Skolutveckling som diskursiv praktik : Några ideologiska implikationer

This study aims at highlighting the ideological implications of school development as a discursive practice. More comprehensively the aim is also contributing to rearrangements and shifts in perspective when school development is the matter. One of today´s most widespread and dominant discourses are said to be the one which concerns development, and according to many interpreters, development is one of the most prominent commandments in the modern as well as the post-modern narratives. School development as a concept has for the last 15 years established itself firmly in both Swedish school policy and in Swedish school research. It may sound obvious and commendable but also such axioms may be questioned.The design of the study lies in the field of discourse research and more specifically within critical discursive psychology, which draws on both a post-structural and a postmodern conception of discourse. The study is based on the idea that the ideological potential of arguments occurs, develops and changes in discursive practices and not anywhere else or at any abstract level. The starting point is a perception that certain issues and topics within e.g. conversation, depending on time and context will be seen as controversial, while others will be taken for granted.One part of the basis of the study consists of texts with a direct bearing on a specific school research and development project which took place between 2003 and 2008. Participating partners in the collaboration were the Swedish National Agency for School Improvement, Karlstad University, Dalarna University and 13 municipalities in Sweden. Another part of the basis of the study consists of texts in which ‘school development’ is considered and negotiated in more general terms, usually without reference to the project. All texts derive from the period 2003 – 2006.The analysis shows that school development as discursive practice often rely on a set of stereotypical expressions and ways of arguing. Stereotypes, which among other things, tend to divide people into suitable and non-suitable, capable and non-capable, which may be regarded as a somewhat unexpected implication of school development. The material has been dramatized by an intrigue inspired by the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman´s texts. He has written extensively on the modern in relation to the postmodern and about the ambivalence which resides in between and school development as discursive practice can be understood in much the similar way.

Animalism and Person as a Basic Sort

In this paper Animalism is analysed. It will be argued that Animalism is correct in claiming (i) that being of a certain sort of animal S is a fundamental individuative substance sortal concept (animal of the species Homo Sapiens), (ii) that this implies that Animalism is correct in claiming that persons such as us are, by necessity, human beings, (iii) that remaining the same animal is a necessary condition for our identity over time. Contrary to Animalism it will be argued that this does not imply that person should be understood as a phased sortal concept. It will be argued that Animalism rests upon a prior conception of person, and that this implies that person must be understood as a basic substance sortal concept through which we have to individuate ourselves and others. It is further argued that this, together with the insights of Animalism, implies that persons, by necessity, are beings of a biological nature.

Utmaningen från andra berättelser : En studie om moraliskt omdöme, utvidgat tänkande och kritiskt reflekterande berättelser i dialogbaserad feministisk etik

The present study has a threefold aim: First, the theoretical aim is to give a contribution to refinement of the theory of dialogue based feminist ethics, concerning the understanding of judgment and narration within such an ethics.  The study also has an empirical aim, defined as to clarify what kind of knowledge, relevant to the moral judgment of an engaged outsider actor, can be received from dialogical interpretation and analysis of a limited selection of critically reflecting life stories. Third, a methodological aim is defined as to develop an approach to interpretation and analysis of reflecting life stories, which renders the storyteller visible as a reflecting moral subject, and makes the story accessible as a source of knowledge for the moral judgment of an engaged outsider actor. The thesis combines philosophical reflection and argumentation, with a narrative-hermeneutic method for interpretation of life stories, relating the two to each other in a hermeneutic process.  The theoretical reflection draws on Seyla Benhabibs theory of communicative ethics. A dialogue based model for moral justification and a likewise dialogue based model for political legitimacy are at the heart of this universalistic theory, although in combination with a conception of a narratively and hermeneutically constituted context sensitive moral judgment, based on Hannah Arendt’s concept “enlarged thought”. In the reflection, this model is related to other feminist theorizing within the tradition of dialogue based feminist ethics, as found in the works of Iris M. Young, Georgia Warnke and Shari Stone-Mediatore. The empirical study draws on three critically reflecting life stories from Israeli-Palestinian women activists for a just peace. The methodology for interpretation and analysis that is worked out combines dialogical interpretation as presented in Arthur W. Frank’s socio-narratology with a method for structural analysis derived from Shari Stone-Mediatores theory of storytelling as an expression of political resistance struggle. The results show that some stories drawing on marginalized experiences have a potential­ to stimulate further public debate through their capacity to enable a stereoscopic seeing, elucidating a tension between ideologically structured discourse and non-linguistic experience; implying that narrative-hermeneutic competence should be considered crucial for public debate.  

