Phosphate Deficiency Induces the Jasmonate Pathway and Enhances Resistance to Insect Herbivory.

During their life cycle, plants are typically confronted by simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses. Low inorganic phosphate (Pi) is one of the most common nutrient deficiencies limiting plant growth in natural and agricultural ecosystems, while insect herbivory accounts for major losses in plant productivity and impacts ecological and evolutionary changes in plant populations. Here, we report that plants experiencing Pi deficiency induce the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway and enhance their defense against insect herbivory. Pi-deficient Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) showed enhanced synthesis of JA and the bioactive conjugate JA-isoleucine, as well as activation of the JA signaling pathway, in both shoots and roots of wild-type plants and in shoots of the Pi-deficient mutant pho1 The kinetics of the induction of the JA signaling pathway by Pi deficiency was influenced by PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE1, the main transcription factor regulating the expression of Pi starvation-induced genes. Phenotypes of the pho1 mutant typically associated with Pi deficiency, such as high shoot anthocyanin levels and poor shoot growth, were significantly attenuated by blocking the JA biosynthesis or signaling pathway. Wounded pho1 leaves hyperaccumulated JA/JA-isoleucine in comparison with the wild type. The pho1 mutant also showed an increased resistance against the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis that was attenuated in JA biosynthesis and signaling mutants. Pi deficiency also triggered increased resistance to S. littoralis in wild-type Arabidopsis as well as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Nicotiana benthamiana, revealing that the link between Pi deficiency and enhanced herbivory resistance is conserved in a diversity of plants, including crops.

Repeated evolution of heat responsiveness among Brassicaceae COPIA transposable elements

Eukaryotic genomes contain repetitive DNA sequences. This includes simple repeats and more complex transposable elements (TEs). Many TEs reach high copy numbers in the host genome, owing to their amplification abilities by specific mechanisms. There is growing evidence that TEs contribute to gene transcriptional regulation. However, excess of TE activity may lead to reduced genome stability. Therefore, TEs are suppressed by the transcriptional gene silencing machinery via specific chromatin modifications. In contrary, effectiveness of the epigenetic silencing mechanisms imposes risk for TE survival in the host genome. Therefore, TEs may have evolved specific strategies for bypassing epigenetic control and allowing the emergence of new TE copies. Recent studies suggested that the epigenetic silencing can be, at least transiently, attenuated by heat stress in A. thaliana. Heat stress induced strong transcriptional activation of COPIA78 family LTR-retrotransposons named ONSEN, and even their transposition in mutants deficient in siRNA-biogenesis. ONSEN transcriptional activation was facilitated by the presence of heat responsive elements (HREs) within the long terminal repeats, which serve as a binding platform for the HEAT SHOCK FACTORs (HSFs). This thesis focused on the evolution of ONSEN heat responsiveness in Brassicaceae. By using whole-transcriptome sequencing approach, multiple Arabidopsis lyrata ONSENs with conserved heat response were found and together with ONSENs from other Brassicaceae were used to reconstruct the evolution of ONSEN HREs. This indicated ancestral situation with two, in palindrome organized, HSF binding motifs. In the genera Arabidopsis and Ballantinia, a local duplication of this locus increased number of HSF binding motifs to four, forming a high-efficiency HRE. In addition, whole transcriptome analysis revealed novel heat-responsive TE families COPIA20, COPIA37 and HATE. Notably, HATE represents so far unknown COPIA family which occurs in several Brassicaceae species but is absent in A. thaliana. Putative HREs were identified within the LTRs of COPIA20, COPIA37 and HATE of A. lyrata, and could be preliminarily validated by transcriptional analysis upon heat induction in subsequent survey of Brassicaeae species. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis indicated a repeated evolution of heat responsiveness within Brassicaceae COPIA LTR-retrotransposons. This indicates that acquisition of heat responsiveness may represent a successful strategy for survival of TEs within the host genome.

Synthesis and characterization of electron deficient heterocycles as building blocks for electronic materials

This thesis describes the synthesis of a new electropolymerizable viologen derivative. A reasonably high-yielding route is reported, and a preliminary investigation of its polymerisation is described. The viologen and its precursors were examined by 1H NMR, MS, IR and elemental analysis. The energies of the band gap for the materials have been calculated using UV-vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry was also used to estimate the oxidation and the reduction potentials and to calculate the HOMO and LUMO energies. Theoretical calculations were performed using DFT. The attempted synthesis of a new flavin-functionalised phenanthroline derivative is described. Unfortunately, the protocol used failed to provide the desired compounds.

