Messung der Zerfallsasymmetrien der radiativen Hyperonzerfälle Xi 0 Lambda gamma und Xi 0 Sigma 0 gamma mit dem NA48/1-Experiment

Der radiative Zerfall eines Hyperons in ein leichteres Hyperon und ein Photon erlaubt eine Untersuchung der Struktur der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung von Hadronen. Dazu wird die Zerfallsasymmetrie $alpha$ betrachtet. Sie beschreibt die Verteilung des Tochterhyperons bezüglich der Polarisation $vec{P}$ des Mutterhyperons mit $dN / d cos(Theta) propto 1 + alpha |vec{P}| cos(Theta)$, wobei $Theta$ der Winkel zwischen $vec{P}$ und dem Impuls des Tochterhyperons ist. Von besonderem Interesse ist der radiative Zerfall $Xi^0 to Lambda gamma$, für den alle Rechnungen auf Quarkniveau eine positive Asymmetrie vorhersagen, wohingegen bisher eine negative Asymmetrie von $alpha_{Lambda gamma} = -0,73 +- 0,17$ gemessen wurde. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die bisherigen Messungen zu überprüfen und die Asymmetrie mit einer deutlich höheren Präzision zu bestimmen. Ferner wurden die Zerfallsasymmetrie des radiativen Zerfalls $Xi^0 to Sigma^0 gamma$ ermittelt und zum Test der angewandten Analysemethode der gut bekannte Zerfall $Xi^0 to Lambda pi^0$ herangezogen. Während der Datennahme im Jahr 2002 zeichnete das NA48/1-Experiment am CERN gezielt seltene $K_S$- und Hyperonzerfälle auf. Damit konnte der weltweit größte Datensatz an $Xi^0$-Zerfällen gewonnen werden, aus dem etwa 52.000 $Xi^0 to Lambda gamma$-Zerfälle, 15.000 $Xi^0 to Sigma^0 gamma$-Zerfälle und 4 Mill. $Xi^0 to Lambda pi^0$-Zerfälle mit nur geringem Untergrund extrahiert wurden. Ebenso wurden die entsprechenden $antiXi$-Zerfälle mit etwa einem Zehntel der obigen Ereigniszahlen registriert. Die Bestimmung der Zerfallsasymmetrien erfolgte durch den Vergleich der gemessene Daten mit einer detaillierten Detektorsimulation und führte zu den folgenden Resultaten dieser Arbeit: $alpha_{Lambda gamma} = -0,701 +- 0,019_{stat} +- 0,064_{sys}$, $alpha_{Sigma^0 gamma} = -0,683 +- 0,032_{stat} +- 0,077_{sys}$, $alpha_{Lambda pi^0} = -0,439 +- 0,002_{stat} +- 0,056_{sys}$, $alpha_{antiLambda gamma} = 0,772 +- 0,064_{stat} +- 0,066_{sys}$, $alpha_{antiSigma^0 gamma} = 0,811 +- 0,103_{stat} +- 0,135_{sys}$, $alpha_{antiLambda pi^0} = 0,451 +- 0,005_{stat} +- 0,057_{sys}$. Somit konnte die Unsicherheit der $Xi^0 to Lambda gamma$-Zerfallsasymmetrie auf etwa ein Drittel reduziert werden. Ihr negatives Vorzeichen und damit der Widerspruch zu den Vorhersagen der Quarkmodellrechnungen ist so zweifelsfrei bestätigt. Mit den zum ersten Mal gemessenen $antiXi$-Asymmetrien konnten zusätzlich Grenzen auf eine mögliche CP-Verletzung in den $Xi^0$-Zerfällen, die $alpha_{Xi^0} neq -alpha_{antiXi}$ zur Folge hätte, bestimmt werden.

