Ryhmänjohtajan toimintakyky ryhmän hyökkäyksessä

Tutkimus käsittelee ryhmänjohtajan toimintakykyä ryhmän hyökkäyksessä. Tutkimustyön tavoitteena on selvittää miten ryhmänjohtajan toimintakyky vaikuttaa ryhmän toimintaan, ja kuinka ryhmän toimintakyky vaikuttaa ryhmän suorituskykyyn ja tehokkuuteen. Ohessa pyrin selvittämään kuinka ryhmän jäsenten toimintakyky vaikuttaa joukon suorituskykyyn. Tämä tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen tutkimus. Tutkimuksessa on käytetty teoriaoh-jaavaa sisällönanalyysia. Kyseisessä analyysissa on pyritty valmiin teorian tueksi tuomaan esille kokemusperäisiä näkökulmia. Analyysiä varten toteutettiin kirjallisuuskatsaus jonka perusteella tutkimuksen lähdemateriaali valittiin. Teoria ohjaa analyysiä merkittävästi ja kokemuspohjainen tieto on liitetty osaksi valmista teoriaa. Toimintakyvyn kehittäminen erilaisten menetelmien avulla osoittautui haastavaksi, koska uusia menetelmiä on vaikea todeta toimiviksi jos käytännön kokemuksia ei ole. Aikaisem-pien kokemusten perusteella kirjoitettu teoria pätee näin ollen nykypäivänäkin. Omien ko-kemusten perusteella tehdyt havainnot toimintakyvyn kehittämiselle olivat suurimmassa roolissa. Tutkimuksessa käytetty tutkimusmenetelmä ja tutkimuksessa käytetty lähdemateriaali tuki-vat tutkimuksen tavoitteita. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että valmisteluvaihe on tärkein vaihe, jossa luodaan onnistumisen edellytykset hyökkäyksen onnistumiselle. So-siaalinen toimintakyky erottui muista toimintakyvyn osa-alueista, koska se vaikuttaa eniten hyökkäyksen jokaisessa vaiheessa. Tämä tulee parhaiten esille siinä, että ryhmäkiinteys pa-rantaa ryhmän tehokkuutta merkittävästi. Tästä huolimatta muidenkaan toimintakyvyn osa-alueiden merkitystä ei voida väheksyä, mutta niihin ei kyetä vaikuttamaan taisteluvaiheessa samalla tavoin kuin sosiaaliseen toimintakykyyn. Tämän perusteella muiden osa-alueiden tulee olla kunnossa ennen taisteluiden alkua, mikäli ryhmän suorituskykyä halutaan kehit-tää.

Análise da similaridade florística entre florestas do Alto Rio Xingu, da Bacia Amazônica e do Planalto Central

Por meio de estudos recentes, a identidade fitogeográfica do Alto Rio Xingu foi reconhecida como Floresta Estacional Perenifólia por apresentar características físicas e florísticas próprias, embora situada na área de contato entre a floresta ombrófila e o cerrado. Neste sentido, este estudo apresenta a similaridade florística entre florestas estacionais deciduais e semideciduais, Cerrado do Brasil Central e florestas ombrófilas amazônicas, buscando interpretar as relações entre a Floresta Estacional Perenifólia do Alto Xingu com uma ou outra formação. Foram selecionadas 32 listagens de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas de estudos florísticos/fitossociológicos. A similaridade florística foi calculada por meio do índice de Jaccard e da construção de dendrograma baseado na média de grupo. A análise de similaridade permitiu identificar a clara distinção florística entre os biomas Cerrado e Floresta Amazônica, bem como as áreas de tensão ecológica entre estes biomas. As áreas de floresta estacional perenifólia foram mais similares com a floresta estacional semidecidual monodominante, o que pode ser explicado por estarem inseridas em uma região ecotonal entre o Cerrado e a Floresta Amazônica. A baixa similaridade da Floresta Estacional Perenifólia com os demais tipos florestais confirma a flora própria desta fitofisionomia, o que evidencia o seu reconhecimento em uma região considerada como área de transição.

Kantele taikka Suomen kansan sekä vanhoja että nykyisempiä runoja ja lauluja: 1-4. osa

1 osa (1829), 65 s. ; 2 osa (1829), 76 s. ; 3 osa (1830), 59 s. ; 4 osa (1831), 68 s.

Ingria et Carelia

1 kartta ; 59,5 x 44,8 cm, lehti 61,5 x 53 cm.

Charta öfver Åland : Del. C. T.

Tekijä: Christophorus Tärnström, 1711-1746, laivapastori, tutkimusmatkailija.

Kalevala

Laatinut ja alkulauseen kirjoittanut: Elias Lönnrot.

Suomalaisen talonpojan koti-lääkäri

Impr.: V. Furuhjelm.

Flora fennica: Suomen kasvisto : koelma

Impr.: L. Heimbürger.