Sociologin, hybriderna och den sociala verkligheten : exemplet kärnavfall

Sociology, hybrids and social reality: the case of nuclear waste The continuing technological transformation of nature means that sociology’s traditional vision of a sharp divide between nature and society is becoming ever harder to defend. Starting from Bruno Latour’s critique of modernity, and Nikolas Rose’s explorations of political power beyond the state, this article presents a framework for analysing the expanding wealth of hybrids of nature and society surrounding us today, and the problems of government they pose. These hybrids confront us with the need to rethink sociology’s conception of ‘the social’. With Latour’s help, the interplay of nature and society can be understood as subject to technical mediation, opening the way for studies of the varying arrangements through which different configurations of nature and society are produced. Rather than alternative social constructions of nature, what sociologists should be at pains to analyse and question are different programmes and strategies for bringing together natural and social forces in durable combinations. In the article, the geological disposal of nuclear waste serves as a useful example for exploring the fruitfulness of the analytical framework put forward. This complex undertaking constitutes just one component in a larger field of technoscientific endeavour that has irrevocably transformed nature while simultaneously re-making society. Addressing this case, we seek to reveal the promise of a sociology that does not bound ‘the social’ in advance, but rather makes the co-production of technology and society one of its most important objects of study.

Vår bästa tid är nu? : Om tidsuppfattning och politisk självförståelse

Our best time is now? On conception of time and political self-understanding This study regards time as a horizon for action and argues that conception of time has great implication for political self-understanding. In the study, the modern conception of time, with its orientation towards the future, is contrasted with the late modern conception of time, which is characterized by a de-legitimization of utopian thinking and by an orientation towards the present. Political action is changing, from a transformation of the present into the future, to a management of the present. In this situation the future is not perceived as something qualitatively different than present, but is, as Helga Nowotny puts it, reduced to an ‘extended present’. Or, to speak with Luhmann, the future is a ‘present future’ where only one ‘future present’ is conceivable. The future is in that sense increasingly closed. The paper argues that the current pragmatization of politics is partly due to changes in temporal representations, and suggests that more attention should be given to temporal semantics in political analysis.

Rawls and Health Care

John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice (1971), his first major work articulating his theory of justice as fairness, was immediately recognized as a fundamental contribution to political philosophy in the twentieth century. Working within the tradition established by previous philosophers such as Kant and Locke, Rawls employed the contract theory approach. Taking it to a higher order of abstraction, he sought to determine not what the structure of social organization would be, but what the principles which governed social institutions would be under a hypothetical contracting situation. Rawls uses this contract theory approach to construct a society in which the morally irrelevant contingencies of nature and social arrangements are mitigated by principles of justice which govern the basic institutions of society. A common observation has been that Rawls left out any discussion of health care and how it might fit into his conception of a just society. Several philosophers have articulated expansions of the theory to account for health care. In the chapters that follow I will continue this tradition and consider how justice as fairness might be expanded to account for just health care allocation. In doing so, I hope to answer a particularly strong critique of the theory brought up by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, and to argue for a broadened conception of health care which takes into account the complex causal relationship between society and human health.