Measurement of k(892)*0 resonance production in p-pb collisions with the alice experiment at the lhc

̀ qui presentato lo studio della produzione della risonanza K∗0 in collisioni p-Pb con l’esperimento ALICE presso LHC. L’elaborato si compone di una introduzione sulla natura del fenomeno studiato: la formazione del Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), uno stato della materia fortemente interagente ad alte temperatura e densità d’energia. Vengono descritte le segnature studiate ai fini di identificare il suddetto fenomeno, riportando come esempio concreto i risultati sperimentali. Successivamente l’acceleratore di particelle, LHC, e l’esperimento, ALICE, vengono brevemente introdotti. Più in dettaglio ven- gono descritti i rivelatori di ALICE effettivamente usati per l’analisi, a cui sono dedicate sezioni approfondite. Viene infine introdotta l’analisi e le sue motivazioni. Il metodo utilizzato e lo studio degli errori da associare alla misura sono illustrati in ogni loro passo e supportati dai risultati ottenuti. La discussione finale dei risultati include il confronto con i risultati preceden- temente ottenuti da ALICE in collisioni pp e Pb-Pb e da altri esperimenti.

Bestimmung der fehlenden transversalen Energie auf der ersten Triggerstufe beim ATLAS-Experiment und Optimierung der Triggerselektion von supersymmetrischen Ereignissen

Das Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik, das drei der vier fundamentalen Wechselwirkungen beschreibt, stimmt bisher sehr gut mit den Messergebnissen der Experimente am CERN, dem Fermilab und anderen Forschungseinrichtungen überein. rnAllerdings können im Rahmen dieses Modells nicht alle Fragen der Teilchenphysik beantwortet werden. So lässt sich z.B. die vierte fundamentale Kraft, die Gravitation, nicht in das Standardmodell einbauen.rnDarüber hinaus hat das Standardmodell auch keinen Kandidaten für dunkle Materie, die nach kosmologischen Messungen etwa 25 % unseres Universum ausmacht.rnAls eine der vielversprechendsten Lösungen für diese offenen Fragen wird die Supersymmetrie angesehen, die eine Symmetrie zwischen Fermionen und Bosonen einführt. rnAus diesem Modell ergeben sich sogenannte supersymmetrische Teilchen, denen jeweils ein Standardmodell-Teilchen als Partner zugeordnet sind.rnEin mögliches Modell dieser Symmetrie ist das R-Paritätserhaltende mSUGRA-Modell, falls Supersymmetrie in der Natur realisiert ist.rnIn diesem Modell ist das leichteste supersymmetrische Teilchen (LSP) neutral und schwach wechselwirkend, sodass es nicht direkt im Detektor nachgewiesen werden kann, sondern indirekt über die vom LSP fortgetragene Energie, die fehlende transversale Energie (etmiss), nachgewiesen werden muss.rnrnDas ATLAS-Experiment wird 2010 mit Hilfe des pp-Beschleunigers LHC mit einer Schwerpunktenergie von sqrt(s)=7-10 TeV mit einer Luminosität von 10^32 #/(cm^2*s) mit der Suche nach neuer Physik starten.rnDurch die sehr hohe Datenrate, resultierend aus den etwa 10^8 Auslesekanälen des ATLAS-Detektors bei einer Bunchcrossingrate von 40 MHz, wird ein Triggersystem benötigt, um die zu speichernde Datenmenge zu reduzieren.rnDabei muss ein Kompromiss zwischen der verfügbaren Triggerrate und einer sehr hohen Triggereffizienz für die interessanten Ereignisse geschlossen werden, da etwa nur jedes 10^8-te Ereignisse für die Suche nach neuer Physik interessant ist.rnZur Erfüllung der Anforderungen an das Triggersystem wird im Experiment ein dreistufiges System verwendet, bei dem auf der ersten Triggerstufe mit Abstand die höchste Datenreduktion stattfindet.rnrnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit rn%, die vollständig auf Monte-Carlo-Simulationen basiert, rnist zum einen ein wesentlicher Beitrag zum grundlegenden Verständnis der Eigenschaft der fehlenden transversalen Energie auf der ersten Triggerstufe geleistet worden.rnZum anderen werden Methoden vorgestellt, mit denen es möglich ist, die etmiss-Triggereffizienz für Standardmodellprozesse und mögliche mSUGRA-Szenarien aus Daten zu bestimmen. rnBei der Optimierung der etmiss-Triggerschwellen für die erste Triggerstufe ist die Triggerrate bei einer Luminosität von 10^33 #/(cm^2*s) auf 100 Hz festgelegt worden.rnFür die Triggeroptimierung wurden verschiedene Simulationen benötigt, bei denen eigene Entwicklungsarbeit eingeflossen ist.rnMit Hilfe dieser Simulationen und den entwickelten Optimierungsalgorithmen wird gezeigt, dass trotz der niedrigen Triggerrate das Entdeckungspotential (für eine Signalsignifikanz von mindestens 5 sigma) durch Kombinationen der etmiss-Schwelle mit Lepton bzw. Jet-Triggerschwellen gegenüber dem bestehenden ATLAS-Triggermenü auf der ersten Triggerstufe um bis zu 66 % erhöht wird.

