Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns : estresse no ambiente de trabalho e atividade física em militares

Esta tese inclui dois artigos que tiveram por objetivo investigar a relação de estresse no ambiente de trabalho com a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) e a relação de ambos com os níveis de prática de atividade física em militares do Exército Brasileiro. No primeiro artigo, a variável dependente foi TMC e a primeira variável independente foi o estresse no ambiente de trabalho, avaliado sob o modelo esforço-recompensa em desequilíbrio (effort-reward imbalance: ERI). TMC foram avaliados por meio do General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Foram estimadas razões de prevalência (RP) por regressão de Poisson para imprimir robustez aos intervalos de confiança (95%). A prevalência de TMC foi de 33,2% (IC95%:29,1;37,3). O estudo mostrou, após ajuste por idade, educação, renda, estilo de vida, autopercepção de saúde, agravos à saúde autorreferidos e características ocupacionais, que estresse no ambiente de trabalho estava forte e independentemente associado a TMC, exibindo razões de prevalências (RP) que variaram entre os níveis de estresse, oscilando de 1,60 a 2,01. O posto de tenente estava associado a TMC, mesmo após ajuste pelas covariáveis (RP = 2,06; IC95% 1,2 4,1). Os resultados indicaram que excesso de comprometimento é um componente importante do estresse no trabalho. Estes achados foram consistentes com a literatura e contribuem com o conhecimento sobre o estado de saúde mental dos militares das Forças Armadas no Brasil, destacando que o estresse no ambiente de trabalho e que o desempenho das funções ocupacionais, do posto de Tenente, podem significar risco maior para TMC nesse tipo de população. O segundo artigo teve por objetivo investigar a associação de estresse no ambiente de trabalho e TMC com a prática de atividade física habitual entre militares das Forças Armadas. A atividade física (variável dependente) foi estimada por meio do Questionário de Baecke, um dos instrumentos mais utilizados em estudos epidemiológicos sobre atividade física. Estresse no ambiente de trabalho, TMC e posto foram as variáveis independentes, avaliadas conforme descrição mencionada acima. Buscou-se avaliar a associação destas variáveis e com a prática de atividade física no pessoal militar. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método de regressão linear múltipla, via modelos lineares generalizados. Após controlar por características socioeconomicas e demográficas, estresse no ambiente de trabalho, caracterizado por "altos esforços e baixa recompensas", permaneceu associado a mais atividade física ocupacional (b = 0,224 IC95% 0,098; 0,351) e a menos atividade física no lazer (b = -0,198; IC95% -0,384; -0,011). TMC permaneceram associados a menores níveis de atividade física nos esportes/exercícios no lazer (b = -0,184; IC95% -0,321; -0,046). Posto permaneceu associado a maiores níveis de atividade física ocupacional (b = 0,324 IC95% 0,167; 0,481). Até onde se sabe, este foi o primeiro estudo a avaliar a relação de aspectos psicossociais e ocupacionais envolvidos na prática de atividade física em militares no Brasil e no exterior. Os resultados sugerem que o ambiente de trabalho e a saúde mental estão associados à prática de atividade física de militares, que se relaciona com a condição de aptidão física.

Physiological modules for generating discrete and rhythmic movements: action identification by a dynamic recurrent neural network

