Megabladder in experimental Chagas disease: pathological features of the bladder wall

Mega-organs, primarily in the digestive tract, are well known to occur in chronic Chagas disease. Acute experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi results in parasitism of a wide range of cells, tissues, and organs, including the urinary bladder. Infection of BALB/c mice with 100,000 bloodstream forms of the Y strain of T. cruzi induced acute infection with intense parasitism of all layers of the urinary bladder. Parasites were found in the mucosa, lamina propria, muscular, adventitial connective, and fat tissue. Desquamate epithelial cells with amastigotes in the bladder lumen were also found. After 60 days of infection, mice inoculated with 50 bloodstream forms developed dilated, thin-walled bladders that had inflammatory infiltrates and foci of fibrosis replacing areas of damaged muscular layer. These lesions result from direct damage to the muscle fibers by the T. cruzi, leading to myosites, muscle damage, and scarring. Direct damage of paraganglia cells secondary to parasitism, leading to dilatation, damage of muscle fibers, and scarring with replacement of muscular tissue with connective tissue, should also be considered as a cause of functional disturbance of the urinary bladder.

Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi (y strain) in mice

Since 1958, we have studied experimental Chagas' disease (CD) by subcutaneous inoculation of 1,000 blood forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain) in Balb/C. mice. Evolution of parasitemia remained constant, beginning on the 5th and 6th day of the disease, increasing progressively, achieving a maximum on about the 30th day. After another month, only a few forms were present, and they disappeared from the circulation after the third month, as determined from direct examination of slides and the use of a Neubauer Counting Chamber. These events coincided with the appearance of amastigote nests in the tissues (especially the cardiac ones), starting the first week, and following the Gauss parasitemia curve, but they were not in parallel until the chronic stage. In 1997, we began to note the following changes: Parasites appeared in the circulation during the first week and disappeared starting on the 7th day, and there was a coincident absence of the amastigote nests in the tissues. A careful study verified that young forms in the evolutionary cycle of T. cruzi (epi + amastigotes) began to appear alongside the trypomastigotes in the circulation on the 5th and 7th post-inoculation day. At the same time, rounded, oval, and spindle shapes were seen circulating through the capillaries and sinusoids of the tissues, principally of the hematopoietic organs. Stasis occurs because the diameter of the circulating parasites is greater than the vessels, and this makes them more visible. Examination of the sternal bone marrow revealed young cells with elongated forms and others truncated in the shape of a "C" occupying the internal surface of the blood cells that had empty central portions (erythrocytes?). We hypothesize that there could be a loss of virulence or mutation of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome

The blue rubber nevus syndrome consists of multiple venous malformations in the skin and gastrointestinal tract associated with intestinal hemorrhage and iron deficiency anemia. Other organs may be involved. The causes of this syndrome are unknown. Its most common presentation is in the form of sporadic cases, but dominant autosomal inheritance has been described. It is a condition that affects both sexes equally, and its occurrence is rare in the black race. We present a case of this syndrome diagnosed in a 11-year-old patient. He had severe anemia and a venous swelling on the trunk. Similar lesions were found in the stomach, bowel, and on his foot. We emphasize the main clinical aspects: intestine, eyes, nasopharynx, parotids, lungs, liver, spleen, heart, brain, pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, skeletal muscles, bladder, and penis lesions, systemic complications that may occur to these patients which are thrombosis and calcification, as well as consumptive coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia that may occur within the nevi.

Kidney function after left renal vein ligation in the dog

The ligature of the left renal vein is an alternative whenever this vessel is injured. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of the affluents of the left renal vein, proximal to the ligature, to maintain tissue vitality and function of the left kidney. Fifteen mongrel male dogs were divided in 3 groups of 5 dogs: Group I (control) - a laparotomy was performed, and the abdominal structures were only identified; Group II - the left renal vein was tied, close to vena cava; Group III - the same procedure as for Group II and a right nephrectomy. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were measured before the procedure, and every 3 days during 4 weeks in the postoperative period. Renal arteriography and an excretory urogram were performed on the animals that survived 60 days. Thereafter, or immediately after precocious death, the kidneys were removed for histological examination. All the animals of Group III died before two months (mean = 10.5 +-3.2 days), while the animals of Group II survived during that period. There was a complete exclusion of the left kidney in all dogs that underwent renal vein ligature. In the animals of Group II, the renal cortico-medullary limits could not be identified. At microscopy, the aspect was suggestive of nephrosclerosis. In the animals of Group III, the left kidney was enlarged, and a great amount of intravascular and intrapelvic blood clots were observed. At microscopy, extensive areas of necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and hemorrhage were identified. In conclusion, the tributaries of the renal vein were not sufficient to maintain the tissue vitality and function of the left kidney after ligature of its main vein.

