Eficiência de uma ETE em escala real composta por reator UASB seguido de lodo ativado

In the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, there are about 80 sewage treatment systems being the predominant technology waste stabilization ponds. The Baldo s WWTP , due to its location and low availability of area, was designed as a hybrid conventional system (UASB reactor followed by activated sludge with biodiscs) at a tertiary level, being the most advanced WWTP in the State and also with the larger treatment capacity (1620 m3/h) .The paper presents the results of its performance based on samples collections from May to December 2012. Composite samples of the effluent of the grit chamber, UASB reactors, anoxic chambers, aeration tanks and treated effluent were collected weekly, every 4 hours for 24 hours. The results showed that the WWTP effluent presented adequate ranges of temperatures, pH and DO, however removal efficiencies of BOD and TSS were below the predicted by design. The UASB reactors also showed removals of BOD and TSS less than expected, due to the accumulation of sludge in the reactors, which eventually, was washed out in the effluent. The nitrification process was not satisfactory mainly due to problems in the oxygen distribution in the aeration tanks. The removal of ammonia and TKN were high, probably by the assimilation process

Caracterização e avaliação do macro sistema urbano de distribuição de água de Natal RN

The aim of this study is to characterize and evaluate the Macro System of Regional Water Distribution Natal North (RNN) and Southern Regional Natal (RNS), covering 35% and 65% respectively of the Natal-RN City. The terms of the quality and quantity of water (surface and groundwater) were also evaluated in order to adjust the parameters that contribute to proper distribution and control in water reserves. The methodology of the work took place from collecting volumetric data of production capacity and distribution of the two treatment plants for Regional as well as the flow rates of wells. Yet the quantitative capacity of reservation, distribution and consumption of the main reservoirs, population numbers and consumption of members neighborhoods were collected. Data were tabulated and used in computational simulator EPANET to diagnose possible through the water balance, the offers and demands on the water supply system in the neighborhoods of the capital, linking them to specific distribution points. We also evaluated the wells in the levels of nitrate in water consumed. As a result it was found that some neighborhoods in the South Regional Natal, was ranked as critical supply situation: City of Hope, Lagoa Nova and Nova Descoberta, where demand exceeds supply. While in most Northern Regional Natal present deficiency in the supply system as: Lagoa Azul, the Parque dos Coqueiros, igapó, Amarante and Salinas. The rates of nitrate in the city were significant, but manageable with corrective and preventive measures. The averages were 12 mg /l-N in Candelária, 10 mg/l-N in Lagoa Nova, 9 mg/l-N in Satelite, 20 mg/l-N in Gramore and 15 mg/l-N in N. Sra. Apresentação. Therefore proper distribution of water abstracted and implementation of quality control ensures the supply required by the system, associated with preservation of Water Resources of the Metropolitan Region of Natal

Susceptibility of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria from the alcohol industry to several antimicrobial compounds

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Obtenção de oligossacarídeos N-ligados às glicoproteínas dos líquens Sticta tomentosa e Sticta damaecornis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação da genotoxicidade das águas do lençol freático sob a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