Beethoven’s Influence on Modern Musical Thought

Ludwig van Beethoven is undoubtedly one of the most important and influential composers of Western art music. From a young age, he exhibited considerable talent, independence, and willful nonconformity. Over the course of his life, these themes came through both in his compositions, and in his attitude towards social norms regarding music. Composing symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, concertos, and one opera, Beethoven shattered musical boundaries and set the stage for how musicians and listeners would think about music for the next 200 years, up to modern day. This afternoon I will explore various ways in which Beethoven’s conception of music continues to influence our thinking about music, even rock, through analysis of The Beatles’ “A Day in the Life,” off their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Software Tools For Large Scale Interactive Hydrodynamic Modeling

Running hydrodynamic models interactively allows both visual exploration and change of model state during simulation. One of the main characteristics of an interactive model is that it should provide immediate feedback to the user, for example respond to changes in model state or view settings. For this reason, such features are usually only available for models with a relatively small number of computational cells, which are used mainly for demonstration and educational purposes. It would be useful if interactive modeling would also work for models typically used in consultancy projects involving large scale simulations. This results in a number of technical challenges related to the combination of the model itself and the visualisation tools (scalability, implementation of an appropriate API for control and access to the internal state). While model parallelisation is increasingly addressed by the environmental modeling community, little effort has been spent on developing a high-performance interactive environment. What can we learn from other high-end visualisation domains such as 3D animation, gaming, virtual globes (Autodesk 3ds Max, Second Life, Google Earth) that also focus on efficient interaction with 3D environments? In these domains high efficiency is usually achieved by the use of computer graphics algorithms such as surface simplification depending on current view, distance to objects, and efficient caching of the aggregated representation of object meshes. We investigate how these algorithms can be re-used in the context of interactive hydrodynamic modeling without significant changes to the model code and allowing model operation on both multi-core CPU personal computers and high-performance computer clusters.

Adaptivity in programming languages

A programming style can be seen as a particular model of shaping thought or a special way of codifying language to solve a problem. An adaptive device is made up of an underlying formalism, for instance, an automaton, a grammar, a decision tree, etc., and an adaptive mechanism, responsible for providing features for self-modification. Adaptive languages are obtained by using some programming language as the device’s underlying formalism. The conception of such languages calls for a new programming style, since the application of adaptive technology in the field of programming languages suggests a new way of thinking. Adaptive languages have the basic feature of allowing the expression of programs which self-modifying through adaptive actions at runtime. With the adaptive style, programming language codes can be structured in such a way that the codified program therein modifies or adapts itself towards the needs of the problem. The adaptive programming style may be a feasible alternate way to obtain self-modifying consistent codes, which allow its use in modern applications for self-modifying code.

Adaptive languages and a new programming style

A programming style can be seen as a particular model of shaping thought or a special way of codifying language to solve a problem. Adaptive languages have the basic feature of allowing the expression of programs which self-modifying through adaptive actions at runtime. The conception of such languages calls for a new programming style, since the application of adaptive technology in the field of programming languages suggests a new way of thinking. With the adaptive style, programming language codes can be structured in such a way that the codified program therein modifies or adapts itself towards the needs of the problem. The adaptive programming style may be a feasible alternate way to obtain self-modifying consistent codes, which allow its use in modern applications for self-modifying code.

Linguagens de programação aderentes ao paradigma adaptativo

An adaptive device is made up of an underlying mechanism, for instance, an automaton, a grammar, etc., to which is added an adaptive mechanism that is responsible for allowing a dynamic modification in the structure of the underlying mechanism. Adaptive languages have the basic feature of allowing the development of programs that self-modify through adaptive actions at runtime. The conception of such languages calls for a new programming style, since the application of adaptive technology suggests a new way of thinking. The adaptive programming style may be a feasible alternate way to obtain selfmodifying consistent codes, which allow its use in modern applications for self-modifying.