Pancreatic lesions in acute experimental Chagas' disease

BACKGROUND: Chagas' disease is an endemic tropical affliction found from southern United States to Argentina. The acute phase of this disease is difficult to study in man because the symptoms are non-specific and most cases require no medical assistance. Experimental models have been developed for sequential studies, and intense parasitism in all organs and tissues, including the pancreas, have been detected in the acute phase. PURPOSE: To evaluate the involvement of the pancreas in acute experimental Chagas' disease in a mouse model by histopathological characterization. CASUISTIC AND METHODS: Ten BALBc mice, about 20 g, injected i.p. with 100 000 forms of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi were used. The animals were sacrificed after 14 days of infection. Fragments of pancreas were processed by conventional paraffin embedding and hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS: Ruptured pseudocysts and release of parasites to the extracellular medium caused by necrosis of acinar and duct cells and foci of fat were the most striking histopathological features of acute Chagasic pancreatitis. CONCLUSION: Parasitism is the main cause of acute pancreatitis in Chagas' disease.

Relatório de estágio no departamento central de investigação e acção penal

The means of obtaining evidence, the amount of evidence obtained, the number of defendants related to each criminal case and the gravity of the crimes for which the magistrates of the Department are holders of penal action, define its real importance to the Rule of Law. I have deeply studied the subject of the institution of hierarchical intervention required by the assistant and the application of an opening statement by the defendant, starting from a hypothetical case, provided when the query of an investigation with the subject of the crime of active corruption, where this institution was called as a reaction to the archiving dispatch delivered by the Public Ministry. I have study about the implementation of the institution of provisional suspension of the process, specifically in the scope of fiscal criminality, analyzing the effective satisfaction of the purposes of the sentences in two slopes: general prevention and special prevention. I went for my first time to a Central Court of Criminal Instruction, where I attended the measures of inquiry and instructive debate of a process that culminated with the prosecution and pronunciation of the defendants. In addition to this criminal experience, I have deepened and consolidated the academic knowledge with the study of various criminal cases from various fields in the scope of criminality investigated by the Department. I could therefore check the basis of procedural delays, regarding to our legal system, especially in this type of crime, raising issues that I analyzed and discussed, always in a critical and academic way. I had the opportunity to attend and witness a seminar in the Lisbon Directorate of Finance as well of entering the Centre for Judicial Studies to attend a conference on the International Anti-Corruption Day. Focus on the investigatory importance of the international judicial cooperation, through the various organs, with special interest to EUROJUST. I comprehended the organization and functioning of these communitarian organs and means of communication of procedural acts, in particular, the rogatory letters and european arrest warrants. This involvement is motivated by the moratorium factor of the investigations where rogatory letters are necessary for the acquisition of evidence or information relevant to the good continuation of the process. For this reason the judicial cooperation through the relevant communitarian organs, translates a streamlined response between the competent judicial authorities of the Member States, through the National Member that integrates EUROJUST. This report aims to highlight some of the difficulties and procedural issues that Public Prosecutors of DCIAP and criminal police bodies that assist them, face in combating violent and organized crime, of national and transnational nature, of particular complexity, according to the specifics of criminal types.

Titanium pigment in tissues of drug addicts: report of 5 necropsied cases

The aim of this report is to describe the anatomic-pathologic findings from necropsies of 5 drug addicts with titanium pigment in several organs after chronic intravenous injection of crushed propoxyphene hydrochloride tablets. Samples from liver, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes, and bone marrow were obtained, and after being grossly studied, they were submitted to evaluation using common light and polarized microscopy. In all 5 cases, a pigment with characteristics of titanium dioxide was found within tissue samples of the organs studied. Our findings suggest that research concerning titanium pigment within body tissues should be enhanced, considering the potential contribution of this morphologic data to forensic pathology.