Reduced lipoapoptosis, hedgehog pathway activation and fibrosis in caspase-2 deficient mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

International audience

Protoporphyrin treatment modulates susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in miR-155-deficient mice

We previously identified heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) as a specific target of miR-155, and inhibition of HO-1 activity restored the capacity of miR-155-/- CD4+ T cells to promote antigendriven inflammation after adoptive transfer in antigen-expressing recipients. Protoporphyrins are molecules recognized for their modulatory effect on HO-1 expression and function. In the present study, we investigated the effect of protoporphyrin treatment on the development of autoimmunity in miR-155-deficient mice. MiR-155-mediated control of HO-1 expression in promoting T cell-driven chronic autoimmunity was confirmed since HO-1 inhibition restored susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in miR-155- deficient mice. The increased severity of the disease was accompanied by an enhanced T cell infiltration into the brain. Taken together, these results underline the importance of miR- 155-mediated control of HO-1 expression in regulating the function of chronically-stimulated T cells in EAE.

Création de mutants cdc5 en vue de l’identification des substrats de PLK/Cdc5 lors de la réponse d’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN.

Les kinases de la famille Polo (PLK) jouent un rôle majeur durant le cycle cellulaire, notamment en promouvant des processus essentiels tels que l’entrée en phase M et la sortie du cycle cellulaire. Elles sont également impliquées dans plusieurs cancers et ont un fort pouvoir tumorigène. Notre laboratoire a récemment montré que Cdc5 (la kinase PLK chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae) est également nécessaire pour l'adaptation aux dommages à l'ADN, et que la cible critique de Cdc5 au cours de ce processus pourrait être une cible peu conventionnelle localisée aux centrosomes de levures. Dans le but d’identifier ce substrat, une analyse intégrale du phosphoprotéome de PLK/Cdc5 par spectrométrie de masse devra être réalisée. Pour ce faire, un allèle CDC5 sensible à la température, c’est-à-dire une version mutante qui devient inactive à température élevée, devra être utilisée. Cet allèle devra être thermosensible à 30°C, afin de s’assurer qu’il sera le seul à être inactivé à cette température et que, par conséquent, seuls les substrats de Cdc5 seront identifiés. À cet effet, nous avons généré deux allèles cdc5 thermosensibles à 30°C : cdc5-17 et cdc5-18, puis analysé leur cycle cellulaire à 32°C. Les résultats de cette analyse ont montré que l’exposition des cellules à 32°C résulte en leur blocage en fin de mitose sous la forme bourgeonnée, témoignant d’un défaut dans la promotion de la sortie de la mitose. Ce défaut est causé par la mutation du gène CDC5 dont la protéine favorise la sortie de la mitose via deux voies : la voie du MEN (Mitotic Exit Network) et la voie du FEAR (Cdc Fourteen Early Anaphase Release). cdc5-17 et cdc5-18 représentent des outils biologiques précieux qui permettront de mieux analyser le phosphoprotéome de PLK/Cdc5 et de mener à l’identification des cibles de Cdc5 lors de la réponse d’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN. Étant donné que l’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN causés par des chimiothérapies représente l’un des facteurs permettant la prolifération des tumeurs cancéreuses, cette découverte serait un grand pas dans la lutte contre le cancer.

Création de mutants cdc5 en vue de l’identification des substrats de PLK/Cdc5 lors de la réponse d’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN

Les kinases de la famille Polo (PLK) jouent un rôle majeur durant le cycle cellulaire, notamment en promouvant des processus essentiels tels que l’entrée en phase M et la sortie du cycle cellulaire. Elles sont également impliquées dans plusieurs cancers et ont un fort pouvoir tumorigène. Notre laboratoire a récemment montré que Cdc5 (la kinase PLK chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae) est également nécessaire pour l'adaptation aux dommages à l'ADN, et que la cible critique de Cdc5 au cours de ce processus pourrait être une cible peu conventionnelle localisée aux centrosomes de levures. Dans le but d’identifier ce substrat, une analyse intégrale du phosphoprotéome de PLK/Cdc5 par spectrométrie de masse devra être réalisée. Pour ce faire, un allèle CDC5 sensible à la température, c’est-à-dire une version mutante qui devient inactive à température élevée, devra être utilisée. Cet allèle devra être thermosensible à 30°C, afin de s’assurer qu’il sera le seul à être inactivé à cette température et que, par conséquent, seuls les substrats de Cdc5 seront identifiés. À cet effet, nous avons généré deux allèles cdc5 thermosensibles à 30°C : cdc5-17 et cdc5-18, puis analysé leur cycle cellulaire à 32°C. Les résultats de cette analyse ont montré que l’exposition des cellules à 32°C résulte en leur blocage en fin de mitose sous la forme bourgeonnée, témoignant d’un défaut dans la promotion de la sortie de la mitose. Ce défaut est causé par la mutation du gène CDC5 dont la protéine favorise la sortie de la mitose via deux voies : la voie du MEN (Mitotic Exit Network) et la voie du FEAR (Cdc Fourteen Early Anaphase Release). cdc5-17 et cdc5-18 représentent des outils biologiques précieux qui permettront de mieux analyser le phosphoprotéome de PLK/Cdc5 et de mener à l’identification des cibles de Cdc5 lors de la réponse d’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN. Étant donné que l’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN causés par des chimiothérapies représente l’un des facteurs permettant la prolifération des tumeurs cancéreuses, cette découverte serait un grand pas dans la lutte contre le cancer.

