982 resultados para Equine laminitis
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H5N1 Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: A Fact Sheet Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 and Wild Birds What are avian influenza viruses? What is a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus? What is “Bird Flu” and what is “HPAI H5N1”? What do we know about avian influenza viruses in wild birds? Do we have HPAI H5N1 in North America? Is there currently a public health risk associated with HPAI H5N1 in wild birds? Is there a domestic animal health risk associated with HPAI in wild birds? What is the possibility of HPAI H5N1 entering North America via migratory wild birds? What is the possibility of this virus being maintained in wild bird populations? Do we have surveillance for HPAI H5N1 in the United States? Additional information on HPAI can be found at these websites: The recognized geographic and species distribution of chronic wasting disease (CWD) has expanded since early September 2005 to include Hampshire County in the eastern panhandle of West Virginia National Fish and Wildlife Health Initiative Guiding Principles Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) virus was isolated from seven white-tailed deer in southwestern Michigan during September 2005 During the past summer, more than 500 head of livestock in North Dakota and South Dakota were lost to one of the largest recorded anthrax outbreaks in U.S. history. Most of the losses were in cattle, but horses, bison, and farm-reared elk also were affected. Dr. John Fischer, Director of SCWDS, has received this year’s Special Recognition Award from the International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (IAFWA). Dr. William Randolph Davidson is retiring in November 2005.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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This study examines the hippotherapy related to school inclusion. Inclusive education, given the diversity of human kind, seeks to understand and meet the educational needs of all students. Visual impairment is defined as a reduction or complete loss of ability to see with the better eye and after the best possible optical correction, and may be perceived by the focus when the individual educational needs of Braille for their learning. Hippotherapy is a therapeutic and educational method that uses the horse in an interdisciplinary approach in health, education and riding, searching for the biopsychosocial development of people with disabilities and/or special needs. The general objectives were: to follow a Hippotherapy program applied to a student with visual disabilities included in regular education from the practice sessions of hippotherapy and the student's school routine, and specific: to verify changes to a student with visual impairment during their participation in an equine therapy program, to check the commitment, involvement and interest in school activities the student practicing hippotherapy inserted into the regular school system. The methodology was a qualitative research, in the form of case study. The instruments of data collection were interviews, video recordings, photographs, school information and the subject of systematic observations of the sessions of hippotherapy. Interviews were conducted at three different times during the course of the program. First we used a strategy for succeeding in increasing the involvement of practicing with the school. Later, another strategy was established, consisting of the effective presence of the researcher in the school to carry out activities on the hippotherapy within the school environment. The analysis of the first interview showed no changes in school interest, however, occurred in the family environment. In analyzing the results of the second interview was seen as a...
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Objective To evaluate the action of conjugated equine estrogen, raloxifene and isolated or combined genistein-rich soy extracts on collagen fibers in the bones of oophorectomized rats. Materials and methods Seventy female rats received testosterone propionate (0.1 mu g/g) on the 9th day after birth. At 6 months of age, the rats were administered the vehicle (propylene glycol, 0.5 ml/day), and ten of the rats were randomly chosen to comprise the non-oophorectomized control group (GI). The other 60 rats were ovariectomized and randomized into six groups of ten as follows: GII, vehicle; GIII, conjugated equine estrogen (CEE), 50 mu g/kg/day; GIV, raloxifene (RAL), 0.75 mg/kg/day; GV, genistein-rich soy extract (GSE), 300 mg/kg/day; GVI, CEE + GSE, 50 mu g/kg/day + 300 mg/kg/day; and GVII, CEE + RAL, 50 mu g/kg/day + 0.75 mg/kg/day. Three months after surgery, the drugs were administered for 60 consecutive days. All rats were euthanized, and their left tibiae were removed for histological routine. The histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and picrosirius for evaluating bone microarchitecture. Types I and II collagen fibers were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Data analysis was carried out with ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results Collagen reduction was significant in the GIII animals when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the thickness of collagen fibers among the groups. There was a greater quantity of type III collagen in GVI than in the other groups. Conclusion Our data indicate that conjugated equine estrogen improves bone quality because it increases the quantity of type I collagen while reducing the quantity of thin collagen fibers. In addition, the combination of CEE and raloxifene or genistein-rich soy extract is not as efficient as CEE itself to improve bone quality.