Voiding dysfunction and urodynamic abnormalities in elderly patients

Lower urinary tract dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity and decreased quality of life in elderly men and women. With the progressive aging of the population, it is important to understand common micturitional disorders that may occur in this population. Most urinary problems in the elderly are multifactorial in origin, demanding a comprehensive assessment of the lower urinary tract organs, functional impairments, and concurrent medical diseases. Urodynamics is a highly valuable tool in the investigation of elderly patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Urodynamic tests are not always necessary, being indicated after excluding potentially reversible conditions outside the urinary tract that may be causing or contributing to the symptoms. Although urodynamic tests may reveal common diagnoses such as bladder outlet obstruction and stress urinary incontinence in the elderly population, findings such as detrusor overactivity and impaired detrusor contractility are common and have important prognostic and therapeutic implications. The purpose of this article is to describe common urologic problems in the elderly and review the indications for and clinical aspects of urodynamic studies in these conditions.

Prognostic factors in locally advanced colon cancer treated by extended resection

The impact of clinical, pathologic, and surgical variables on the postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival of patients undergoing extended resections of colon carcinoma were evaluated. METHODS: The medical records of 95 patients who underwent extended resections for colon carcinoma between 1953 and 1996 were reviewed. In all cases, in addition to colectomy, 1 or more organs and/or structures were resected en bloc due to a macroscopically based suspicion of tumor invasion. The clinical, pathologic, and surgical parameters were analyzed. Overall survival rates were analyzed according to the method of Kaplan and Meier. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were treated by curative surgeries and the remaining by palliative resections. Invasion of the organs and/or adjacent structures and regional lymph nodes was found microscopically in 48 and 31 patients, respectively. The median follow-up without postoperative mortality was 47.7 months. The 5-year overall survival rates was 52.6%. The 5-year overall survival rates for patients undergoing curative and palliative surgeries was 58.3% and 0%, respectively. The mean survival time in the palliative surgery group was 3.1 months. Multivariate analysis showed that Karnofsky performance status was strongly related to the risk of postoperative complications (P = .01), and postoperative deaths were associated with the type of surgery and Karnofsky performance status at the time of admission (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Some patients with locally advanced colon adenocarcinomas undergoing extended resections have a 5-year overall survival rates of 58.3%. Patients could benefit from palliative-intent procedures, but these measures should cautiously be indicated and avoided in patients with low Karnofsky performance status due to high rates of postoperative mortality and poor survival.

Funcionalidade e qualidade de vida : um estudo no processo de envelhecimento em portadores e não portadores da diabetes tipo 2

