Underlying Event measurements in pp collisions at root s=0.9 and 7 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC

We present measurements of Underlying Event observables in pp collisions at root s = 0 : 9 and 7 TeV. The analysis is performed as a function of the highest charged-particle transverse momentum p(T),L-T in the event. Different regions are defined with respect to the azimuthal direction of the leading (highest transverse momentum) track: Toward, Transverse and Away. The Toward and Away regions collect the fragmentation products of the hardest partonic interaction. The Transverse region is expected to be most sensitive to the Underlying Event activity. The study is performed with charged particles above three different p(T) thresholds: 0.15, 0.5 and 1.0 GeV/c. In the Transverse region we observe an increase in the multiplicity of a factor 2-3 between the lower and higher collision energies, depending on the track p(T) threshold considered. Data are compared to PYTHIA 6.4, PYTHIA 8.1 and PHOJET. On average, all models considered underestimate the multiplicity and summed p(T) in the Transverse region by about 10-30%.

VALIDATION OF THE LAND WATER STORAGE FROM GRAVITY RECOVERY AND CLIMATE EXPERIMENT (GRACE) WITH GAUGE DATA IN THE AMAZON BASIN

The Amazon basin is a region of constant scientific interest due to its environmental importance and its biodiversity and climate on a global scale. The seasonal variations in water volume are one of the examples of topics studied nowadays. In general, the variations in river levels depend primarily on the climate and physics characteristics of the corresponding basins. The main factor which influences the water level in the Amazon Basin is the intensive rainfall over this region as a consequence of the humidity of the tropical climate. Unfortunately, the Amazon basin is an area with lack of water level information due to difficulties in access for local operations. The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the Equivalent Water Height (Ewh) from GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) mission, to study the connection between water loading and vertical variations of the crust due to the hydrologic. In order to achieve this goal, the Ewh is compared with in-situ information from limnimeter. For the analysis it was computed the correlation coefficients, phase and amplitude of GRACE Ewh solutions and in-situ data, as well as the timing of periods of drought in different parts of the basin. The results indicated that vertical variations of the lithosphere due to water mass loading could reach 7 to 5 cm per year, in the sedimentary and flooded areas of the region, where water level variations can reach 10 to 8 m.

Period adding cascades: Experiment and modeling in air bubbling

Period adding cascades have been observed experimentally/numerically in the dynamics of neurons and pancreatic cells, lasers, electric circuits, chemical reactions, oceanic internal waves, and also in air bubbling. We show that the period adding cascades appearing in bubbling from a nozzle submerged in a viscous liquid can be reproduced by a simple model, based on some hydrodynamical principles, dealing with the time evolution of two variables, bubble position and pressure of the air chamber, through a system of differential equations with a rule of detachment based on force balance. The model further reduces to an iterating one-dimensional map giving the pressures at the detachments, where time between bubbles come out as an observable of the dynamics. The model has not only good agreement with experimental data, but is also able to predict the influence of the main parameters involved, like the length of the hose connecting the air supplier with the needle, the needle radius and the needle length. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3695345]

(KsKs0)-K-0 correlations in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV from the LHC ALICE experiment

Identical neutral kaon pair correlations are measured in root s = 7 TeV pp collisions in the ALICE experiment. One-dimensional (KsKs0)-K-0 correlation functions in terms of the invariant momentum difference of kaon pairs are formed in two multiplicity and two transverse momentum ranges. The femtoscopic parameters for the radius and correlation strength of the kaon source are extracted. The fit includes quantum statistics and final-state interactions of the a(0)/f(0) resonance. (KsKs0)-K-0 correlations show an increase in radius for increasing multiplicity and a slight decrease in radius for increasing transverse mass, mT, as seen in pi pi correlations in pp collisions and in heavy-ion collisions. Transverse mass scaling is observed between the (KsKs0)-K-0 and pi pi radii. Also, the first observation is made of the decay of the f(2)'(1525) meson into the (KsKs0)-K-0 channel in pp collisions. (C) 2012 CERN. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Magnetic hyperthermia investigation of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: Comparison between experiment, linear response theory, and dynamic hysteresis simulations