Manipulation of follicle development to ensure optimal oocyte quality and conception rates in cattle
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Over the last several decades, a number of therapies have been developed that manipulate ovarian follicle growth to improve oocyte quality and conception rates in cattle. Various strategies have been proposed to improve the responses to reproductive biotechnologies following timed artificial insemination (TAI), superovulation (SOV) or ovum pickup (OPU) programmes. During TAI protocols, final follicular growth and size of the ovulatory follicle are key factors that may significantly influence oocyte quality, ovulation, the uterine environment and consequently pregnancy outcomes. Progesterone concentrations during SOV protocols influence follicular growth, oocyte quality and embryo quality; therefore, several adjustments to SOV protocols have been proposed depending on the animal category and breed. In addition, the success of in vitro embryo production is directly related to the number and quality of cumulus oocyte complexes harvested by OPU. Control of follicle development has a significant impact on the OPU outcome. This article discusses a number of key points related to the manipulation of ovarian follicular growth to maximize oocyte quality and improve conception rates following TAI and embryo transfer of in vivo-and in vitro-derived embryos in cattle.
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Our objectives were to characterize the urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in horse osteoarthritis, and to investigate the effects of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine (GlcN) upon the disease. Urinary GAGs were measured in 47 athletic horses, 20 healthy and 27 with osteoarthritis. The effects of CS and GlcN were investigated in mild osteoarthritis. In comparison to normal, urinary GAGs were increased in osteoarthritis, including mild osteoarthritis affecting only one joint. Treatment with CS + GlcN led to a long lasting increase in the urinary CS and keratan sulfate (KS), and significant improvement in flexion test of tarsocrural and metacarpophalangeal joints was observed. In conclusion, urinary CS and KS seems to reflect the turnover rates of cartilage matrix proteoglycans, and the measurement of these compounds could provide objective means of evaluating and monitoring joint diseases. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The present report describes an 8-year-old gelding presenting with signs of severe abdominal pain. After performing a thorough physical examination, including rectal palpation and additional diagnostic tests, an exploratory laparotomy was recommended. The jejunum was found herniated through the gastrosplenic ligament, and the stomach was severely distended with gas. Given a poor prognosis, the horse was euthanized on the table. At necropsy, the stomach appeared dilated, with an 180 horizontal gastric torsion, from left (lateral) to right (medial), dividing the organ into dorsal and ventral compartments. We believe that the chronic traction exerted by an incarcerated and distended loop of jejunum, in the dorsal aspect of the gastrosplenic ligament, associated with trauma during episodes of intense rolling, enlarged the rent until it ruptured. Because of this rupture, the lateral dorsal aspect of the stomach became unattached, predisposing it to the torsion. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Reasons for performing study: Alternative methods to evaluate the joint condition in asymptomatic osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) and other joint diseases may be useful. Objectives: To investigate possible changes in synovial fluid composition that may lead to joint conditions in asymptomatic OCD, in mature horses. Methods: Animals aged >2 years, of different breeds, with OCD in the intermediate ridge of distal tibia, symptomatic or not, were studied. Synovial fluid samples (10 healthy; 11 asymptomatic OCD; 25 symptomatic OCD) were collected by arthroscopy from 29 horses. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were analysed by a combination of agarose gel electrophoresis and enzymatic degradation with specific GAG lyases. The viscosity, white blood cell (WBC) count, protein concentration and hyaluronic acid (HA) molecular weight were also determined. Results: The method used here to analyse synovial fluid GAGs is reliable, reproducible and specific. The main synovial fluid GAGs are HA and chondroitin sulphate (CS), 93% and 7% respectively in normal horses. In symptomatic OCD, the concentrations of both increased (expressed as GAG/urea ratios), but CS increased more. The CS increased also in asymptomatic OCD. An inflammatory reaction was suggested by the increased WBC counts in OCD. The molecular weight of the synovial fluid HA was reduced in OCD, explaining the lower viscosity observed. Conclusions: The increased CS in synovial fluid of OCD joints in mature horses suggests that the synovial fluid CS and the WBC count are good markers of the joint conditions, allowing the identification of pathological phase in joint diseases. Potential relevance: The analysis of synovial fluid GAGs shows that cartilage damage occurs even in asymptomatic OCD, implying that arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments should be performed even in asymptomatic OCD.
