Novel co-evaporation approach for the growth of Sb doped SnO2 nanowires

Antimony doped tin oxide (Sb:SnO2) nanowires were grown by thermal and e-beam assisted co-evaporation of Sb and Sn in the presence of oxygen at a low substrate temperature of 450 degrees C. The field emission scanning electron microscopy study revealed that the nanowires had a length and diameter of 2-4 mu m and 20-60 nm respectively. Transmission electron microscopy study revealed the single crystalline nature of the nanowires; energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and EDS mapping on the nanowires confirmed the presence of Sb doping in the nanowires. UV light detection study on the doped SnO2 nanowire films exhibited fast response and recovery time compared to undoped SnO2 nanowire films. This is an innovative and simple method to grow doped SnO2 nanowires.

Role of substrate temperature on the properties of Na-doped ZnO thin film nanorods and performance of ammonia gas sensors using nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique

Sodium doped zinc oxide (Na:ZnO) thin films were deposited on glass substrates at substrate temperatures 300,400 and 500 degrees C by a novel nebulizer spray method. X-ray diffraction shows that all the films are polycrystalline in nature having hexagonal structure with high preferential orientation along (0 0 2) plane. High resolution SEM studies reveal the formation of Na-doped ZnO films having uniformly distributed nano-rods over the entire surface of the substrates at 400 degrees C. The complex impedance of the ZnO nano-rods shows two distinguished semicircles and the diameter of the arcs got decreased in diameter as the temperature increases from 170 to 270 degrees C and thereafter slightly increased. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Facile synthesis of carbon doped TiO2 nanowires without an external carbon source and their opto-electronic properties

The present study demonstrates a simple protocol for the preparation of one dimensional (1D) oxidized titanium carbide nanowires and their opto-electronic properties. The oxidized titanium carbide nanowires (Ox-TiC-NW) are prepared from TiC nanowires (TiC-NW) that are in turn synthesized from micron sized TiC particles using the solvothermal technique. The Ox-TiC-NW is characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Thermal oxidation of TiC-NW yields carbon doped TiO2-NW (C-TiO2-NW), a simple methodology to obtain 1D C-TiO2-NW. Temperature dependent Raman spectra reveal characteristic bands for TiO2-NW. Electrical characterization of individual C-TiO2-NW is performed by fabricating a device structure using the focused ion beam deposition technique. The opto-electronic properties of individual C-TiO2-NW demonstrate visible light activity and the parameters obtained from photoconductivity measurements reveal very good sensitivity. This methodology opens up the possibility of using C-TiO2-NW in electronic and opto-electronic device applications.

NiS - An unusual self-doped, nearly compensated antiferromagnetic metal

NiS, exhibiting a text-book example of a first-order transition with many unusual properties at low temperatures, has been variously described in terms of conflicting descriptions of its ground state during the past several decades. We calculate these physical properties within first-principle approaches based on the density functional theory and conclusively establish that all experimental data can be understood in terms of a rather unusual ground state of NiS that is best described as a self-doped, nearly compensated, antiferromagnetic metal, resolving the age-old controversy. We trace the origin of this novel ground state to the specific details of the crystal structure, band dispersions and a sizable Coulomb interaction strength that is still sub-critical to drive the system in to an insulating state. We also show how the specific antiferromagnetic structure is a consequence of the less-discussed 90 degrees and less than 90 degrees superexchange interactions built in to such crystal structures.

Platinum Ion-Doped TiO2: High Catalytic Activity of Pt2+ with Oxide Ion Vacancy in Ti1-x4+Ptx2+O2-x Compared to Pt4+ without Oxide Ion Vacancy in Ti1-x4+Ptx4+O2

Ti0.97Pt0.032+O1.97 and Ti0.97Pt0.034+O2 have been synthesized by a solution combustion method using alanine and glycine as the fuels, respectively. Both crystallize in anatase TiO2 structure with 15 nm average crystallite size. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed Pt ions are in the 2+ state in Ti0.97Pt0.03O1.97 (alanine) and 4+ state in Ti0.97Pt0.03O2 (glycine). The rate of CO oxidation occurring over Ti0.97Pt0.032+O1.97 (0.76 mu mol.g(-1).s(-1)) is similar to 10, times more than that over Ti0.97Pt0.034+O2 at 60 degrees C (0.08 mu mol.g(-1).s(-1)). A large shift in 100% hydrocarbons conversion to lower temperature was observed for Pt2+ ion-substituted TiO2 relative 10 that for Pt4+ ion-substituted TiO2. After reoxidation of the reduced compound by H-2 as well as CO, Pt ions are stabilized in mixed valences, 2+ and 4+ states. The role of oxide ion vacancy has been demonstrated by CO oxidation and H-2 + O-2 recombination reactions in the presence and absence of O-2. We analyze the activated lattice oxygens upon substitution of Pt2+ and Pt4+ ions in TiO2, using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations with supercells of Ti31Pt1O63, Ti30Pt2O62, and Ti29Pt3O61 for Pt2+ ion substitution and Ti31Pt1O64, Ti30Pt2O62, and Ti29Pt3O61 for Pt4+ ion substitution in TiO2. We find that the local structure of Pt2+ ion has a distorted square planar geometry and that of Pt4+ ion has an octahedral geometry similar to that of Ti4+ ion in pure TiO2. The change in coordination of Pt2+ ion gives rise to weakly bonded oxygens, and these oxygens are involved in high rates of catalytic reaction. Thus, the high catalytic activity results from synergistic roles of Pt2+ ion and oxide ion vacancy and weakly bonded lattice oxygen.