Considerable effort has been made in recent years to optimize materials properties for magnetic hyperthermia applications. However, due to the complexity of the problem, several aspects pertaining to the combined influence of the different parameters involved still remain unclear. In this paper, we discuss in detail the role of the magnetic anisotropy on the specific absorption rate of cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 3 to 14 nm. The structural characterization was carried out using x-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis and all relevant magnetic parameters were extracted from vibrating sample magnetometry. Hyperthermia investigations were performed at 500 kHz with a sinusoidal magnetic field amplitude of up to 68 Oe. The specific absorption rate was investigated as a function of the coercive field, saturation magnetization, particle size, and magnetic anisotropy. The experimental results were also compared with theoretical predictions from the linear response theory and dynamic hysteresis simulations, where exceptional agreement was found in both cases. Our results show that the specific absorption rate has a narrow and pronounced maxima for intermediate anisotropy values. This not only highlights the importance of this parameter but also shows that in order to obtain optimum efficiency in hyperthermia applications, it is necessary to carefully tailor the materials properties during the synthesis process. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729271]

Effects of consequenses on patterns of interlocked contingencies; A replication of a metacontingency experiment

The concept of metacontingency was taught to undergraduate students of Psychology by using a "game" simulation proposed originally by Vichi, Andery and Glenn (2009). Twenty-five students, distributed into three groups were exposed to six experimental sessions in which they had to make bets and divide the amounts gained. The three groups competed against each other for photocopies quotas. Two contingencies shifted over the sessions. Under Contingency B, the group would win points only if in the previous round each member had received the same amount of points and under Contingency A, winning was contingent on an unequal distribution of the points. We observed that proportional divisions predominated independent of the contingency in course. The manipulation of cultural consequences (winning or losing points) produced consistent modifications in two response categories: 1) choices of the value bet in each round, and 2) divisions of the points among group members. Controlling relations between cultural consequences and the behavior of dividing were statistically significant in one of the groups, whereas in the other two groups controlling relations were observed only in Contingency B. A review of the reinforcement criteria used in the original experiment is suggested.

Sequential extraction of phosphorus in an Oxisol amended with biosolids in a long-term field experiment in Brazil

The continued growth of large cities is producing increasing volumes of urban sewage sludge. Disposing of this waste without damaging the environment requires careful management. The application of large quantities of biosolids (treated sewage sludge) to agricultural lands for many years may result in the excessive accumulation of nutrients like phosphorus (P) and thereby raise risks of eutrophication in nearby water bodies. We evaluated the fractionation of P in samples of an Oxisol collected as part of a field experiment in which biosolids were added at three rates to a maize (Zea mays L) plantation over four consecutive years. The biosolids treatments were equivalent to one, two and four times the recommended N rate for maize crops. In a fourth treatment, mineral fertilizer was applied at the rate recommended for maize. Inorganic P forms were extracted with ammonium chloride to remove soluble and loosely bound P; P bound to aluminum oxide (P-Al) was extracted with ammonium fluoride; P bound to iron oxide (P-Fe) was extracted with sodium hydroxide; and P bound to calcium (P-Ca) was extracted with sulfuric acid. Organic P was calculated as the difference between total P and inorganic P. The predominant fraction of P was P-Fe, followed by P-Al and P-Ca. P fractions were positively correlated to the amounts of P applied, except for P-Ca. The low values of P-Ca were due to the advanced weathering processes to which the Oxisol have been subjected, under which forms of P-Ca are converted to P-Fe and P-Al. The fertilization with P via biosolids increased P availability for maize plants even when a large portion of P was converted to more stable forms. Phosphorus content in maize leaves and grains was positively correlated with P fractions in soils. From these results it can be concluded that the application of biosolids in highly weathered tropical clayey soils for many years, even above the recommended rate based on N requirements for maize, tend to be less potentially hazardous to the environment than in less weathered sandy soils because the non-readily P fractions are predominant after the addition of biosolids. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Use of Carr-Purcell pulse sequence with low refocusing flip angle to measure T-1 and T-2 in a single experiment