In this study we employed a dynamic recurrent neural network (DRNN) in a novel fashion to reveal characteristics of control modules underlying the generation of muscle activations when drawing figures with the outstretched arm. We asked healthy human subjects to perform four different figure-eight movements in each of two workspaces (frontal plane and sagittal plane). We then trained a DRNN to predict the movement of the wrist from information in the EMG signals from seven different muscles. We trained different instances of the same network on a single movement direction, on all four movement directions in a single movement plane, or on all eight possible movement patterns and looked at the ability of the DRNN to generalize and predict movements for trials that were not included in the training set. Within a single movement plane, a DRNN trained on one movement direction was not able to predict movements of the hand for trials in the other three directions, but a DRNN trained simultaneously on all four movement directions could generalize across movement directions within the same plane. Similarly, the DRNN was able to reproduce the kinematics of the hand for both movement planes, but only if it was trained on examples performed in each one. As we will discuss, these results indicate that there are important dynamical constraints on the mapping of EMG to hand movement that depend on both the time sequence of the movement and on the anatomical constraints of the musculoskeletal system. In a second step, we injected EMG signals constructed from different synergies derived by the PCA in order to identify the mechanical significance of each of these components. From these results, one can surmise that discrete-rhythmic movements may be constructed from three different fundamental modules, one regulating the co-activation of all muscles over the time span of the movement and two others elliciting patterns of reciprocal activation operating in orthogonal directions.

Never-resting microglia: physiological roles in the healthy brain and pathological implications

Microglia are largely known as the major orchestrators of the brain inflammatory response. As such, they have been traditionally studied in various contexts of disease, where their activation has been assumed to induce a wide range of detrimental effects. In the last few years, a series of discoveries have challenged the current view of microglia, showing their active and positive contribution to normal brain function. This Research Topic will review the novel physiological roles of microglia in the developing, mature and aging brain, under non-pathological conditions. In particular, this Research Topic will discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which microglia contribute to the formation, pruning and plasticity of synapses; the maintenance of the blood brain barrier; the regulation of adult neurogenesis and hippocampal learning; and neuronal survival, among other important roles. Because these novel findings defy our understanding of microglial function in health as much as in disease, this Research Topic will also summarize the current view of microglial nomenclature, phenotypes, origin and differentiation, sex differences, and contribution to various brain pathologies. Additionally, novel imaging approaches and molecular tools to study microglia in their non-activated state will be discussed. In conclusion, this Research Topic seeks to emphasize how the current research in neuroscience is challenged by never-resting microglia.

Physiological modules for generating discrete and rhythmic movements: Component analysis of EMG signals

A central question in Neuroscience is that of how the nervous system generates the spatiotemporal commands needed to realize complex gestures, such as handwriting. A key postulate is that the central nervous system (CNS) builds up complex movements from a set of simpler motor primitives or control modules. In this study we examined the control modules underlying the generation of muscle activations when performing different types of movement: discrete, point-to-point movements in eight different directions and continuous figure-eight movements in both the normal, upright orientation and rotated 90 degrees. To test for the effects of biomechanical constraints, movements were performed in the frontal-parallel or sagittal planes, corresponding to two different nominal flexion/abduction postures of the shoulder. In all cases we measured limb kinematics and surface electromyographic activity (EMB) signals for seven different muscles acting around the shoulder. We first performed principal component analysis (PCA) of the EMG signals on a movement-by-movement basis. We found a surprisingly consistent pattern of muscle groupings across movement types and movement planes, although we could detect systematic differences between the PCs derived from movements performed in each sholder posture and between the principal components associated with the different orientations of the figure. Unexpectedly we found no systematic differences between the figute eights and the point-to-point movements. The first three principal components could be associated with a general co-contraction of all seven muscles plus two patterns of reciprocal activatoin. From these results, we surmise that both "discrete-rhythmic movements" such as the figure eight, and discrete point-to-point movement may be constructed from three different fundamental modules, one regulating the impedance of the limb over the time span of the movement and two others operating to generate movement, one aligned with the vertical and the other aligned with the horizontal.