The groundwater represents the most important freshwater supply of planet. Dailly, in all world a great amount of toxic and genotoxic material reaches the aquatic systems, mainly the aquifers. The Barreiras aquifer through of five water wells is responsible for the supplying of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). All water wells are polluted with nitrate and some heavy metals, two of them were disabled. The genotoxicity of groundwater samples from Barreiras Aquifer in UFRN was assessed using the Allium cepa test, the Ames test and the Salmonella typhymurium microsuspension test (Kado test). For the Allium cepa test the influence of the groundwater samples collected on macroscopic (root length, colour and form) and microscopic (root tip mitotic index, chromosome aberrations and micronucleus) parameters was examined. All water samples caused a significant increase of the chromosome and mitotic aberration frequency and reduction on the rooth growth compared to negative control. Bridges and chromosome stickness were the most frequent kind of aberration in dividing cells. Furthermore, breaks were also observed. No significant increase in the number of micronuclei was found in relation to the negative controls. For Ames test were used the Salmonella typhymurium strains TA98 and TA100 without metabolic activation, applying the direct method. Prior to the Kado test, organic fractions from the water samples were obtained through XAD resin concentration. The mutagenicity organic extracts were evaluated by Kado test using TA98 and TA100 strains, in the absence and presence of S9 mix (metabolic activation). The concentrations of seven heavy metal ions were measured in water samples, but only Ni, Cu and Cr levels exceeded the permissible maximum concentration for the natural reservoirs. The results obtained for mutagenic activity using the Ames test were negative in all raw water samples analyzed. Positive results in XAD4 extracts of water samples were obtained for TA98 in the presence of S9 mix for two stations. Concentrations of heavy metals and nitrate can be correlated with the toxicity and genotoxicity of water analyzed. The mutagenic effect detected with TA98 strain suggested that organic compounds (after metabolization) are involved with the mutagenicity detected in the samples analyzed. The data set obtained in this work indicated the presence of at least two classes of mutagens: organic and inorganic compounds

Análise molecular dos éxons 8 a 11 do gene da p53 em amostras de câncer de colo de útero no Rio Grande do Norte

Mutations on TP53 gene are common in human cancer but not in cervical cancer where they are rarely found and the inactivation and degradation of p53 protein are attributed to the action of E6 viral oncogene from high risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Analysis of cervical cancer cell lines suggests that HPV negative samples shows mutation on TP53, but clinical approaches didn t confirmed this hypothesis. However, in most TP53 mutations studies on cervical cancer, only the exons 5 to 8 were analyzed. Approximately 90% of mutations described are on this region. Recent studies on several cancer suggests that mutation frequency in the other exons must be considered. The aim of this work was to verify whether mutations on coding and non-coding regions occur in cancer tissue from cervical cancer in patients from Rio Grande do Norte using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) as screening tool. Exons 8 to 11 were analyzed including some introns from 80 tumor samples and 8 peripheral blood samples from healthy women. DNA were submitted to PCR using primers with GC clamp on the end of one of them. The results were observed for each region after DGGE and silver staining. It was observed no amplified fragment with different migration profile from those obtained from DNA of peripheral blood. These results agree with those from literature where TP53 mutations in cervical cancer have been described in a very low frequency

Synthesis and characterization of mono and polymeric cyclopalladated compounds: Crystal and molecular structure of [{Pd(dmba)(ONO2)}(2)(mu-pz)] center dot H2O (pz = pyrazine)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Study of Monoethanolamine Nitrate Content Reduction in Explosive Slurries

The reduction of the fuel content of a monoethanolamine nitrate (MEAN) fueled explosive slurry was investigated. The work was performed in three phases. The first one involved the MEAN content reduction in a reference slurry from its initial value of 36 down to 24% by weight, the balance being filled with ammonium nitrate, the least expensive item in the slurry composition. This proved to be successful, leading to an overall cost reduction of 17%, while keeping the overall performance quite satisfactory. The second phase consisted in trying to bring the MEAN content down from 24 to 17%. Although this led to further cost reduction, the formulations, obtained by substituting part of the MEAN content by ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO), produced unsatisfactory results regarding ignition and densities. In the third phase, the Design of Experiments Technique was used to find formulations displaying not only lower cost, but also acceptable overall performance. This led to a raw material cost reduction ranging from 23 to 26% relative to the initial reference slurry formulation.

Estudo da modificação de bentonita para a remoção de fenol em águas produzidas na indústria de petróleo

This study evaluates the inclusion of quaternary ammonium salt, bromide hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium (HDTMA-Br) on sodium bentonite to evaluate their performance on the adsorption of phenol present in produced water. It was observed an increase in d001 samples modified with HDTMA-Br by diffraction of X-rays, showing the intercalation of quaternary ammonium cations in the interlamellar layers of clay. Through the adsorption isotherms could be abserver adsorption behavior of sodium bentonite and organophilic bentonite produced in three different concentrations of HDTMA-Br for adsorption of phenol, which is the main phenolic compound found in the product water. Different concentrations of synthetic solutions of phenol were placed in contact with these adsorbents under the same conditions of agitation and temperature. The adsorbent showed adsorptive favorable, especially the clay modified with the highest concentration of HDTMA-Br, 150% CEC of clay, BEN30-14, with higher amounts of phenol adsorbed per gram of adsorbent (mg.g-1)