RESUMO: Introdução: A diabetes é uma patologia crônica que vêm crescendo exponencialmente em países desenvolvidos e, principalmente, naqueles em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do Brasil. Além de gerar importante custo aos sistemas públicos de saúde, sabe-se que as consequências do mau controle da diabetes tem impacto importante na vida de indivíduos que apresentam a doença, como a perda precoce da funcionalidade e a reduzida qualidade de vida. Nesse sentido, o governo federal brasileiro estabelece em 2002 o Programa Hiperdia, que prevê educação terapêutica e a assistência multiprofissional como estratégias na prevenção e controle das consequências geradas pelo mau controle da diabetes. Objetivo: O estudo aqui proposto tem como objetivo avaliar de que modo a presença e o tempo de diagnóstico da diabetes do tipo 2 (DM2) estão associados à funcionalidade e qualidade de vida de indivíduos assistidos pelo Programa Hiperdia. Metodologia: Foram avaliados indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 40 anos, residentes na cidade de Viçosa-Minas Gerais/Brasil, distribuídos em diferentes grupos conforme as perspectivas de análise 1 (estudo da presença da DM2) e 2 (estudo do tempo de diagnóstico da patologia). Para a perspectiva 1 dois diferentes grupos foram comparados: controle (CTL), indivíduos sem DM2 ou qualquer patologia em órgãos alvo da doença; e DM2, indivíduos diagnosticados com diabetes do tipo 2. Já para a perspectiva 2 de análise pessoas diagnosticadas com DM2 foram distribuídas em dois diferentes grupos: G1, indivíduos com tempo de diagnóstico da DM2 ≥ 1 ano e ≤ 5 anos; e G2, indivíduos com tempo de diagnóstico da DM2 ≥ 10 anos. Previamente, avaliamos o estado cognitivo dos participantes por meio do Mini Mental State Exam. Dados sociodemográficos e clínicos (rastreio de sintomas depressivos, sonolência diurna excessiva e antropometria) também foram avaliados, além da verificação do perfil bioquímico por meio de informações provenientes de prontuários médicos. Para o estudo da funcionalidade, os instrumentos Activities of Daily Living, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living e o Life Style Questionnaire foram utilizados, assim como o SF-36v2 para a avaliação da qualidade de vida. Por fim, outras variáveis como conhecimento sobre a DM2 e gestão da patologia também foram investigadas. 10 Resultados: 198 indivíduos (CTL: 81; DM2: 117) com idade ≥ 40 anos foram avaliados, dos quais 55,5% apresentaram idade igual ou superior a 60 anos. A maioria corresponderam ao sexo feminino (62,6%). Foram verificados similares resultados para o estado cognitivo em ambas as perspectivas de análise. Pode-se dizer que, para a perspectiva 1 (CTL vs. DM2), os grupos apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes para a maioria das variáveis estudadas e tendência para a variável estilo de vida, com resultados desfavorecedores ao grupo DM2. Para a perspectiva 2 (G1 vs. G2), nossos resultados não evidenciam diferenças significantes para o tempo de diagnóstico em nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Conclusões: Os resultados do estudo mostram que a presença da DM2 em situação de inadequado controle, bem como o insuficiente conhecimento sobre a patologia entre os indivíduos assistidos pelo Centro Hiperdia podem representar um importante fator para a verificação da reduzida funcionalidade e qualidade de vida. Isto sugere a necessidade de ajustes na execução do Programa, de modo a tornar possível o alcance dos objetivos propostos pelo mesmo. Referente ao tempo de diagnóstico da DM2, em nossa amostra, os resultados indicam que este parece não representar um fator desfavorecedor da funcionalidade e qualidade de vida.---------------------------ABSTRACT: Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (DM2) is a chronic disease that has been growing exponentially in developed countries, and even more so in developing countries such as Brazil. In addition, the pathology generates a significant cost to public healthcare systems. It is well known that the poor control of diabetes has important consequences on the lives of individuals diagnosed with the disease, such as the early loss of functionality and a reduced quality of life. In this sense, the Brazilian federal government established the Programa Hiperdia in 2002, a program that provides therapeutic education and multidisciplinary care in order to prevent and control the consequences of diabetes. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate how the presence and the diagnosis time of DM2 are associated with the functionality and quality of life of individuals assisted by the Programa Hiperdia. Methodology: We evaluated individuals aged 40 years or older living in Viçosa, Minas Gerais/Brazil, and divided them into different groups according to the analytical perspectives 1 (the study of the presence of DM2) and 2 (the study of the diagnosis time of DM2). For perspective 1, two different groups were compared: the DM2 group, which consisted of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and the control group (CTL), which consisted of individuals without type 2 diabetes or any disease in the target organs. For perspective 2, people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were divided into two different groups: G1, individuals with diagnosis time ≥ 1 year and ≤ 5 years; and G2, individuals with diagnosis time ≥ 10 years. Prior to group assignment, we assessed the cognitive status of all participants with the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE). Sociodemographic and clinical data (i.e. screening of depressive symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness and anthropometry) were also evaluated, as well as the biochemical profile based on information from the local Hiperdia center. To study functionality, Activities of Daily Living, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Life Style Questionnaire were administered. Quality of life was assessed via the SF-36v2 Health Survey. Finally, variables such as knowledge about DM2 and disease management were also verified. Results: 198 subjects (CTL: 81; DM2: 117) aged ≥ 40 years were evaluated, of whom 55.5% were aged 60 years or older. The majority of subjects were women (62,6%). Cognitive status scores were similar amongst both analytical perspectives. In terms of perspective 1 (DM2. vs. CTL), it showed statistically significant differences between the groups for the most part of the variables studied, and poorer results in the DM2 group. Regarding perspective 2 (G1 vs. G2), our results did not show significant differences for the diagnosis time in any of the variables studied. Conclusions: Our findings show that the presence of DM2 with inadequate control of the condition, as well as lack of knowledge about the disease among individuals assisted by the Hiperdia center may represent an important factor in the poor functionality and reduced quality of life when compared to the control group. This suggests that the Program likely needs some adjustments on its implementation in order to make possible the achievement of the objectives proposed. With respect to the diagnosis time for DM2 in our sample, the results indicate that it does not seem to be a factor in poor functionality nor quality of life.

