999 resultados para Crescimento e lucratividade
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coffee is one of the main products of Brazilian agriculture, the country is currently the largest producer and exporter. Knowing the growth pattern of a fruit can assist in the development of culture indicating for example, the times of increased fruit weight and its optimum harvest, essential to improve the management and quality of coffee. Some authors indicate that the growth curve of the coffee fruit has a double sigmoid shape. However, it consists of just a visual observation without exploring the use of regression models. The aims of this study were: i) determine if the growth pattern of the coffee fruit is really double sigmoidal; ii) to propose a new approach in weighted importance re-sampling to estimate the parameters of regression models and select the most suitable double sigmoidal model to describe the growth of coffee fruits; iii) to study the spatial distribution effect of the crop in the growth curve of coffee fruits. In the first article the aim was determine if the growth pattern of the coffee fruit is really double sigmoidal. The models double Gompertz and double Logistic showed significantly superior fit to models of simple sigmoid confirming that the standard of coffee fruits growth is really double sigmoidal. In the second article we propose to consider an approximation of the likelihood as the candidate distribution of the weighted importance resampling, aiming to facilitate the process of obtaining samples of marginal distributions of each parameter. This technique was effective since it provided parameters with practical interpretation and low computational effort, therefore, it can be used to estimate parameters of double sigmoidal growth curves. The nonlinear model double Logistic was the most appropriate to describe the growth curve of coffee fruits. In the third article aimed to verify the influence of different planting alignments and sun exposure faces in the fruits growth curve. A difference between the growth rates in the two stages of fruit development was identified, regardless the side. Although it has been proven differences in productivity and quality of coffee, there was no difference between the growth curves in the different planting alignments herein studied.
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A edição número 65 do Estudo Econômico da América Latina e do Caribe corresponde ao biênio 2012 2013. Tal como as edições anteriores, na primeira parte se analisa o desempenho recente das economias da região e suas perspectivas para o ano, e na segunda se discutem aspectos de longo prazo do desenvolvimento econômico da América Latina e do Caribe. Finalmente, na página web da CEPAL (www.cepal.org) podem-se consultar as notas de países, onde se analisa a conjuntura das economias da América Latina e do Caribe durante 2012 e o primeiro semestre de 2013, bem como o anexo estatístico, em que se mostra a evolução dos principais indicadores econômicos. Os quadros do anexo estatístico permitem visualizar rapidamente a informação dos últimos anos e criar quadros em folhas de cálculo eletrônicas.
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The aim of the study was to develop a system of growth and yield models for thinned stands of Eucalyptus spp.; and to assess the behavior of the growth in scenarios with 10% decrease or increase in rainfall. The probability distribution functions Weibull 2 and 3 parameters and Johnson SB for different methods were fitted. Correlation between the fitted parameters with age was evaluated. Dominant height growth behavior was evaluated to check if thinned stand changes its growth when compared to a non-thinned stands. The stand variables dominant height and basal area were projected and simultaneously predicted and projected, respectively. Individual tree equations were fitted, which were fitted as functions of stand level variables in order to decrease the error propagation. R software was used to fit all the proposed models and consequently all the fitted models were evaluated by their parameters significance (F-test) and graphs of predicted values in relation to the observed values around the 1:1 line. Thus, the prognosis system was made by two ways, first one using the full data set, and for the second one the dataset was restricted at age 7.5. Increase and decrease in 20% of rainfall were assessed by updating the site index function. Method of moments was the most precise to describe the diameter distribution for every age in eucalyptus stands for Johnson SB and Weibull 2 parameters pdfs. When observed for each pdf the correlation for their fitted parameters with age, we noticed that shape parameters for a thinned stand were no longer correlated with age, differently of non-thinned stands. Thus, thinning effect was accounted in the basal area prediction and projection modeling. This result emphasized the necessity of applying the Parameter Recovery method in order to assess differences and capture the right pattern for thinned and non-thinned stands in the future. Dominant height was not influenced by thinning intensity. Therefore the fitted Chapman-Richards model did not account for a stand being thinned or not. All the fitted equations behaved with good precision, no matter using full or precocious dataset. The prognosis system using full and/or precocious date set was evaluated for when using Parameter Recovery method for Sb and Weibull pdfs, and by then, graphical analysis and precision statistics showed appropriated results. Finally, the increase or decrease in rainfall regime were observed for eucalyptus stand yields and we may notice how important is to observe this effect, since the growth pattern is strictly affected by water.