Feasibility study of performing high precision gamma spectroscopy of lambda lambda hypernuclei in the PANDA experiment

Hypernuclear physics is currently attracting renewed interest, due tornthe important role of hypernuclei spectroscopy rn(hyperon-hyperon and hyperon-nucleon interactions) rnas a unique toolrnto describe the baryon-baryon interactions in a unified way and to rnunderstand the origin of their short-range.rnrnHypernuclear research will be one of the main topics addressed by the {sc PANDA} experimentrnat the planned Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research {sc FAIR}.rnThanks to the use of stored $overline{p}$ beams, copiousrnproduction of double $Lambda$ hypernuclei is expected at thern{sc PANDA} experiment, which will enable high precision $gamma$rnspectroscopy of such nuclei for the first time.rnAt {sc PANDA} excited states of $Xi^-$ hypernuclei will be usedrnas a basis for the formation of double $Lambda$ hypernuclei.rnFor their detection, a devoted hypernuclear detector setup is planned. This setup consists ofrna primary nuclear target for the production of $Xi^{-}+overline{Xi}$ pairs, a secondary active targetrnfor the hypernuclei formation and the identification of associated decay products and a germanium array detector to perform $gamma$ spectroscopy.rnrnIn the present work, the feasibility of performing high precision $gamma$rnspectroscopy of double $Lambda$ hypernuclei at the {sc PANDA} experiment has been studiedrnby means of a Monte Carlo simulation. For this issue, the designing and simulation of the devoted detector setup as well as of the mechanism to produce double $Lambda$ hypernuclei have been optimizedrntogether with the performance of the whole system. rnIn addition, the production yields of double hypernuclei in excitedrnparticle stable states have been evaluated within a statistical decay model.rnrnA strategy for the unique assignment of various newly observed $gamma$-transitions rnto specific double hypernuclei has been successfully implemented by combining the predicted energy spectra rnof each target with the measurement of two pion momenta from the subsequent weak decays of a double hypernucleus.rn% Indeed, based on these Monte Carlo simulation, the analysis of the statistical decay of $^{13}_{Lambda{}Lambda}$B has been performed. rn% As result, three $gamma$-transitions associated to the double hypernuclei $^{11}_{Lambda{}Lambda}$Bern% and to the single hyperfragments $^{4}_{Lambda}$H and $^{9}_{Lambda}$Be, have been well identified.rnrnFor the background handling a method based on time measurement has also been implemented.rnHowever, the percentage of tagged events related to the production of $Xi^{-}+overline{Xi}$ pairs, variesrnbetween 20% and 30% of the total number of produced events of this type. As a consequence, further considerations have to be made to increase the tagging efficiency by a factor of 2.rnrnThe contribution of the background reactions to the radiation damage on the germanium detectorsrnhas also been studied within the simulation. Additionally, a test to check the degradation of the energyrnresolution of the germanium detectors in the presence of a magnetic field has also been performed.rnNo significant degradation of the energy resolution or in the electronics was observed. A correlationrnbetween rise time and the pulse shape has been used to correct the measured energy. rnrnBased on the present results, one can say that the performance of $gamma$ spectroscopy of double $Lambda$ hypernuclei at the {sc PANDA} experiment seems feasible.rnA further improvement of the statistics is needed for the background rejection studies. Moreover, a more realistic layout of the hypernuclear detectors has been suggested using the results of these studies to accomplish a better balance between the physical and the technical requirements.rn

Search for the MSSM Neutral Higgs Boson in the mu+mu- final state with the CMS experiment at LHC

In this thesis, my work in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment on the search for the neutral Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) Higgs decaying into two muons is presented. The search is performed on the full data collected during the years 2011 and 2012 by CMS in proton-proton collisions at CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The MSSM is explored within the most conservative benchmark scenario, m_h^{max}, and within its modified versions, m_h^{mod +} and m_h^{mod -}. The search is sensitive to MSSM Higgs boson production in association with a b\bar{b} quark pair and to the gluon-gluon fusion process. In the m_h^{max} scenario, the results exclude values of tanB larger than 15 in the m_A range 115-200 GeV, and values of tanB greater than 30 in the m_A range up to 300 GeV. There are no significant differences in the results obtained within the three different scenarios considered. Comparisons with other neutral MSSM Higgs searches are shown.