Utilização de microemulsão na remoção da cor de efluentes têxteis contendo corantes dispersos

Polyester fibers are the most used fibers in the world and disperse dyes are used for dyeing these fibers. After dyeing, the colorful dyebath is discharged into effluent streams, which needs a special treatment for color removal. Surfactants interaction with dyes has been evaluated in several studies, including the textile area, specifically in the separation of dyes from textile wastewater. In this work a cationic surfactant was used in a microemulsion system for the extraction of anionic dyes (disperses dyes) from textile wastewater. These microemulsion system was composed by dodecylamonium chloride (surfactant), kerosene oil (organic phase), isoamyl alcohol (cosurfactant) and the wastewater (aqueous phase). The wastewater that results after the dyeing process is acid (pH 5). It was observed that changing the pH value to above 12.8 the extraction could be made, resulting in an aqueous phase with low color level. The Scheffé net experimental design was used for the extraction process optimization, and the obtained results were evaluated using the program "Statistica 7.0". The optimal microemulsion system was composed by 59.8wt.% of wastewater, 30.1wt.% of kerosene, 3.37wt.% of surfactant and 6.73wt.% of cosurfactant, providing extraction upper than 96%. A mix of reactive dyebath (50%) and disperse dyebath (50%) was used as aqueous phase and it presented extraction upper than 98%. The water phase after extraction process can be reused in a new dyeing, being obtained satisfactory results, according to the limits established by textile industry for a good dyeing. Tests were accomplished seeking to study the influence of salt addition and temperature. An experimental design was used for this purpose, which showed that the extraction doesn't depend on those factors. In this way, the removal of color from textile wastewater by microemulsion is a viable technique (that does not depend of external factors such as salinity and temperature), being obtained good extraction results even with in wastewater mixtures

Estudo da mistura comercial dolomita-quartzo, dopada com Hg(I), Cd(II) e Cr(III), para adsorção de H2S

The present work was to carry out a study on the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in arrays synthesized from a commercial clay mineral formed by a mixture of dolomite and quartz. To produce the ion exchange matrix were made using aqueous solutions of salts of cobalt II chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O) II cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (Cd (NO3)2.4H2O) I mercuric chloride (HgCl) nitrate and chromium III pentahydrate (Cr (NO3)3.5H2O). The arrays were subjected to hydrogen sulphide gas passage for one hour. To check the amount of gas adsorbed was used gravimetric process. The best result was in the adsorption matrix doped with cadmium and the solution retained for a longer time than the largest amount of H2S was the cobalt matrix. The matrix unmodified exhibited poor adsorption capacity. The characterization of the matrices were used XRD, XRF and IV. Mother with cadmium showed a high capacity in ion exchange, because the percentage of cadmium increased from 0% to 81.38% by replacing atoms of calcium and silicon which increased from 96.54% to 17.56% and 15, 72% to 0.32%, respectively, but also the best performance in adsorption of H2S adsorbing 11.89507 mg per gram of matrix

Fontes e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em feijoeiro de inverno sob sistema plantio direto

O aproveitamento do nitrogênio pelo feijoeiro é dependende da fonte, dose e época de aplicação. Com o objetivo de se avaliar o efeito de fontes e épocas de aplicação de N sobre feijoeiro cultivado em sistema plantio direto, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho, no município de Selvíria (MS), em 2006 e 2007, com os tratamentos dispostos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x6, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas fontes de N (ureia, entec e sulfato de amônio) e épocas de aplicação (testemunha - sem N, semeadura, estádio de desenvolvimento V3, estádio de desenvolvimento V4-5, 1/3 semeadura + 2/3 estádio V3 e 1/3 semeadura + 2/3 estádio V4-5). As fontes de N tiveram influência semelhante sobre a produtividade do feijoeiro, afetando apenas o teor de N foliar, em 2006, sendo que a utilização de entec proporcionou concentrações do nutriente, nas folhas, equivalentes às da ureia. A aplicação de todo o N na semeadura afetou a população inicial e final de plantas, em 2006, sendo que o mesmo não foi observado em 2007. As épocas de aplicação não influenciaram na produtividade de grãos da cultura, em ambos os anos de cultivo, porém, em 2006, a adubação nitrogenada incrementou a produtividade em mais de 100%, em média, independentemente da época de aplicação.