HydroxyprolineO-arabinosyltransferase mutants oppositely alter tip growth inArabidopsis thalianaandPhyscomitrella patens

Hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferases (HPATs) are members of a small, deeply conserved family of plant-specific glycosyltransferases that add arabinose sugars to diverse proteins including cell wall-associated extensins and small signaling peptides. Recent genetic studies in flowering plants suggest that different HPAT homologs have been co-opted to function in diverse species-specific developmental contexts. However, nothing is known about the roles of HPATs in basal plants. We show that complete loss of HPAT function in Arabidopsis thaliana and the moss Physcomitrella patens results in a shared defect in gametophytic tip cell growth. Arabidopsis hpat1/2/3 triple knockout mutants suffer from a strong male sterility defect as a consequence of pollen tubes that fail to fully elongate following pollination. Knocking out the two HPAT genes of Physcomitrella results in larger multicellular filamentous networks due to increased elongation of protonemal tip cells. Physcomitrella hpat mutants lack cell-wall associated hydroxyproline arabinosides and can be rescued with exogenous cellulose, while global expression profiling shows that cell wall-associated genes are severely misexpressed, implicating a defect in cell wall formation during tip growth. Our findings point to a major role for HPATs in influencing cell elongation during tip growth in plants.

Identification and analysis of novel virulence-defective Rhodococcus fascians mutants

Rhodococcus fascians é uma actinomiceta fitopatogénica que induz uma doença, conhecida como irritação frondosa, caracterizada pela indução de múltiplos rebentos, numa vasta gama de plantas herbáceas dicotiledóneas. O principal factor de patogenicidade da bactéria é a produção de uma mistura de 6 citoquininas codificadas pelos genes do operão fas que está localizado num plasmídeo linear associado à virulência, pFiD188. Este trabalho teve como objectivo a análise de dois novos loci deste plasmídeo associados à virulência: GT1 que codifica uma glicosiltransferase e os genes mtr1 e mtr2, grandemente homólogos, que codificam metiltransferases dependentes de SAM. Trabalhos prévios com 21D5, mutante na glicosiltransferase, mostraram que possui uma morfologia de colónia modificada e forma agregados em culturas líquidas. Neste trabalho demonstrou-se que essas características não afectam o crescimento em meio de cultura rico, mas levam à incapacidade de proliferação em condições de privação de nutrientes, tendo um impacto forte na competência epifítica. Este impacto foi demostrado pela atenuação severa da virulência em 21D5, que foi acompanhada de uma expressão alterada dos genes fas e att, essenciais para a virulência, e consequente redução da capacidade de invasão dos tecidos da planta e de produção dos factores de virulência. Demonstrou-se também que a expressão de GT1 é induzida por compostos que são acumulados em plantas nas fases iniciais da infecção, colocando a função de GT1 no começo da interacção. Tal como R. fascians, Streptomyces turgidiscabies possui um operão fas e dois genes mtr associados. R. fascians mutantes nestes genes mtr’s perderam a capacidade de provocar sintomas, mas produziram 2MeS-citoquininas, implicando que outras citoquininas metiladas são cruciais para a indução da doença. De modo a identificar os produtos de reacção das MTRs procedeu-se à análise do perfil de citoquininas de R. fascians em condições que induzem a expressão dos genes do operão fas e de S. turgidiscabies alimentados com SAM e adenina marcadas com 14C em TLC. No entanto, não foi possível a identificação de compostos dependentes de fas ou mtr nos sobrenadantes. Pela determinação do perfil de expressão dos genes mtr in vitro e in planta tornou-se claro que a regulação destes genes é muito complexa, sendo a sua expressão limitada a células de R. fascians que colonizam o hospedeiro. Para possibilitar a identificação dos produtos de recção de MTR, desenvolveu-se um protocolo que permite a expressão in planta em condições in vitro, o que permitirá a repetição dos ensaios de marcação com 14C.