Measurements of ttbar Differential Cross Section at the ATLAS Experiment in pp Collisions at sqrt(s)=7TeV and sqrt(s)=8TeV

This PhD thesis presents two measurements of differential production cross section of top and anti-top pairs tt ̅ decaying in a lepton+jets final state. The normalize cross section is measured as a function of the top transverse momentum and the tt ̅ mass, transverse momentum and rapidity using the full 2011 proton-proton (pp) ATLAS data taking at a center of mass energy of √s=7 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of L=4.6 〖fb〗^(-1). The cross section is also measured at the particle level as a function of the hadronic top transverse momentum for highly energetic events using the full 2012 data taking at √s=8 TeV and with L=20 〖fb〗^(-1). The measured spectra are fully corrected for detector efficiency and resolution effects and are compared to several theoretical predictions showing a quite good agreement, depending on different spectra.

The APSEL4D Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor and its Usage in a Single Electron Interference Experiment

We have realized a Data Acquisition chain for the use and characterization of APSEL4D, a 32 x 128 Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor, developed as a prototype for frontier experiments in high energy particle physics. In particular a transition board was realized for the conversion between the chip and the FPGA voltage levels and for the signal quality enhancing. A Xilinx Spartan-3 FPGA was used for real time data processing, for the chip control and the communication with a Personal Computer through a 2.0 USB port. For this purpose a firmware code, developed in VHDL language, was written. Finally a Graphical User Interface for the online system monitoring, hit display and chip control, based on windows and widgets, was realized developing a C++ code and using Qt and Qwt dedicated libraries. APSEL4D and the full acquisition chain were characterized for the first time with the electron beam of the transmission electron microscope and with 55Fe and 90Sr radioactive sources. In addition, a beam test was performed at the T9 station of the CERN PS, where hadrons of momentum of 12 GeV/c are available. The very high time resolution of APSEL4D (up to 2.5 Mfps, but used at 6 kfps) was fundamental in realizing a single electron Young experiment using nanometric double slits obtained by a FIB technique. On high statistical samples, it was possible to observe the interference and diffractions of single isolated electrons traveling inside a transmission electron microscope. For the first time, the information on the distribution of the arrival time of the single electrons has been extracted.

Test of Lorentz symmetry with a 3 He,129 Xe clock-comparison experiment

In case of violation of CPT- and Lorentz Symmetry, the minimal Standard Model Extension (SME) of Kostelecky and coworkers predicts sidereal modulations of atomic transition frequencies as the Earth rotates relative to a Lorentz-violating background field. One method to search for these modulations is the so-called clock-comparison experiment, where the frequencies of co-located clocks are compared as they rotate with respect to the fixed stars. In this work an experiment is presented where polarized 3He and 129Xe gas samples in a glass cell serve as clocks, whose nuclear spin precession frequencies are detected with the help of highly sensitive SQUID sensors inside a magnetically shielded room. The unique feature of this experiment is the fact that the spins are precessing freely, with transverse relaxation times of up to 4.4 h for 129Xe and 14.1 h for 3He. To be sensitive to Lorentz-violating effects, the influence of external magnetic fields is canceled via the weighted difference of the 3He and 129Xe frequencies or phases. The Lorentz-violating SME parameters for the neutron are determined out of a fit on the phase difference data of 7 spin precession measurements of 12 to 16 hours length. The result of the fit gives an upper limit for the equatorial component of the neutron parameter b_n of 3.7×10^(−32) GeV at the 95% confidence level. This value is not limited by the signal-to-noise ratio, but by the strong correlations between the fit parameters. To reduce the correlations and therewith improve the sensitivity of future experiments, it will be necessary to change the time structure of the weighted phase difference, which can be realized by increasing the 129Xe relaxation time.