Resposta de cultivares de trigo ao nitrogênio em relação às fontes e épocas de aplicação sob plantio direto e irrigação por aspersão

A adubação nitrogenada é de suma importância para a cultura do trigo, já que o nitrogênio constitui um dos nutrientes mais exigidos por essa cultura e o rendimento desta é função direta da quantidade de nutrientes acumulados pela planta. Foram testados os adubos nitrogenados: sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação, sulfato de amônio e uréia, na dose de 70 kg de N ha-1; em duas épocas de aplicação, na linha de semeadura ou em cobertura, além da testemunha que não recebeu nitrogênio como tratamento, em quatro cultivares de trigo irrigado: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) 21, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) 22, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) 42 e IAC 370. O experimento foi conduzido sob irrigação por aspersão em dois anos (2005 e 2006) em área experimental pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira UNESP/São Paulo - Brasil. As fontes de nitrogênio sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação, sulfato de amônio e uréia não diferiram entre si, porém foram superiores à testemunha, em relação à produtividade de grãos. A aplicação do N todo em cobertura proporcionou aumento na produtividade de grãos. O comportamento das cultivares quanto aos componentes de produção e produtividade foram dependentes do ano em estudo.

Influência de fontes e modos de aplicação de nitrogênio nos componentes da produção e produtividade do milho irrigado no cerrado

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar os efeitos de fontes nitrogenadas: sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação, sulfato de amônio e uréia, aplicadas na semeadura e/ou em cobertura, sobre teores de N foliar e clorofila, componentes da produção e produtividade do milho no verão, na região de cerrado sob irrigação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, nos anos agrícolas de 2006/2007 e 2007/2008. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5, sendo: três fontes de nitrogênio aplicadas na semeadura e/ou em cobertura, no estádio de 8 folhas completamente desdobradas, em 5 modos de aplicação (0 + 120; 30 + 90; 60 + 60; 90 + 30 e 120 + 0 kg ha-1 de N). O sulfonitrato de amônio + inibidor de nitrificação difere em relação ao sulfato de amônio quantos aos componentes da produção do milho cultivado no verão, independentemente da época de aplicação. A aplicação de 120 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio usando a uréia em aplicação única no estádio de oito folhas na cultura do milho e em períodos com alta precipitação pluvial afeta negativamente os teores foliares de N no milho e resulta em menor produtividade de grãos em relação à aplicação da mesma dose na semeadura.

Doses, fontes e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em trigo irrigado em plantio direto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de doses e fontes de nitrogênio, sobre os componentes de produção e a produtividade de trigo irrigado (Triticum aestivum), aplicados na semeadura ou em cobertura, sob plantio direto. Foram utilizadas fontes com e sem inibidor de nitrificação (Entec), aplicadas ao sulco de semeadura ou em cobertura. O trigo foi cultivado em Selvíria, MS, em região de cerrado de baixa altitude. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 5x3x2. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de: cinco doses de N, 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1; três fontes, Entec, sulfato de amônio e ureia; e duas épocas de aplicação, na semeadura, ao lado das linhas, ou em cobertura. As fontes de N tiveram efeito semelhante sobre a altura de plantas e a produtividade de grãos do trigo irrigado. A aplicação total de N na semeadura e a aplicação tradicional, em semeadura e cobertura, são igualmente viáveis. O incremento das doses de N até a dose de 121,5 kg ha-1, em média, aumenta a produtividade de grãos, independentemente da época de aplicação e da fonte de N utilizada.