm−1 are assigned to the carbonate symmetric stretching mode. This observation supports the concept of the non-equivalence of the carbonate units in the structure of aerinite. Multiple infrared bands at 1354, 1390 and 1450 cm−1 supports this concept. Raman bands at 933 and 974 cm−1 are assigned to silicon–oxygen stretching vibrations. Multiple hydroxyl stretching and bending vibrations show that water is in different molecular environments in the aerinite structure.

Near infrared spectroscopy of selected natural magnesium carbonates: implications for geosequestration

The approach to remove greenhouse gases by pumping liquid CO2 several kilometres below the ground implies that many carbonate containing minerals will be formed. Among these minerals, the formation of hydromagnesite, dypingite and nesquehonite are possible, thus necessitating a study of such minerals. These minerals with a hydrotalcite-related formulae have been characterised by a combination of infrared and near infrared spectroscopy. Layered double hydroxides (also known as anionic clays or hydrotalcites) are a group of layered clay minerals described by the general formula: [M1–x2+Mx3+(OH)2]x+[An–]x/n∙mH2O. The infrared spectra of the minerals are characterised by OH and water stretching vibrations. Both the first and second fundamental overtones of these bands are observed in the NIR spectra in the 7030–7235 cm–1 and 10,490–10,570 cm–1 spectral ranges. Intense (CO3)2– symmetrical and anti-symmetrical stretching vibrations confirm the distortion of the carbonate anion. The position of the water bending vibration indicates water is strongly hydrogen-bonded to the carbonate anion in the mineral structure. NIR spectroscopy offers a method for quickly analysing such materials.

Raman and infrared spectroscopic study of turquoise minerals

Raman and infrared spectra of three well-defined turquoise samples, CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O, from Lavender Pit, Bisbee, Cochise county, Arizona; Kouroudaiko mine, Faleme river, Senegal and Lynch Station, Virginia were studied, interpreted and compared. Observed Raman and infrared bands were assigned to the stretching and bending vibrations of phosphate tetrahedra, water molecules and hydroxyl ions. Approximate O–H⋯O hydrogen bond lengths were inferred from the Raman and infrared spectra. No Raman and infrared bands attributable to the stretching and bending vibrations of (PO3OH)2− units were observed.

Anti-tumour effects of antibodies targeting the extracellular cysteine-rich region of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB4

EphB4 is a membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) commonly over-produced by many epithelial cancers but with low to no expression in most normal adult tissues. EphB4 over-production promotes ligand-independent signaling pathways that increase cancer cell viability and stimulate migration and invasion. Several studies have shown that normal ligand-dependent signaling is tumour suppressive and therefore novel therapeutics which block the tumour promoting ligand-independent signaling and/or stimulate tumour suppressive ligand-dependent signaling will find application in the treatment of cancer. An EphB4-specific polyclonal antibody, targeting a region of 200 amino acids in the extracellular portion of EphB4, showed potent in vitro anti-cancer effects measured by an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in anchorage independent growth. Peptide exclusion was used to identify the epitope targeted by this antibody within the cysteine-rich region of the EphB4 protein, a sequence defined as a potential ligand interacting interface. Addition of antibody to cancer cells resulted in phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of the EphB4 protein, suggesting a mechanism that is ligand mimetic and tumour suppressive. A monoclonal antibody which specifically targets this identified extracellular epitope of EphB4 significantly reduced breast cancer xenograft growth in vivo confirming that EphB4 is a useful target for ligand-mimicking antibody-based anti-cancer therapies.

Raman and infrared spectroscopic characterization of the silicate mineral lamprophyllite

The mineral lamprophyllite is fundamentally a silicate based upon tetrahedral siloxane units with extensive substitution in the formula. Lamprophyllite is a complex group of sorosilicates with general chemical formula given as A2B4C2Si2O7(X)4, where the site A can be occupied by strontium, barium, sodium, and potassium; the B site is occupied by sodium, titanium, iron, manganese, magnesium, and calcium. The site C is mainly occupied by titanium or ferric iron and X includes the anions fluoride, hydroxyl, and oxide. Chemical composition shows a homogeneous phase, composed of Si, Na, Ti, and Fe. This complexity of formula is reflected in the complexity of both the Raman and infrared spectra. The Raman spectrum is characterized by intense bands at 918 and 940 cm−1. Other intense Raman bands are found at 576, 671, and 707 cm−1. These bands are assigned to the stretching and bending modes of the tetrahedral siloxane units.