Physiological Determinants of Invasive Success Linking Distribution Patterns to Metabolic Physiology in Native and Invasive Blue Mussels (genus Mytilus)

In the early 20th century, a blue mussel species from the Mediterranean invaded the California coast and subsequently out-competed the native species south of Monterey Bay. Like other invasive species, Mytilus galloprovincialis has physiological traits that make it successful in habitats formerly occupied by the native M. trossulus, namely its adaptation to warm sea surface temperatures. This study looks at the current genotype distributions and enzymatic activities of field-acclimatized mussels within the hybrid zone where the species co-occur as well as mussels that have been acclimated for four weeks to different temperature and salinity conditions. In the field-acclimatized and laboratory-acclimated mussels, the native species exhibited significantly higher enzyme rates, which may reflect an evolutionary adaptation to compensate to low habitat temperatures. Indeed, the results of the laboratory acclimation indicate that these differences are genetically based. Whether an acclimation capacity exists may require even longer-term acclimation to different temperatures. Current findings suggest that the further spread of the invasive species is likely to be governed in large measure by the potentially counteracting effects of rising temperatures, which would favor the northerly spread of M. galloprovincialis, and increased winter precipitation, which would favor the persistence of M. trossulus. However, the success of M. galloprovincialis during acclimation to ‘dilute’ salinity (25 ppt) suggests that the invasive species can tolerate a greater salinity range than previously thought. Thus, further investigation is needed to build a comprehensive predictive model of the movement of M. galloprovincialis and the hybrid zone along the California coast.

Kyokushin karatean gaitasun fisikoetan pisaketa eta gero egiten den bazkari motaren eragina

[EUS] Elikadura oso garrantzitsua da errendimendurako txapelketa batean. Horrez gain, lehiaketa batzuetan, kirolariak kategoria ezberdinetan sailkatzen dira beren pisuaren arabera, kyokushin karatean bezala. Arte martzial honetako lehiakide askok txapelketaren aurreko egunetan dieta gogorra egin behar dute, ahalik eta kategoria baxuen egoteko asmoz. Batzuetan, barauan edo afaldu gabe joaten dira hori lortzeko. Horregatik, ikerketa honetan pisua hartu eta gero eta lehiatu aurretik elikadurazko estrategia ezberdinak aztertu ziren. Kontrola egin baino lehen, karbohidratoak eta proteinak hartu behar izan zituzten partaideek, eta indarra, erresistentzia, bizkortasuna eta potentzia baloratu egin zen. Kancho Oyama gimnasioan egin ziren frogak. Horietan 12 karatekak hartu zuten parte, batzuk emakumezkoak (4) eta beste batzuk gizonezkoak (8), 18 urte baino gehiagokoak izanda. Ikerketaren emaitzak, partaide gehienak indarrean, erresistentzia eta bizkortasunean karbohidratoekin eta potentzian proteinekin hobetu egin zutela markatu zuten. Ere esan dezakegu, errendimenduan mutilek neskek baino gehiago hobetzen dutela. Goizean arratsaldean baino errendimendu hobea nabarmentzen da, kontuan izanda, pisua hartu baino ordu batzuk lehenago jan barik daudela. Iraupen gutxiko eta intentsitate altuko kontaktuko kiroletan, txapelketa baino lehen ohiturak funtsezkoak dira, hala nola, ondo deskantsatzea, aurre entrenamenduak eta elikadura adibidez, horretaz gain, karbohidratoak hartzen baditugu pisua hartu eta gero normalean errendimendu gehiago lortzen da proteinekin baino, ondorio aipagarriena izanik.

The deliberate practice: the sports excellence versus the musical excellence

[ENG] If we look around us, we can observe that there is someone who is the best in each field of activity. We could think that they are exceptional individuals. This Final Project aims to increase knowledge of the effects of Deliberate Practice in the domains of music and sport. This will define you a concept of Deliberate Practice and then focus on the diversity of situations in which it shows us how it is presented in real life. From a questionnaire that has been designed for this study and distributed to the music students, I have expected to obtain a result that allow me to come to the conclusion that exists a relation between the hours of practice and the expertise in the execution. This reality has been linked to the regarding situation in the sport practice, whose information has been provided by the coordinators of the different sports. Taking into account the limited number of references available, this work has focused on a qualitative analysis of the data, interpreted from my point of view and my personal experience, which has been confirmed in the results obtained. The statistics managed allow me to conclude that, although the argument is not definitive, the guide effort through deliberate practice is essential to achieve the excellence.