Production of Z bosons in proton-proton collisions at root out s = 10 TeV: Expectations for early measurements at the ATLAS experiment

The production of the Z boson in proton-proton collisions at the LHC serves as a standard candle at the ATLAS experiment during early data-taking. The decay of the Z into an electron-positron pair gives a clean signature in the detector that allows for calibration and performance studies. The cross-section of ~ 1 nb allows first LHC measurements of parton density functions. In this thesis, simulations of 10 TeV collisions at the ATLAS detector are studied. The challenges for an experimental measurement of the cross-section with an integrated luminositiy of 100 pb−1 are discussed. In preparation for the cross-section determination, the single-electron efficiencies are determined via a simulation based method and in a test of a data-driven ansatz. The two methods show a very good agreement and differ by ~ 3% at most. The ingredients of an inclusive and a differential Z production cross-section measurement at ATLAS are discussed and their possible contributions to systematic uncertainties are presented. For a combined sample of signal and background the expected uncertainty on the inclusive cross-section for an integrated luminosity of 100 pb−1 is determined to 1.5% (stat) +/- 4.2% (syst) +/- 10% (lumi). The possibilities for single-differential cross-section measurements in rapidity and transverse momentum of the Z boson, which are important quantities because of the impact on parton density functions and the capability to check for non-pertubative effects in pQCD, are outlined. The issues of an efficiency correction based on electron efficiencies as function of the electron’s transverse momentum and pseudorapidity are studied. A possible alternative is demonstrated by expanding the two-dimensional efficiencies with the additional dimension of the invariant mass of the two leptons of the Z decay.