Raman and infrared spectroscopic study of the borate mineral kaliborite

We have studied the mineral kaliborite. The sample originated from the Inder B deposit, Atyrau Province, Kazakhstan, and is part of the collection of the Geology Department of the Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The mineral is characterized by a single intense Raman band at 756 cm−1 assigned to the symmetric stretching modes of trigonal boron. Raman bands at 1229 and 1309 cm−1 are assigned to hydroxyl in-plane bending modes of boron hydroxyl units. Raman bands are resolved at 2929, 3041, 3133, 3172, 3202, 3245, 3336, 3398, and 3517 cm−1. These Raman bands are assigned to water stretching vibrations. A very intense sharp Raman band at 3597 cm−1 with a shoulder band at 3590 cm−1 is assigned to the stretching vibration of the hydroxyl units. The Raman data are complimented with infrared data and compared with the spectrum of kaliborite downloaded from the Arizona State University database. Differences are noted between the spectrum obtained in this work and that from the Arizona State University database. This research shows that minerals stored in a museum mineral collection age with time. Vibrational spectroscopy enhances our knowledge of the molecular structure of kaliborite.

Genetic architecture of subcortical brain regions: Common and region-specific genetic contributions

Understanding the aetiology of patterns of variation within and covariation across brain regions is key to advancing our understanding of the functional, anatomical and developmental networks of the brain. Here we applied multivariate twin modelling and principal component analysis (PCA) to investigate the genetic architecture of the size of seven subcortical regions (caudate nucleus, thalamus, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens) in a genetically informative sample of adolescents and young adults (N=1038; mean age=21.6±3.2years; including 148 monozygotic and 202 dizygotic twin pairs) from the Queensland Twin IMaging (QTIM) study. Our multivariate twin modelling identified a common genetic factor that accounts for all the heritability of intracranial volume (0.88) and a substantial proportion of the heritability of all subcortical structures, particularly those of the thalamus (0.71 out of 0.88), pallidum (0.52 out of 0.75) and putamen (0.43 out of 0.89). In addition, we also found substantial region-specific genetic contributions to the heritability of the hippocampus (0.39 out of 0.79), caudate nucleus (0.46 out of 0.78), amygdala (0.25 out of 0.45) and nucleus accumbens (0.28 out of 0.52). This provides further insight into the extent and organization of subcortical genetic architecture, which includes developmental and general growth pathways, as well as the functional specialization and maturation trajectories that influence each subcortical region. This multivariate twin study identifies a common genetic factor that accounts for all the heritability of intracranial volume (0.88) and a substantial proportion of the heritability of all subcortical structures, particularly those of the thalamus (0.71 out of 0.88), pallidum (0.52 out of 0.75) and putamen (0.43 out of 0.89). In parallel, it also describes substantial region-specific genetic contributions to the heritability of the hippocampus (0.39 out of 0.79), caudate nucleus (0.46 out of 0.78), amygdala (0.25 out of 0.45) and nucleus accumbens (0.28 out of 0.52).

Patterned fen formation and development from the Great Sandy Region, south-east Queensland, Australia

The Great Sandy Region (incorporating Fraser Island and the Cooloola sand-mass), south-east Queensland, contains a significant area of Ramsar-listed coastal wetlands, including the globally important patterned fen complexes. These mires form an elaborate network of pools surrounded by vegetated peat ridges and are the only known subtropical, Southern Hemisphere examples, with wetlands of this type typically located in high northern latitudes. Sedimentological, palynological and charcoal analysis from the Wathumba and Moon Point complexes on Fraser Island indicate two periods of swamp formation (that may contain patterned fens), one commencing at 12 000 years ago (Moon Point) and the other ~4300 years ago (Wathumba). Wetland formation and development is thought to be related to a combination of biological and hydrological processes with the dominant peat-forming rush, Empodisma minus, being an important component of both patterned and non-patterned mires within the region. In contrast to Northern Hemisphere paludifying systems, the patterning appears to initiate at the start of wetland development or as part of an infilling process. The wetlands dominated by E. minus are highly resilient to disturbance, particularly burning and sea level alterations, and appear to form important refuge areas for amphibians, fish and birds (both non-migratory and migratory) over thousands of years.

Phylogeography of two freshwater prawn species from far-northern Queensland

The distribution of a freshwater species is often dependent on its ability to disperse within the riverine system. Species with high dispersal abilities tend to be widespread, whereas those with restricted dispersal tend to be geographically restricted and are usually given higher conservation priority. Population structure was compared between a widespread freshwater prawn species, Macrobrachium australiense, and a narrow-range endemic freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium koombooloomba. The distribution of M. australiense and M. koombooloomba did not overlap, although suggested historical river-boundary rearrangements indicate that there has been the potential for dispersal into neighbouring catchments. A fragment of the mtDNA CO1 gene was analysed and a Mantel test revealed a significant isolation by distance effect for both species. Significant overall FST values confirmed that both species exhibited low levels of dispersal, a prediction for populations inhabiting a fragmented upland environment. The level of structure in M. australiense is surprising for a widely distributed species. Not all M. australiense populations conformed to the stream-hierarchy model, with results being best explained by historical river realignment or cross-catchment dispersal. The fact that both species show limited dispersal highlights the importance of conservation in highland areas for both endemic and widely spread species.