Laser receptive polyelectrolyte thin films doped with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles for antibacterial coatings and drug delivery applications

We report a simple method to fabricate multifunctional polyelectrolyte thin films to load and deliver the therapeutic drugs. The multilayer thin films were assembled by the electrostatic adsorption of poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and dextran sulfate (DS). The silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) biosynthesized from novel Hybanthus enneaspermus leaf extract as the reducing agent were successfully incorporated into the film. The biosynthesized Ag NPs showed excellent antimicrobial activity against the range of enteropathogens, which could be significantly enhanced when used with commercial antibiotics. The assembled silver nano composite multilayer films showed rupture and deformation when they are exposed to laser. The Ag NPs act as an energy absorption center, locally heat up the film and rupture it under laser treatment. The antibacterial drug, moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MH) was successfully loaded into the multilayer films. The total amount of MH release observed was about 63% which increased to 85% when subjected to laser light exposure. Thus, the polyelectrolyte thin film reported in our study has significant potential in the field of remote activated drug delivery, antibacterial coatings and wound dressings. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dielectric Function of Undoped and Doped Poly2-methoxy-5-(3 `,7 `-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] by Ellipsometry in a Wide Spectral Range

Ellipsometric measurements in a wide spectral range (from 0.05 to 6.5 eV) have been carried out on the organic semiconducting polymer, poly2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] (MDMO-PPV), in both undoped and doped states. The real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function and the refractive index are determined accurately, provided that the layer thickness is measured independently. After doping, the optical properties show the presence of new peaks, which could be well-resolved by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Also for the doped material, the complex refractive index, with respect to the dielectric function, has been determined. The broadening of the optical transitions is due to the delocalization of polarons at higher doping level. The detailed information about the dielectric function as well as refractive index function obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry allows not only qualitative but also quantitative description of the optical properties of the undoped/doped polymer. For the direct characterization of the optical properties of MDMO-PPV, ellipsometry turns out to be advantageous compared to conventional reflection and transmission measurements.

Physical and magnetic properties of (Co, Ag) doped ZnO nanoparticles

Undoped and (Co, Ag) co-doped ZnO nanostructure powders are synthesized by chemical precipitation method without using any capping agent and annealed in air ambient at 500 A degrees C for 1 h. Here, the Ag concentration is fixed at 5 mol% and Co concentration is increased from 0 to 5 mol%. The X-ray diffraction studies reveal that undoped and doped ZnO powders consist of pure hexagonal structure and nano-sized crystallites. The novel Raman peak at 530 cm(-1) has corroborated with the Co doped ZnO nanoparticles. Moreover, the PL studies reveal that as the Co doping concentration increases and it enters into ZnO lattice as substitutional dopant, it leads to the increase of oxygen vacancies (Vo) and zinc interstitials (Zn-i). From the magnetization measurements, it is noticed that the co-doped ZnO nanostructures exhibit considerably robust ferromagnetism i.e. 4.29 emu g(-1) even at room temperature. These (Co, Ag) co-doped ZnO nanopowders can be used in the fabrication of spintronic and optoelectronic device applications.

Electric field activated nonlinear anisotropic charge transport in doped polypyrrole

Electric field activated nonlinear transport is investigated in polypyrrole thin film in both in-plane and out-of-plane geometries down to 5 K and strong anisotropy is observed. A morphological model is suggested to explain the anisotropy through inter-chain and intra-chain transport. The deviation from the variable range hopping at low temperature is accounted by fluctuation assisted transport. From Zabrodaskii plots, it is found that electric field can tune the transport from insulating to metallic regime. Glazman-Matveev model is used to describe the nonlinear conduction. Field scaling analysis shows that conductance data at different temperature falls on to a single curve. Nonlinearity exponent, m(T) and characteristic length, L-E are estimated to characterize the transport in both the geometries. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

Mechanical and electronic properties of pristine and Ni-doped Si, Ge, and Sn sheets

Silicene, a graphene analogue of silicon, has been generating immense interest due to its potential for applications in miniaturized devices. Unlike planar graphene, silicene prefers a buckled structure. Here we explore the possibility of stabilizing the planar form of silicene by Ni doping using first principles density functional theory based calculations. It is found that planar as well as buckled structure is stable for Ni-doped silicene, but the buckled sheet has slightly lower total energy. The planar silicene sheet has unstable phonon modes. A comparative study of the mechanical properties reveals that the in-plane stiffness of both the pristine and the doped planar silicene is higher compared to that of the buckled silicene. This suggests that planar silicene is mechanically more robust. Electronic structure calculations of the planar and buckled Ni-doped silicene show that the energy bands at the Dirac point transform from linear behavior to parabolic dispersion. Furthermore, we extend our study to Ge and Sn sheets that are also stable and the trends of comparable mechanical stability of the planar and buckled phases remain the same.