Patterns in and kinetics of phase separation in binary mixtures

This work focused mainly on two aspects of kinetics of phase separation in binary mixtures. In the first part, we studied the interplay of hydrodynamics and the phase separation of binary mixtures. A considerably flat container (a laterally extended geometry), at an aspect ratio of 14:1 (diameter: height) was chosen, so that any hydrodynamic instabilities, if they arise, could be tracked. Two binary mixtures were studied. One was a mixture of methanol and hexane, doped with 5% ethanol, which phase separated under cooling. The second was a mixture of butoxyethanol and water, doped with 2% decane, which phase separated under heating. The dopants were added to bring down the phase transition temperature around room temperature.rnrnAlthough much work has been done already on classical hydrodynamic instabilities, not much has been done in the understanding of the coupling between phase separation and hydrodynamic instabilities. This work aimed at understanding the influence of phase separation in initiating any hydrodynamic instability, and also vice versa. Another aim was to understand the influence of the applied temperature protocol on the emergence of patterns characteristic to hydrodynamic instabilities. rnrnOn slowly cooling the system continuously, at specific cooling rates, patterns were observed in the first mixture, at the start of phase separation. They resembled the patterns observed in classical Rayleigh-Bénard instability, which arises when a liquid continuously is heated from below. To suppress this classical convection, the cooling setup was tuned such that the lower side of the sample always remained cooler by a few millikelvins, relative to the top. We found that the nature of patterns changed with different cooling rates, with stable patterns appearing for a specific cooling rate (1K/h). On the basis of the cooling protocol, we estimated a modified Rayleigh number for our system. We found that the estimated modified Rayleigh number is near the critical value for instability, for cooling rates between 0.5K/h and 1K/h. This is consistent with our experimental findings. rnrnThe origin of the patterns, in spite of the lower side being relatively colder with respect to the top, points to two possible reasons. 1) During phase separation droplets of either phases are formed, which releases a latent heat. Our microcalorimetry measurements show that the rise in temperature during the first phase separation is in the order of 10-20millikelvins, which in some cases is enough to reverse the applied temperature bias. Thus phase separation in itself initiates a hydrodynamic instability. 2) The second reason comes from the cooling protocol itself. The sample was cooled from above and below. At sufficiently high cooling rates, there are situations where the interior of the sample is relatively hotter than both top and bottom of the sample. This is sufficient to create an instability within the cell. Our experiments at higher cooling rates (5K/h and above) show complex patterns, which hints that there is enough convection even before phase separation occurs. Infact, theoretical work done by Dr.Hayase show that patterns could arise in a system without latent heat, with symmetrical cooling from top and bottom. The simulations also show that the patterns do not span the entire height of the sample cell. This is again consistent with the cell sizes measured in our experiment.rnrnThe second mixture also showed patterns at specific heating rates, when it was continuously heated inducing phase separation. In this case though, the sample was turbid for a long time until patterns appeared. A meniscus was most probably formed before the patterns emerged. We attribute the reason of patterns in this case to Marangoni convection, which is present in systems with an interface, where local differences in surface tension give rise to an instability. Our estimates for the Rayleigh number also show a significantly lower number than that's required for RB-type instability.rnrnIn the first part of the work, therefore, we identify two different kinds of hydrodynamic instabilities in two different mixtures. Both are observed during, or after the first phase separation. Our patterns compare with the classical convection patterns, but here the origins are from phase separation and the cooling protocol.rnrnIn the second part of the work, we focused on the kinetics of phase separation in a polymer solution (polystyrene and methylcyclohexane), which is cooled continuously far down into the two phase region. Oscillations in turbidity, denoting material exchange between the phases are seen. Three processes contribute to the phase separation: Nucleation of droplets, their growth and coalescence, and their subsequent sedimentation. Experiments in low molecular binary mixtures had led to models of oscillation [43] which considered sedimentation time scales much faster than the time scales of nucleation and growth. The size and shape of the sample therefore did not matter in such situations. The oscillations in turbidity were volume-dominated. The present work aimed at understanding the influence of sedimentation time scales for polymer mixtures. Three heights of the sample with same composition were studied side by side. We found that periods increased with the sample height, thus showing that sedimentation time determines the period of oscillations in the polymer solutions. We experimented with different cooling rates and different compositions of the mixture, and we found that periods are still determined by the sample height, and therefore by sedimentation time. rnrnWe also see that turbidity emerges in two ways; either from the interface, or throughout the sample. We suggest that oscillations starting from the interface are due to satellite droplets that are formed on droplet coalescence at the interface. These satellite droplets are then advected to the top of the sample, and they grow, coalesce and sediment. This type of an oscillation wouldn't require the system to pass the energy barrier required for homogenous nucleation throughout the sample. This mechanism would work best in sample where the droplets could be effectively advected throughout the sample. In our experiments, we see more interface dominated oscillations in the smaller cells and lower cooling rates, where droplet advection is favourable. In larger samples and higher cooling rates, we mostly see that the whole sample becomes turbid homogenously, which requires the system to pass the energy barrier for homogenous nucleation.rnrnOscillations, in principle, occur since the system needs to pass an energy barrier for nucleation. The height of the barrier decreases with increasing supersaturation, which in turn is from the temperature ramp applied. This gives rise to a period where the system is clear, in between the turbid periods. At certain specific cooling rates, the system can follow a path such that the start of a turbid period coincides with the vanishing of the last turbid period, thus eliminating the clear periods. This means suppressions of oscillations altogether. In fact we experimentally present a case where, at a certain cooling rate, oscillations indeed vanish. rnrnThus we find through this work that the kinetics of phase separation in polymer solution is different from that of a low molecular system; sedimentation time scales become relevant, and therefore so does the shape and size of the sample. The role of interface in initiating turbid periods also become much more prominent in this system compared to that in low molecular mixtures.rnrnIn summary, some fundamental properties in the kinetics of phase separation in binary mixtures were studied. While the first part of the work described the close interplay of the first phase separation with hydrodynamic instabilities, the second part investigated the nature and determining factors of oscillations, when the system was cooled deep into the two phase region. Both cases show how the geometry of the cell can affect the kinetics of phase separation. This study leads to further fundamental understandings of the factors contributing to the kinetics of phase separation, and to the understandings of what can be controlled and tuned in practical cases. rn

Stable laser and upgraded vacuum setup for an experiment with ultracold atoms

In questo lavoro ci si propone di descrivere la realizzazione di un sistema laser con cavit´a esterna e di un apparato da ultra-alto-vuoto, che verranno impiegati in un esperimento di miscele di atomi ultrafreddi che utilizza due specie atomiche di bosoni: 87Rb e 41K. Speciale attenzione viene rivolta verso le caratteristiche dello schema utilizzato e sul sistema di controllo in temperatura, che rendono questo sistema laser particolarmente stabile in frequenza e insensibile alle vibrazioni e variazioni di temperatura. Si sono poi analizzate le propriet´a dei materiali impiegati e delle procedure sperimentali adottate per la realizzazione del nuovo apparato da vuoto, al fine di garantire migliori prestazioni rispetto al sistema attualmente in uso.