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Validation of parentage and horse breed registries through DNA typing relies on estimates of random match probabilities with DNA profiles generated from multiple polymorphic loci. Of the twenty-seven microsatellite loci recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics for parentage testing in Thoroughbred horses, eleven are located on five chromosomes. An important aspect in determining combined exclusion probabilities is the ascertainment of the genetic linkage status of syntenic markers, which may affect reliable use of the product rule in estimating random match probabilities. In principle, linked markers can be in gametic phase disequilibrium (GD). We aimed at determining the extent, by frequency and strength, of GD between the HTG4 and HMS3 multiallelic loci, syntenic on chromosome 9. We typed the qualified offspring (n (1) = 27; n (2) = 14) of two Quarter Bred stallions (registered by the Brazilian Association of Quarter Horse Breeders) and 121 unrelated horses from the same breed. In the 41 informative meioses analyzed, the frequency of recombination between the HTG4 and HMS3 loci was 0.27. Consistent with genetic map distances, this recombination rate does not fit to the theoretical distribution for independently segregated markers. We estimated sign-based D' coefficients as a measure of GD, and showed that the HTG4 and HMS3 loci are in significant, yet partial and weak, disequilibrium, with two allele pairs involved (HTG4*M/HMS3*P, D'(+) = 0.6274; and HTG4*K/HMS3*P, D'(-) = -0.6096). These results warn against the inadequate inclusion of genetically linked markers in the calculation of combined power of discrimination for Thoroughbred parentage validation.
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In 1970, searching for the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses led to the first study on influenza viruses in domestic animals. Birds and mammals, including human beings, are their natural hosts; however, other animals may also play a role in the virus epidemiology. The objective was to investigate the incidence of influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural (9, 19.56%) and urban (37, 80.43%) areas in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Dog serum samples were examined for antibodies to influenza viruses by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using the corresponding antigens from the circulating viruses in Brazil. Dogs from rural areas presented antibodies to influenza A H3N2, and influenza A H7N7 and H3N8. In rural areas, dog sera displayed mean titers as 94.37, 227.88, 168.14, 189.62 HIU/25 mu L for subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H7N7, H3N8, respectively. About 84% and 92% of dogs from urban areas exhibited antibodies to human influenza A H1N1 and H3N2, respectively, with statistical difference at p < 0.05 between the mean titers of antibodies to H1N1 and H3N2. About 92% and 100% were positive for H7N7 and H3N8, respectively. In dogs from urban areas, the mean titers of antibodies against influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N7 and H3N8, were 213.96, 179.42, 231.76, 231.35 HIU/25 mu L respectively. The difference among them was not statistically significant at p > 0.05. In conclusion, these dogs were positive for both human and equine influenza viruses. The present study suggests the first evidence that influenza viruses circulate among dogs in Brazil.
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Analisou-se a distribuição do nervo fibular comum em 30 fetos de equinos, sem raça definida, provenientes do acervo do Laboratório de Anatomia Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, que foram injetados e conservados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Contatou-se que o referido nervo deriva do isquiático, divide-se em nervos fibulares superficial e profundo, distribuindo-se para os músculos extensores lateral e longo do dedo, fibular terceiro e tibial cranial. Traçando-se uma linha imaginária na região médio-lateral da tuberosidade do osso tíbia, o nervo fibular comum pode ser bloqueado em sua parte proximal, no terço caudal, entre o tendão de inserção do músculo bíceps femoral e a face lateral do músculo gastrocnêmio lateral (terço médio); e o nervo fibular profundo, na parte proximal da tíbia, crânio-distalmente ao fibular comum. O bloqueio do nervo fibular superficial pode ser realizado em duas regiões da tíbia: na proximal, considerando-se a linha imaginária, distalmente ao ponto citado para o fibular comum e caudalmente ao descrito para o fibular profundo; e na distal, na face lateral da articulação tíbio-társica, entre os tendões de inserção dos músculos extensores lateral e longo do dedo.