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Forestry has grown in a continuous and accelerated manner in Brazil, constituting a strategic activity for the generation of employment, income and tributes, favoring social and economic development of Brazilian agribusiness. The objectives of this study were: (1) evaluate the contents of K, Ca and Mg in the reserve compartments, non-interchangeable, interchangeable, available and the speed of its release, its correlations and its effects over productivity (annual average increment – AAI) of eucalyptus plantations, in forest sites cultivated in soils of the state of Rio Grande do Sul; (2) evaluate the initial growth, nutrition and physiological aspects of eucalyptus plants, cultivated with and without the addition of mineral sources of potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (MG), in soils obtained from forest sites in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In the first study, contents of K, Ca and Mg were evaluated in sulfuric digestion extract, boiling nitric acid, ammonium chloride, Mehlich-1 (only K), potassium chloride (Ca and Mg), as well as the release speed of these nutrients in the soil. In the second study, growth variables, nutritional aspects, photosynthetic rate (A) and transpiration rate of the plants (E) grown in distinct soils were evaluated under controlled conditions. The contents of K, Ca and Mg varied between compartments and depths in the studied soil classes, with the highest proportions found in the reserve compartment, indicating the importance of this compartment for the supplement of these nutrients at average and long terms. The great majority of K, Ca and Mg compartments presented significant correlations between each other, showing the dependence between them and the importance of evaluating the contents of these nutrients in the different compartments to adapt the nutritional management of the plants to each soil class, and to obtain continuous productions, minimizing the negative effects to the environment. Plants cultivated in soils that present larger reserves, availability and K, Ca and Mg release kinetics, presented similar height (H), stem diameter (SD) and shoot dry mass (SDM), with or without fertilization with K, Ca and Mg. The plants presented higher leaf content and accumulation of K in all soils fertilized with K, Ca and Mg.
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As interrelações entre Estado e economia cobrem diversas áreas de interesse e são de uma variedade tal que desafiam os analistas de diversas disciplinas em qualquer país. O Brasil vem há quase duas décadas implementando reformas institucionais de cunho econômico, político, social, jurídico e administrativo, com reflexos inegavelmente positivos na atividade econômica, na área social e no exercício da cidadania. Nesse período, o país avançou no aprofundamento do regime democrático, reformou instituições e tem conseguido com êxito traçar uma trajetória que separa um modelo de desenvolvimento voltado para dentro, com pouca preocupação com a eficiência e fortemente intervencionista, para outro. Este, mais aberto, onde o papel do Estado é menos o de produtor direto de bens e serviços e mais o de provedor de serviços básicos para a população e regulador da atividade econômica. O ajuste fiscal realizado no Brasil depois da crise do final da década passada foi baseado no aumento das receitas do governo, tanto de impostos quanto das chamadas contribuições. As reformas são necessárias para responder e superar o descompasso entre os requisitos do crescimento e do desenvolvimento — sumariamente a oferta de serviços educacionais de boa qualidade, eficientes serviços de saúde críticos para a população mais pobre, construção da infraestrutura física e atividades de proteção da população mais vulnerável econômica e socialmente — e a capacidade do setor público financiar-se para executar essas missões. Todavia, é importante que esse financiamento se faça sem criar distorções ou desestímulo para as atividades privadas, sob o risco de diminuir a eficácia em relação ao crescimento desejado. Entre as distorções figuram, com destaque: um nível excessivo de gastos de consumo corrente, que gera a necessidade de uma carga tributária muito elevada; um sistema tributário com impostos em cascata e/ou tendentes a distorcer uma alocação mais eficiente de recursos; e uma estrutura de gastos ineficiente, que privilegia atividades com pouca repercussão sobre o que se deseja aperfeiçoar.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)