Formfaktor-Bestimmung des semileptonischen K +- pi 0 my +- ny-Zerfalls mit dem NA48/2-Experiment

Der semileptonische Zerfall K^±→π^0 μ^± υ ist ein geeigneter Kanal zur Be-stimmung des CKM-Matrixelementes 〖|V〗_us |. Das hadronische Matrixelement dieses Zerfalls wird durch zwei dimensionslose Formfaktoren f_± (t) beschrieben. Diese sind abhängig vom Impulsübertrag t=〖(p_K-p_π)〗^2 auf das Leptonpaar. Zur Bestimmung von 〖|V〗_us | dienen die Formfaktoren als wichtige Parameter zur Berechnung des Phasenraumintegrals dieses Zerfalls. Eine präzise Messung der Formfaktoren ist zusätzlich dadurch motiviert, dass das Resultat des NA48-Experimentes von den übrigen Messungen der Experimente KLOE, KTeV und ISTRA+ abweicht. Die Daten einer Messperiode des NA48/2 -Experimentes mit offenem Trigger aus dem Jahre 2004 wurden analysiert. Daraus wählte ich 1.8 Millionen K_μ3^±-Zerfallskandidaten mit einem Untergrundanteil von weniger als 0.1% aus. Zur Bestimmung der Formfaktoren diente die zweidimensionale Dalitz-Verteilung der Daten, nachdem sie auf Akzeptanz des Detektors und auf radiative Effekte korrigiert war. An diese Verteilung wurde die theoretische Parameter-abhängige Funktion mit einer Chiquadrat-Methode angepasst. Es ergeben sich für quadratische, Pol- und dispersive Parametrisierung folgende Formfaktoren: λ_0=(14.82±〖1.67〗_stat±〖0.62〗_sys )×〖10〗^(-3) λ_+^'=(25.53±〖3.51〗_stat±〖1.90〗_sys )×〖10〗^(-3) λ_+^''=( 1.40±〖1.30〗_stat±〖0.48〗_sys )×〖10〗^(-3) m_S=1204.8±〖32.0〗_stat±〖11.4〗_(sys ) MeV/c^2 m_V=(877.4±〖11.1〗_stat±〖11.2〗_(sys ) MeV/c^2 LnC=0.1871±〖0.0088〗_stat±〖0.0031〗_(sys )±=〖0.0056〗_ext Λ_+=(25.42±〖0.73〗_stat±〖0.73〗_(sys )±=〖1.52〗_ext )×〖10〗^(-3) Die Resultate stimmen mit den Messungen der Experimente KLOE, KTeV und ISTRA+ gut überein, und ermöglichen eine Verbesserung des globalen Fits der Formfaktoren. Mit Hilfe der dispersiven Parametrisierung der Formfaktoren, unter Verwendung des Callan-Treiman-Theorems, ist es möglich, einen Wert für f_± (0) zu bestimmen. Das Resultat lautet: f_+ (0)=0.987±〖0.011〗_(NA48/2)±〖0.008〗_(ext ) Der für f_+ (0) berechnete Wert stimmt im Fehler gut mit den vorherigen Messungen von KTeV, KLOE und ISTRA+ überein, weicht jedoch um knapp zwei Standardabweichungen von der theoretischen Vorhersage ab.

Ein Experiment zur Bestimmung des g-Faktors des gebundenen Elektrons in wasserstoff- und lithiumähnlichen mittelschweren Ionen