The Carr-Purcell pulse sequence, with low refocusing flip angle, produces echoes midway between refocusing pulses that decay to a minimum value dependent on T*(2). When the refocusing flip angle was pi/2 (CP90) and tau > T*(2), the signal after the minimum value, increased to reach a steady-state free precession regime (SSFP), composed of a free induction decay signal after each pulse and an echo, before the next pulse. When tau < T*(2), the signal increased from the minimum value to the steady-state regime with a time constant (T*) = 2T(1)T(2)/(T-1 + T-2). identical to the time constant observed in the SSFP sequence, known as the continuous wave free precession (CWFP). The steady-state amplitude obtained with M-cp90 = M0T2/(T-1+T-2) was identical to CWFP. Therefore, this sequence was named CP-CWFP because it is a Carr-Purcell sequence that produces results similar to the CWFP. However, CP-CWFP is a better sequence for measuring the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times in single scan, when the sample exhibits T-1 similar to T-2. Therefore, this sequence can be a useful method in time domain NMR and can be widely used in the agriculture, food and petrochemical industries because those samples tend to have similar relaxation times in low magnetic fields. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Validation of the land water storage from gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) with gauge data in the amazon basin

The Amazon basin is a region of constant scientific interest due to its environmental importance and its biodiversity and climate on a global scale. The seasonal variations in water volume are one of the examples of topics studied nowadays. In general, the variations in river levels depend primarily on the climate and physics characteristics of the corresponding basins. The main factor which influences the water level in the Amazon Basin is the intensive rainfall over this region as a consequence of the humidity of the tropical climate. Unfortunately, the Amazon basin is an area with lack of water level information due to difficulties in access for local operations. The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the Equivalent Water Height (Ewh) from GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) mission, to study the connection between water loading and vertical variations of the crust due to the hydrologic. In order to achieve this goal, the Ewh is compared with in-situ information from limnimeter. For the analysis it was computed the correlation coefficients, phase and amplitude of GRACE Ewh solutions and in-situ data, as well as the timing of periods of drought in different parts of the basin. The results indicated that vertical variations of the lithosphere due to water mass loading could reach 7 to 5 cm per year, in the sedimentary and flooded areas of the region, where water level variations can reach 10 to 8 m.

Cirrus clouds observation in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul during the experiment Chuva - Sul.

Cirrus clouds are an interesting point in the research of the atmosphere due their behavior and the effect on the earth radiation budget. They can affect the atmospheric radiation budget by reflecting the incoming solar radiation and absorbing the outgoing terrestrial radiation. Also, this cloud type is involved in the dehydration of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. So, it is interesting to increment the measurements of this type of clouds from the ground. During November and December 2012, through the CHUVA-SUL campaign, measurements with lidar in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul were conducted. The system installed in Santa Maria site (29.8 °S; 53.7 °W, 100 m asl) was a single elastic-backscatter lidar using the wavelength of 532 nm. Some days with cirrus clouds lidar measurements were detected. Four days with presence of cirrus cloud are showed in the present study. These days, 7, 8, 19 and 28 November 2012, was selected due the persistence of cirrus clouds over many hours. The raw retrieval lidar signals and inverted backscatter coefficient profiles were analyzed for the selected days. Base and top height was obtained by analysis of raw signal and backscatter coefficient. Extinction coefficient profiles were obtained by the assumption of the lidar ratio. Cirrus cloud optical depth (COD) values were calculated, from the integration of the extinction coefficient between the base and top altitudes of the cirrus clouds.

Overview of the South American Biomass burning analysis (SAMBBA) field experiment.