O regime penal das imunidades dos titulares dos órgãos políticos de soberania

Portugal is one of the countries that has a constitutional regime of immunity. This protects certain individuals in political positions from prosecution under the law. These individuals are said to have a privileged status when compared to ordinary citizens. The purpose of this study is to examine the immunities enjoyed by President, the members of Parliament and the government ministers. The regime of immunities can be found to generate a certain sense of injustice and feelings of mistrust since the individual can not, albeit temporarily, be held criminally responsible for criminal conduct. It is urgent, therefore, to find a consistent justification with the principles and values of the Criminal Law. The Parliament is the place of the exercise of democratic power and, therefore, a member of Parliament assumes a central position in parliamentary activity. For this reason, it will be necessary to determine analysis to determine the meaning the prerogative of criminal irresponsibility. One question that must be asked is to know how the dogmatic plan that the immunities of the political organs of sovereignty must be seen.

O governo da justiça : o Conselho Superior da Magistratura

O Conselho Superior da Magistratura (CSM), enquanto instituição de governo do poder judicial, desempenha um papel central na democracia portuguesa. Estudado maioritariamente sob a perspectiva jurídica, este Conselho, tal como todo o sistema de justiça, reclama hoje um olhar atento da ciência política. Nesta Dissertação principia-se com um estudo comparativo entra as diferentes soluções de governo da justiça europeias. Procurando isolar variáveis foram analisados os sistemas de Espanha, França, Alemanha e Inglaterra. Seguidamente, e tendo em conta o momento crítico da transição para a democracia, analisa-­se o lugar do CSM na constituição daí resultante, acompanhando a sua evolução até aos dias de hoje. Finalmente, procede-­se à caraterização prosopográfica da elite de juízas e juízes que ocuparam os lugares do CSM ao longo destes 40 anos. Os resultados obtidos no estudo comparado, vêm confirmar que estando garantida a liberdade individual de cada juíza ou juiz no ato de julgar, a forma de governo da justiça parece definitivamente configurar um campo em aberto. Mais do que um modelo ideal, estes órgãos são o resultado de autênticas complementaridades institucionais. A análise histórica demonstra que no poder judicial, a transição decorreu de forma pacífica e consensual, traduzindo-se num ganho progressivo de autonomia externa da magistratura ao longo destes 40 anos. O estudo da elite judicial pertencente ao CSM veio revelar uma uniformidade com poucas variações. Neste momento, os membros do conselho privilegiam o princípio da independência, verificando-­se uma certa desconfiança entre o poder político e o poder judicial.

A new genus of Holothyrina: Neothyridae (Arachnida, Anactinotrichida) from the Manaus area, Amazonas state, Brazil

A new genus of Neothyridae, type species Diplothyrus schubarti sp. n., is described from the leaf litter of a primary forest in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The two pairs of lateral excretory orifices instead of a single one in the type genus Neothyrus of the family Neothyridae, are diagnostic. A protonymph of Neothyrus ana Lehtinen, 1981, is also described as the first known nymphal stage of this family.

O Esclavagismo dos Tempos Modernos e a Tutela Jurídica das suas Vítimas: os meios jurídicos ao serviço da recuperação psicológica das vítimas de tráfico de seres humanos

Dissertação de mestrado em Direitos Humanos

Sex determination in the Giant fish of Amazon Basin, Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossiformes, Arapaimatidae), using laparoscopy

The Giant of Amazon basin, pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, is the largest scaled freshwater fish in the world. pirarucu cultivation has recently started, driven by the decline in natural populations and high market value. Currently, there are no reliable methods for sexual differentiation in this species other than direct examination of gonads, which requires dissection of specimens. A non-lethal and less invasive method for sexual identification is highly desirable in order to properly group broodstock for mating and offspring production. We utilized laparoscopic examination in anesthetized pirarucu to differentiate between male and female individuals. This method allowed for the observation and differentiation of the reproductive organs within an individual. Our results suggest that laparoscopy is an efficient method for sex differentiation in pirarucu causing minimal stress to the fish.