Paixões e afetos: possibilidades de leitura das teses da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro no século XIX

Este trabalho busca investigar as condições de produção dos saberes psicológicos contidos nas teses de doutoramento da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro no século XIX. Tal meta visa, a partir de conceitos diversos, obter os princípios norteadores das obras dos futuros doutores, tomando como ponto de partida o seu contexto sócio-cultural. Dois conceitos, no entanto, serão privilegiados: os de paixão e afeto. Estes são conceitos que surgem em diversas teses, principalmente naquelas da primeira metade do séulo XIX período da maior parte das teses selecionadas nesta ocasião. Uma das principais questões levantadas diz respeito à maneira como os autores das teses elaboram seus trabalhos: utilizam-se das mais diversas referências para que possam corroborar aquilo que propõem em seus trabalhos. Assim, freqüentemente recorrem a textos de autores consagrados mesmo que, por vezes, não haja concordância entre os autores escolhidos. Os conteúdos utilizados são díspares, mas, como são aparentemente concordantes com o que os médicos produzem, são apropriados por estes. Esta apropriação vem a ser discutida a partir do trabalho de Michel de Certeau. Também vemos alguns elementos das teses sofrerem transformações, num trabalho de bricolagem, tal como propõe Claude Lévi-Strauss. É inegável que a apropriação e a bricolagem vão além do que se verifica nas obras de Certeau e Lévi-Strauss: estes se referem à cultura popular quando tratam daqueles temas, mas ao fazer uma incursão pelos escritos das teses, pode-se perceber que os mesmos fenômenos são característicos também de materiais que estão além do que geralmente se chama de cultura popular, haja vista que teses de medicina não poderiam ser interpretadas como tal. Sendo o período pesquisado uma época em que a psicologia ainda não se constituiu como ciência, os trabalhos médicos tornam-se instrumentos privilegiados de difusão de saberes psicológicos. Fazem parte de um material que impulsiona a produção de conhecimento sobre o homem em seus aspectos individuais, culturais, sociais, psicológicos, indo além das discussões fisiológicas e orgânicas. Embora estas estejam presentes, formam um conjunto com o qual os autores das teses buscam verificar as vicissitudes humanas. Para realizar este estudo foi necessária uma pesquisa documental, onde as teses servem como fontes primárias para a execução do trabalho. Através da análise dos temas e termos constantes das teses, pretende-se constituir um mapa sobre o qual torna-se possível articular as idéias veiculadas nas teses com o contexto sócio-cultural em que são produzidos os materiais dos escritos dos médicos

Aspects of mineral composition of male and female Heterobranchus bidorsalis adults exposed to different concentrations of Bonny-light crude oil

Studies were carried out to assess some macro and trace elements of mineral composition of the male and female Heterobranchus bidorsalis adults exposed to graded concentrations (1.00-8.00m/L-1) of Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO). The experiment was monitored for 4 days (toxicity) and 42days (recovery) periods. Significant decreases (P < 0.05)in the sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), vanadium (Va), lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) contents of the male H. bidorsalis corresponded with the increasing concentrations of BLCO. In contrast, the female fishes recorded significant increases (P < 0.05) in the values of the above elements in their tissues as the concentrations of BLCO increased. Furthermore, the values of Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Zn, Fe, Va, Pb and Mn recorded in the male fishes where generally lower than those of their female counterparts and the control fish. Increased values of these elements were also recorded during the recovery periods (days 14, 28 and 42) of this study in the magnitudes of 15% at day 14, 20% at day 28 and 20% at day 42. This implied that the removal of crude oil stress during this period improved the quantity of these minerals deposited in the fish tissues. The highest percent proportion of Zn and the lowest proportion of Pb recorded in both male and female H. bidorsalis adults agreed with the report of other workers for other fish species. KEYWORDS: Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Mineral composition, Bonny-light crude oil, Toxicity, Recovery.