Biomass burning represents one of the largest sources of particulate matter to the atmosphere, which results in a significant perturbation to the Earth’s radiative balance coupled with serious negative impacts on public health. Globally, biomass burning aerosols are thought to exert a small warming effect of 0.03 Wm-2, however the uncertainty is 4 times greater than the central estimate. On regional scales, the impact is substantially greater, particularly in areas such as the Amazon Basin where large, intense and frequent burning occurs on an annual basis for several months (usually from August-October). Furthermore, a growing number of people live within the Amazon region, which means that they are subject to the deleterious effects on their health from exposure to substantial volumes of polluted air. Initial results from the South American Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) field experiment, which took place during September and October 2012 over Brazil, are presented here. A suite of instrumentation was flown on-board the UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurement (FAAM) BAe-146 research aircraft and was supported by ground based measurements, with extensive measurements made in Porto Velho, Rondonia. The aircraft sampled a range of conditions with sampling of fresh biomass burning plumes, regional haze and elevated biomass burning layers within the free troposphere. The physical, chemical and optical properties of the aerosols across the region will be characterized in order to establish the impact of biomass burning on regional air quality, weather and climate.

Att möta barn som bevittnat familjevåld - Fem behandlares uppfattningar kring arbete med utsatta barn

Mörkertalet kring antalet barn som i Sverige utsätts för att bevittna familjevåld är stort och det finns inga exakta uppgifter över hur många som berörs. Enligt kommittén mot barnmisshandel handlar det om mellan 100 000 och 200 000 barn varje år. Det var först i mitten av nittiotalet som de utsatta barnen började uppmärksammas i större utsträckning och på senare tid har det börjat fokuseras mer kring olika former av behandlingsinsatser eftersom barnen anses vara i stort behov av bearbetning av sina upplevelser. I dag finns det ett tiotal relativt nystartade verksamheter runtom i landet som arbetar med behandling av barn som bevittnat familjevåld. Det övergripande syftet var att undersöka hur behandlingspersonalen vid de utvalda verksamheterna uppfattade sitt arbete och hur de tillämpade barnperspektivet. Syftet var även att jämföra informanternas utsagor med varandra samt med vad forskningen ansåg vara av vikt vid behandling av utsatta barn inom olika teman. Studien baserades på halvstrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med fem behandlare som arbetade vid fyra olika verksamheter. Resultatet redovisades utifrån citat av intervjupersonerna som sedan analyserades med hjälp av aktuell litteratur och forskning kring behandlingsarbete inom åtta teman samt barnperspektiv, dvs. utifrån några författare och forskare inspirerade av olika teoretiska utgångspunkter som tex. Inger Ekbom, Barbro Metell samt Atle Dyregrov m.fl.. Resultatet av undersökningen visade bl.a. att alla verksamheterna med undantag för vissa skillnader i struktur och innehåll i princip använde sig av samma arbetsmodeller, främst Trappanmodellen och Children are people too och alla koncentrerade sig på behandling av enbart barnet. Behandlarna var relativt samstämmiga när de beskrev hur de uppfattade sitt arbete, vad de ansåg vara viktigt att fokusera på och vilka hinder de urskiljde. Behandlarna delade även uppfattningen någorlunda om vad de ansåg vara barnets bästa utifrån ett barnperspektiv och hur man borde tillämpa barnperspektivet i praktiken. En huvudsaklig slutsats var att behandlingspersonalen vid de olika verksamheterna var förhållandevis eniga med varandra samt med vad forskningen visade men att det förekom vissa utmärkande skillnader särskilt gällande en av verksamheterna som även skiljde sig mer organisatoriskt jämfört med de övriga tre verksamheterna. Resultatet kunde dock inte generaliseras då det enbart grundades på utvalda intervjupersoners subjektiva erfarenheter av just deras behandlingsarbete.

Invandrares upplevda integration - En studie om fem personers upplevelse av integration i Östersunds kommun