Origin of enhanced thermoelectric properties of doped CrSi2

Using first principles density functional theory, we report for CrSi2, a linear relationship between thermodynamic charge state transition levels of defects and maxima of thermopower T-m, thus proposing a unique way of tuning thermoelectric properties. We show for doped CrSi2 that the peak of thermopower occurs at the temperature which corresponds to the position of the defect transition level. Therefore, by modifying the defect transition level, a thermoelectric material with a given operational temperature can be designed.

Supercapacitors based on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide and borocarbonitrides

Nitrogen-doped reduced giaphene oxide (RGO) samples with different nitrogen content, prepared by two different methods, as well as nitrogen-doped few-layer graphene have been investigated as supercapacitor electrodes. Two electrode measurements have been carried out both in aqueous (6 M KOH) and in ionic liquid media. Nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxides exhibit satisfactory specific capacitance, the values reaching 126 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s in aqueous medium. Besides providing supercapacitor characteristics, the study has shown the nitrogen content and surface area to be important factors. High surface-area borocarbonitrides, BxCyNz, prepared by the urea route appear to be excellent supercapacitor electrode materials. Thus, BC4.5N exhibits a specific capacitance of 169 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s in aqueous medium. In an ionic liquid medium, nitrogen-doped RGO and BC4.5N exhibit specific capacitance values of 258 F/g and 240 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. The ionic liquid enables a larger operating voltage range of 0.0-2.5 V compared to 0.0-1 V in aqueous medium. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mechanical properties of glasses and TiO2 nanocrystal glass composites in BaO-TiO2-B2O3 system

Glasses and glass-nanocrystal (anatase TiO2) composites in BaO-TiO2-B2O3 system were fabricated by conventional melt-quenching technique and controlled heat treatment respectively. Poisson's ratio and Young's moduli were predicted through Makishima-Mackenzie theoretical equation for the as-quenched glasses by taking the four and three coordinated borons into account. Mechanical properties of the glasses and glass-nanocrystal composites were investigated in detail through nanoindentation and microindentation studies. Predicted Young's moduli of glasses were found to be in reasonable agreement with nanoindentation Measurements. Hardness and Young's modulus were enhanced with increasing volume fraction of nanocrystallites of TiO2 in glass matrix whereas fracture toughness was found susceptible to the surface features. The results were correlated to the structural units and nanocrystals present in the glasses. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Combustion synthesis approach for spectral tuning of Eu doped CaAl2O4 phosphors

Despite being a particularly good emitter, use of divalent Eu has been seriously limited. This is because severe reducing environments or special hosts are needed during synthesis of divalent Eu containing phosphors. In this work we stabilize Eu in its 2+ state (in CaAl2O4) using an open-air solution combustion reaction. The impact of fuel (F) to oxidizer (O) molar ratios (F/O = 0.5-2.0) on luminescence properties is explored. Chromaticity of Eu:CaAl2O4 depends sensitively on the F/O ratio. In general, higher F/O inhibits Eu3+ and promotes Eu2+ formation, which in turn improves the quality of the blue phosphor. EPR spectra show inhomogeneous broadening effects with the increase in F/O ratio, which suggests that disorder creation is promoted when F/O is increase. This is also confirmed by an increase in emission line width in PL spectra, when F/O is increased. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Role of Crystal Field in Mixed Alkali Metal Effect: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Mixed Alkali Metal Oxyfluoro Vanadate Glasses

The mixed alkali metal effect is a long-standing problem in glasses. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is used by several researchers to study the mixed alkali metal effect, but a detailed analysis of the nearest neighbor environment of the glass former using spin-Hamiltonian parameters was elusive. In this study we have prepared a series of vanadate glasses having general formula (mol %) 40 V2O5-30BaF(2)-(30 - x)LiF-xRbF with x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30. Spin-Hamiltonian parameters of V4+ ions were extracted by simulating and fitting to the experimental spectra using EasySpin. From the analysis of these parameters it is observed that the replacement of lithium ions by rubidium ions follows a ``preferential substitution model''. Using this proposed model, we were able to account for the observed variation in the ratio of the g parameter, which goes through a maximum. This reflects an asymmetric to symmetric changeover of. the alkali metal ion environment around the vanadium site. Further, this model also accounts for the variation in oxidation state of vanadium ion, which was confirmed from the variation in signal intensity of EPR spectra.