Comprehensive characterization of SDH-deficient GIST using NGS data and iPSC models

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common di tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, arising from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) or their precursors. The vast majority of GISTs (75–85% of GIST) harbor KIT or PDGFRA mutations. A small percentage of GIST (about 10‐15%) do not harbor any of these driver mutations and have historically been called wild-type (WT). Among them, from 20% to 40% show loss of function of the succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDH), also defined as SDH‐deficient GIST. SDH-deficient GISTs display distinctive clinical and pathological features, and can be sporadic or associated with Carney triad or Carney-Stratakis syndrome. These tumors arise most frequently in the stomach with predilection to distal stomach and antrum, have a multi-nodular growth, display a histological epithelioid phenotype, and present frequent lympho-vascular invasion. Occurrence of lymph node metastases and indolent course are representative features of SDH-deficient GISTs. This subset of GIST is known for the immunohistochemical loss of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB), which signals the loss of function of the entire SDH-complex. The overall aim of my PhD project consists of the comprehensive characterization of SDH deficient GIST. Throughout the project, clinical, molecular and cellular characterizations were performed using next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS), that has the potential to allow the identification of molecular patterns useful for the diagnosis and development of novel treatments. Moreover, while there are many different cell lines and preclinical models of KIT/PDGFRA mutant GIST, no reliable cell model of SDH-deficient GIST has currently been developed, which could be used for studies on tumor evolution and in vitro assessments of drug response. Therefore, another aim of this project was to develop a pre-clinical model of SDH deficient GIST using the novel technology of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC).

Characterization and cloning of chemically-induced mutants in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Induced mutagenesis has been exploited for crop improvement and for investigating gene function and regulation. To unravel molecular mechanisms of stress resilience, we applied state-of-the-art genomics-based gene cloning methods to barley mutant lines showing altered root and shoot architecture and disease lesion mimic phenotypes. With a novel method that we named complementation by sequencing, we cloned NEC3, the causal gene for an orange-spotted disease lesion mimic phenotype. NEC3 belongs to the CYP71P1 gene family and it is involved in serotonin biosynthesis. By comparative phylogenetic analysis we showed that CYP71P1 emerged early in angiosperm evolution but was lost in some lineages including Arabidopsis thaliana. By BSA-Seq, we cloned the gene whose mutation increased leaf width, and we showed that the gene corresponded to the previously cloned BROADLEAF1. By BSA coupled to WGS sequencing, we cloned EGT1 and EGT2, two genes that regulate root gravitropic set point angle. EGT1 encodes a Tubby-like F-box protein and EGT2 encodes a Sterile Alpha Motive protein; EGT2 is phylogenetically related to AtSAM5 in Arabidopsis and to WEEP in peach where it regulates branch angle. Both EGT1 and EGT2 are conserved in wheat. We hypothesized that both participate to an anti-gravitropic offset mechanism since their disruption causes mutant roots to grow along the gravity vector. By the MutMap+ method, we cloned the causal gene of a short and semi-rigid root mutant and found that it encodes for an endoglucanase and is the ortholog of OsGLU3 in rice whose mutant has the same phenotype, suggesting that the gene is conserved in barley and rice. The mutants and the corresponding genes which were cloned in this work are involved in the response to stress and can potentially contribute to crop adaptation.

Role of CARM1 (PRMT4) in high grade serous ovarian cancer metabolism and function of PRMT5 in ARID1A- deficient endometrial cancer invasion

The arginine methyltransferase CARM1 (PRMT4) is amplified and overexpressed in ~20% of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) and correlates with a poor survival. Therapeutic approaches based on CARM1 expression remain to be an unmet need. Here we show that fatty acid metabolism represents a metabolic vulnerability for HGSOC in a CARM1 expression status dependent manner. CARM1 promotes the de novo synthesis of fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The disruption of MUFAs synthesis by inhibition of SCD1 results in excessive accumulation of cytotoxic saturated fatty acids and it is synthetic lethal with CARM1 expression. Collectively, our data show that the pharmacological inhibition of MUFAs synthesis via SCD1 inhibition represents a therapeutic strategy for CARM1-high HGSOC. Another arginine methyltransferase, PRMT5, has been identified by our CRISPR screening analysis as a promising candidate for invasive ARID1A-deficient endometrial cancer. Endometrial Cancer frequently harbor somatic inactivating mutation of ARID1A that can promote an invasive phenotype. Our in vitro approach validated the CRISPR screening showing that both PRTM5 knock down and its pharmaceutical inhibition specifically hamper the invasion of ARID1A inactivated cells. Mechanistically, PRMT5 directly regulates the epithelia to mesenchymal transition pathway genes interacting with the SWI/SNF complexes. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that PRMT5 inhibition contrasted the myometrium invasion highlighting PRMT5 inhibition as promising therapeutic strategy for ARID1A- inactivated aggressive endometrial cancer.