Studiens syfte är att undersöka fem personers upplevelser av integration i Östersunds kommun. Alla fem personer är födda och uppvuxna i ett annat land än Sverige och har kommit till Sverige för ungefär två år sedan. Studien lägger stor vikt på den enskildes subjektiva känslor i möten och interaktioner som äger rum i olika sociala sammanhang som t.ex. vardagssituationer eller myndighetskontakter. Studien analyserar och diskuterar huruvida personer med s.k. invandrarbakgrund känner sig integrerade och som en likvärdig del av samhället. Den tar kritiskt ställning till olika teoretiska ansatser om integration och kommer fram till att synen på personer med s.k. invandrarbakgrund måste förändras från problemsyn och krav på assimillering till resurssyn och mångfald som ska gälla på alla livsområden. Uppsatsen är utförd utifrån en kvalitativ metod med halvstrukturerade intervjuer inom följande områden: känslan av bemötandet av lokalbefolkningen, vänskapskontakter med lokalbefolkningen, upplevelser av boendesegregation, bemötandet på skola och arbetsplats, upplevelser av fördomar och diskriminering samt bemötandet av myndigheter. Studien visar att upplevelsen av integration är subjektiv och individuell. Gemensamma upplevelser är brist på social kontakt med lokalbefolkningen samt en positiv bedömning av såväl svenska statens åtgärder mot diskriminering som också Östersunds kommun introduktionsstöd för invandrare.

Hur fem mammor som utsatts för sexuella övergrepp i barndomen upplever sin föräldraroll

Det är allmänt känt att sexuella övergrepp i barndomen kan leda till en rad psykosociala svårigheter samt psykisk ohälsa. Trots att forskningen i ämnet har intensifierats de senaste åren är det fortfarande ett kunskapsområde där mycket saknas. Detta är en kvalitativ uppsats med syftet att återge fem mammors upplevelser av hur sexuella övergrepp i barndomen påverkat deras uppfattning av sin föräldraroll. Genom att intervjua dessa kvinnor med hjälp av ett frågeformulär med öppna frågor har vi fått tagit del av hur deras traumatiska erfarenheter har påverkat deras föräldraroll. Mammornas berättelser har analyserats med hjälp av meningskoncentrering. Resultatet av intervjuerna har tolkats för att sedan jämföras med vad tidigare forskning samt litteratur i ämnet har att skildra. Undersökningen visar att de sexuella övergreppen i kvinnornas barndom påverkat dem negativt i sina föräldraroller. I undersökningen framkommer även att dessa mödrar känt en avsaknad av stöd då deras barn varit små.

"Även om jag bor här i 100 år så blir det inte samma" : En kvalitativ studie av fem ensamkommande ungdomar och deras personliga identitetsutveckling i mottagarlandet.

SAMMANFATTNING: Människor tvingas fly ifrån sina hemländer på grund av våld för att söka säkerhet någon annanstans. Att människor lämnar ett land eller tvingas fly har skett under alla tider. Människor flyr från förföljelse, fattigdom, svält eller krig. Uppskattningsvis finns 19,2 miljoner människor på flykt runt om i världen och nära hälften av dessa är barn. Av de barn som befinner sig på flykt är de ensamkommande ungdomarna en viktig grupp att urskilja. Då de ensamkommande asylsökande ungdomarna är i behov av särskilt skydd. Under 2003 var de flesta ensamkommande ungdomar i Sverige från Somalia, Irak, Serbien och Montenegro. Vårt syfte är att få ökad förståelse för ensamkommande ungdomars upplevelser av hur deras identitet formats i hemlandet och senare i mottagarlandet i samspel med människor i sin omgivning. Samt vilken betydelse asylprocessen och tidigare trauman har haft för ungdomarnas personliga identitetsutveckling. De faktorer som berörts som viktiga för ungdomens personliga identitetsutveckling är förluster, boende, ovisshet, familjeåterförening och nätverk samt språket.Vi har valt att göra en explorativ studie som innefattar kvalitativa halvstrukturerade intervjuer med fem ensamkommande ungdomar. Resultatet i form av empiri och analys har utförts utifrån tidigare forskning och från Cullbergs kristeori samt relevanta begrepp som etnicitet och identitet utifrån symbolisk interaktionism. Studien har visat att samtliga ungdomar upplevt att den ovisshet de levt i under asylprocessen samt tidigare trauman har påverkat dem mycket både psykiskt och fysiskt. De ungdomar vi har intervjuat upplever alla att de idag har en ny personlighet efter att ha fått uppehållstillstånd. Den nya identiteten har enligt ungdomarna påverkats bland annat av föräldrarnas uppfostran och de nya människor de möter i mottagarlandet samt av de nya miljöerna ungdomarna befinner sig i.