In dieser Arbeit werden der experimentelle Aufbau und erste Messungen für die Bestimmung des g-Faktors des Elektrons gebunden in wasserstoff- und lithiumähnlichen mittelschweren Ionen beschrieben. Mit dem hochpräzisenWert des g-Faktors können theoretische Berechnungen der Quantenelektrodynamik gebundener Zustände überprüft werden. Die Messungen werden in einem Dreifach-Penningfallen-System durchgeführt. Dort wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit auch erstmals hochgeladene Ionen bis 28Si13+ in einer hierfür entwickelten Elektronenstrahl-Ionenquelle/-falle erzeugt. Für die Bestimmung des g-Faktors werden die freie Zyklotronfrequenz und die Larmorfrequenz benötigt. Erstere wird aus den drei Eigenfrequenzen des in der Präzisionsfalle gespeicherten Ions berechnet. Um das Ion bei den Messungen nicht zu verlieren, werden die Eigenfrequenzen des Ions durch Kopplung an einen radiofrequenten Nachweisschwingkreis nicht-destruktiv nachgewiesen. Die freie Zyklotronfrequenz konnte dabei mit einer relativen Genauigkeit von wenigen 10E−9 bestimmt werden. Zur Bestimmung der Larmorfrequenz ist die genaue Kenntnis der Spinrichtung des Elektrons im Magnetfeld notwendig. Diese wird durch den kontinuierlichen Stern-Gerlach-Effekt in der sogenannten Analysefalle bestimmt. Hierzu muss eine hohe Stabilität der axialen Frequenz des Ions erreicht werden. Um dies sowie die Hochpräzisionsmessungen in der Präzisionsfalle zu erreichen, wurden in dieser Arbeit beide Fallen hinsichtlich ihrer elektrischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften charakterisiert.

Messung der Charmonium-Produktion und Energiekalibration für Elektronen mit dem Atlas-Experiment

Der Wirkungsquerschnitt der Charmoniumproduktion wurde unter Nutzung der Daten aus pp-Kollisionen bei s^{1/2}=7TeV, die im Jahr 2010 vom Atlas-Experiment am LHC aufgezeichnet wurden, gemessen. Um das notwendige Detektorverständnis zu verbessern, wurde eine Energiekalibration durchgeführt.rnrnrnUnter Nutzung von Elektronen aus Zerfällen des Charmoniums wurde die Energieskala der elektromagnetischen Kalorimeter bei niedrigen Energien untersucht. Nach Anwendung der Kalibration wurden für die Energiemessung im Vergleich mit in Monte-Carlo-Simulationen gemessenen Energien Abweichungen von weniger als 0,5% gefunden.rnrnrnMit einer integrierten Luminosität von 2,2pb^{-1} wurde eine erste Messung des inklusiven Wirkungsquerschnittes für den Prozess pp->J/psi(e^{+}e^{-})+X bei s^{1/2}=7TeV vorgenommen. Das geschah im zugänglichen Bereich für Transversalimpulse p_{T,ee}>7GeV und Rapiditäten |y_{ee}|<2,4. Es wurden differentielle Wirkungsquerschnitte für den Transversalimpuls p_{T,ee} und für die Rapidität |y_{ee}| bestimmt. Integration beider Verteilungen lieferte für den inklusiven Wirkungsquerschnitt sigma(pp-> J/psi X)BR(J/psi->e^{+}e^{-}) die Werte (85,1+/-1,9_{stat}+/-11,2_{syst}+/-2,9_{Lum})nb und (75,4+/-1,6_{stat}+/-11,9_{syst}+/-2,6_{Lum})nb, die innerhalb der Systematik kompatibel sind.rnrnrnVergleiche mit Messungen von Atlas und CMS für den Prozess pp->J/psi(mu^{+}mu^{-})+X zeigten gute Übereinstimmung. Zum Vergleich mit der Theorie wurden Vorhersagen mit verschiedenen Modellen in nächst-zu-führender und mit Anteilen in nächst-zu-nächst-zu-führender Ordnung kombiniert. Der Vergleich zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung bei Berücksichtigung von Anteilen in nächst-zu-nächst-zu-führender Ordnung.

Simulazione FEM e validazione sperimentale del processo di friction welding

Nel seguente elaborato si propone lo sviluppo di un modello agli elementi finiti (FEM) del processo di friction welding del quale, attraverso i dati rilevati da prove sperimentali di validazione termica, vengono valutati i parametri ottimali di simulazione. Ai risultati così ottenuti vengono applicati anche algoritmi per la valutazione della microstruttura e della qualità della saldatura, sviluppati originariamente per l'analisi dell'estrusione: in entrambi i casi a seguito del confronto con le analisi metallografiche dei provini è stato possibile validare ulteriormente il modello creato.