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Objectives: To evaluate the effects of conjugated equine estrogens (CE) alone or in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the cervix and horns of the rat uterus. Study design: Thirty days after ovariectomy, adult rats were randomly divided into four groups: Cl, control (treated with drug vehicle); GII CE (50 mu g/kg per day); GIII, MPA (0.2 mg/kg per day), and GIV, CE + MPA (doses as in GII and Gill). Drugs and vehicle were given by gavage during 28 days. Afterwards the animals were anesthetized, the cervix and uterine horns were dissected out and the middle portion fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution; other portions were fixed in acetone for histological examination and glycosaminoglycan quantification, respectively. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used for sulfated GAG analyses, and hyaluronic acid was assayed with an ELISA-like method. Statistical analysis was done by the Student's t test and the Tukey-Kramer test (P < 0.05). Results: The cervix and uterine horn structures presented signs of atrophy in the control group (GI). The other groups, mainly groups III and IV, had histological aspects of proliferation. In all groups the concentration of sulfated GAGs (especially dermatan sulfate) was higher than that of non-sulfated GAGs, both in cervix and in uterine horns. Estrogens increased sulfated GAG concentration at the cervix and the horn, whereas in uterine horns the amounts of sulfated GAGs were decreased after estrogens plus MPA treatment. The concentration of hyaluronic acid in uterine horns was higher than in cervices. Conclusions: The profiling and amounts of glycosaminoglycans in the two portions of the rat uterus are uneven. Dermatan sulfate occurs in higher concentrations in both cervix and uterine horns. Sulfated GAGs in rat cervix were increased by estrogens plus MPA, but were decreased by MPA alone in uterine horns. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The influences of age in calves' immune system are described in their first phase of life. We hypothesized that variations that occur in the main mechanisms of lung innate response can help to identify periods of greater susceptibility to the respiratory diseases that affect calves in the first stage of their life. This study aimed to evaluate the innate immune system. Nine healthy calves were monitored for 3 mo and 8 immunologic evaluations were performed. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were recovered by bronchoscopy. The alveolar macrophages in samples were identified by protein expression of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and underwent functional evaluation of phagocytosis (Staphylococcus aureus stained with propidium iodide and Escherichia coli). Data was assessed by one-way ANOVA (unstacked and parametric) and the Mann-Whitney test (nonparametric). Functional alterations in CD14-positive phagocytes were observed, with punctual higher intensity of phagocytosis in the third week and its decrease starting at 45 d of life. A gradual increase in phagocytosis rate was observed starting at this date. It is concluded that from 45 d of life on, alveolar macrophages have less phagocytic capacity but more cells perform this function. We suggest that this occurs because lung macrophages of calves start to maintain their immune response without passive immunity influence. Until 90 d of life, calves did not achieve the stability to conclude the maturation of local innate immune response.
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Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that estrogens have a major impact on cognition, presenting neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions in regions involved in such function. In opposite, some studies indicate that certain hormone therapy regimens may provoke detrimental effects over female cognitive and neurological function. Therefore, we decided to investigate how estrogen treatment would influence cognition and depression in different ages. For that matter, this study assessed the effects of chronic 17 beta-estradiol treatment over cognition and depressive-like behaviors of young (3 months old), adult (7 months old) and middle-aged (12 months old) reproductive female Wistar rats. These functions were also correlated with alterations in the serotonergic system, as well as hippocampal BDNF. 17 beta-Estradiol treatment did not influence animals' locomotor activity and exploratory behavior, but it was able to improve the performance of adult and middle-aged rats in the Morris water maze, the latter being more responsive to the treatment. Young and adult rats displayed decreased immobility time in the forced swimming test, suggesting an effect of 17 beta-estradiol also over such depressive-like behavior. This same test revealed increased swimming behavior, triggered by serotonergic pathway, in adult rats. Neurochemical evaluations indicated that 17 beta-estradiol treatment was able to increase serotonin turnover rate in the hippocampus of adult rats. Interestingly, estrogen treatment increased BDNF levels from animals of all ages. These findings support the notion that the beneficial effects of 17 beta-estradiol over spatial reference memory and depressive-like behavior are evident only when hormone therapy occurs at early ages and early stages of hormonal decline. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.