Salivary cortisol as a tool for physiological studies and diagnostic strategies

Salivary cortisol is an index of plasma free cortisol and is obtained by a noninvasive procedure. We have been using salivary cortisol as a tool for physiological and diagnostic studies, among them the emergence of circadian rhythm in preterm and term infants. The salivary cortisol circadian rhythm in term and premature infants was established between 8 and 12 postnatal weeks. In the preterm infants the emergence of circadian rhythm was parallel to the onset of sleep rhythm. We also studied the use of salivary cortisol for screening for Cushing's syndrome (CS) in control and obese outpatients based on circadian rhythm and the overnight 1 mg dexamethasone (DEX) suppression test. Salivary cortisol was suppressed to less than 100 ng/dl after 1 mg DEX in control and obese patients. A single salivary cortisol measurement at 23:00 h and again after 1 mg DEX above the 90th percentile of the obese group values had sensitivity and specificity of 93 and 93% (23:00 h), and 91 and 94% (after DEX), respectively. The sensitivity improved to 100% when we combined both parameters. We also studied 11 CS children and 21 age-matched primary obese children for whom salivary cortisol sensitivity and specificity were 100/95% (23:00 h), and 100/95% (1 mg DEX), respectively. Similar to adults, sensitivity and specificity of 100% were obtained by combining 23:00 h and 1 mg DEX. The measurement of salivary cortisol is a useful tool for physiological studies and for the diagnosis of CS in children and adults on an outpatient basis.

The expression of the ACTH receptor

Adrenal glucocorticoid secretion is regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) acting through a specific cell membrane receptor (ACTH-R). The ACTH-R is a member of the G protein superfamily-coupled receptors and belongs to the subfamily of melanocortin receptors. The ACTH-R is mainly expressed in the adrenocortical cells showing a restricted tissue specificity, although ACTH is recognized by the other four melanocortin receptors. The cloning of the ACTH-R was followed by the study of this gene in human diseases such as familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) and adrenocortical tumors. FGD is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by glucocorticoid deficiency, elevated plasma ACTH levels and preserved renin/aldosterone secretion. This disorder has been ascribed to an impaired adrenal responsiveness to ACTH due to a defective ACTH-R, a defect in intracellular signal transduction or an abnormality in adrenal cortical development. Mutations of the ACTH-R have been described in patients with FGD in segregation with the disease. The functional characterization of these mutations has been prevented by difficulties in expressing human ACTH-R in cells that lack endogenous melanocortin receptor activity. To overcome these difficulties we used Y6 cells, a mutant variant of the Y1 cell line, which possesses a non-expressed ACTH-R gene allowing the functional study without any background activity. Our results demonstrated that the several mutations of the ACTH-R found in FGD result in an impaired cAMP response or loss of sensitivity to ACTH stimulation. An ACTH-binding study showed an impairment of ligand binding with loss of the high affinity site in most of the mutations studied.

Nitrergic modulation of vasopressin, oxytocin and atrial natriuretic peptide secretion in response to sodium intake and hypertonic blood volume expansion

The central nervous system plays an important role in the control of renal sodium excretion. We present here a brief review of physiologic regulation of hydromineral balance and discuss recent results from our laboratory that focus on the participation of nitrergic, vasopressinergic, and oxytocinergic systems in the regulation of water and sodium excretion under different salt intake and hypertonic blood volume expansion (BVE) conditions. High sodium intake induced a significant increase in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the medial basal hypothalamus and neural lobe, while a low sodium diet decreased NOS activity in the neural lobe, suggesting that central NOS is involved in the control of sodium balance. An increase in plasma concentrations in vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and nitrate after hypertonic BVE was also demonstrated. The central inhibition of NOS by L-NAME caused a decrease in plasma AVP and no change in plasma OT or ANP levels after BVE. These data indicate that the increase in AVP release after hypertonic BVE depends on nitric oxide production. In contrast, the pattern of OT secretion was similar to that of ANP secretion, supporting the view that OT is a neuromodulator of ANP secretion during hypertonic BVE. Thus, neurohypophyseal hormones and ANP are secreted under hypertonic BVE in order to correct the changes induced in blood volume and osmolality, and the secretion of AVP in this particular situation depends on NOS activity.

Effect of perimuscular injection of Bothrops jararacussu venom on plasma creatine kinase levels in mice: influence of dose and volume

The effect of dose and volume of a perimuscular injection of Bothrops jararacussu venom on myonecrosis of skeletal muscle was studied in mice. An increase of the venom dose (0.25 to 2.0 µg/g) at a given volume (50 µl) resulted in an increase in plasma creatine kinase (CK) levels 2 h after injection. Plasma CK activity increased from the basal level of 129.27 ± 11.83 (N = 20) to 2392.80 ± 709.43 IU/l (N = 4) for the 1.0 µg/g dose. Histological analysis of extensor digitorum longus muscle 4 h after injection showed lesion of peripheral muscle fibers, disorganization of the bundles or the complete degeneration of muscle fibers. These lesions were more extensive when higher doses were injected. Furthermore, an increase in volume (12.5 to 100 µl) by dilution of a given dose (0.5 µg/g) also increased plasma CK levels from 482.31 ± 122.79 to 919.07 ± 133.33 IU/l (N = 4), respectively. These results indicate that care should be taken to standardize volumes and sites of venom injections.