Dança: forma, técnica e poesia do movimento : na perspectiva de construção de sentidos coreográficos

A presente dissertação se construiu sobre o pressuposto de que forma, técnica e poesia são premissas que embasam uma determinada visão de dança enquanto manifestação artística do corpo humano em movimento. Norteia também este estudo a perspectiva de que as relações que se estabelecem no momento de execução de uma dança instauram processos de significação. Desse modo, este trabalho teve como principais objetivos: - entender a dança enquanto uma atividade artística que se constrói no(s) corpo(s) em movimento; - refletir sobre a elaboração de possíveis significados quando da criação e execução de uma dança; - descrever a dança como uma ação criadora que se faz no corpo humano em movimento. Para atingir os objetivos propostos utilizou-se a fenomenologia como método de investigação, optando-se, assim, por realizar uma descrição da dança que já é, ao mesmo tempo, uma maneira de compreendê-la. Como conseqüência deste procedimento buscou-se demontrar que: - a dança dever ser entendida enquanto arte porque ela resulta de um processo de transformação de uma matéria-prima - o movimento humano - através do uso de procedimentos técnicos e formativos, que resultam em obras coreográficas que se dão a reconhecer através de seu intrínseco caráter de forma; - o movimento é o que toma visível os possíveis sentidos/significados de uma dança: a realização de sentidos coreográficos se dá no contexto de uma coreografia e só se efetua plenamente quando os sentidos são retomados e revividos pelos espectadores; - os processos de criação coreográfica baseados em ações formativas proporcionam o desenvolvimento de uma disponibilidade corporal para a dança. Tal disponibilidade corporal está alicerçada, principalmente, numa inteligência e numa memória corporais, que dispõem o dançarino a exercer suas potencialidades criadoras através da dança. A concepção da dança como forma, técnica e poesia do movimento aponta para uma possibilidade de recuperação, através da dança, de saberes relativos ao corpo, ao movimento e à sensibilidade.

Concepção, desenvolvimento e validação de instrumentos de coleta de dados para estudar a percepção do processo decisório e as diferenças culturais

A presente dissertação insere-se no contexto de um projeto global de pesquisa, em desenvolvimento no GESID-PPGA/EA/UFRGS, com a cooperação de algumas universidades estrangeiras. Tal projeto tem como tema a percepção do processo decisório individual e a influência da cultura nacional e da experiência decisória. Para estudar a inter-relação destes assuntos é preciso, antes de mais nada, elaborar um conjunto de instrumentos que permitam investigar a percepção das pessoas sobre a tomada de decisão. Este é o objetivo principal do presente trabalho, que refere-se à primeira fase desse projeto global: a partir da literatura, e do conhecimento de um grupo de pesquisadores, conceber e desenvolver um conjunto de instrumentos (quantitativos e qualitativos) válidos para estudar a decisão. E ainda estabelecer uma metodologia de aplicação desse instrumental, a qual possa determinar uma seqüência (ordem) e forma de aplicação mais adequada. Para tanto, primeiramente foram definidas as 3 questões de pesquisa, que nortearam o desenvolvimento dos instrumentos de pesquisa, as quais deverão ser investigadas no contexto do projeto global de pesquisa, e que podem ser resumidas da seguinte forma: (1) Independentemente da cultura nacional ou do nível de experiência decisória dos indivíduos é possível identificar fatores comuns (passos, princípios, insights) a respeito da forma como as pessoas percebem o processo decisório individual, especialmente se tomado o modelo de processo decisório da “Racionalidade limitada” de Simon (1947) como padrão de comparação? (2) A cultura atua como fator de diferenciação na percepção do processo decisório individual? (3) A Experiência Decisória (vivência) dos indivíduos influencia a forma como eles percebem o processo decisório individual? A definição destas 3 questões de pesquisa possibilitou a concepção dos instrumentos, nos quais posteriormente foi realizada uma validação de conteúdo (por uma comissão de juízes) e de sua seqüência de aplicação (testando-se diferentes ordens), bem como a verificação da sua fidedignidade (através do Teste-reteste). Com este processo obteve-se os seguintes resultados: (1) projeto global consolidado; (2) conjunto de instrumentos de pesquisa concebido e validado; (3) seqüência de aplicação do instrumental definida e validada; (4) quadro de construtos definido fornecendo subsídios para a definição de um protocolo de análise de dados; (5) concepção de um método para verificação da "contaminação" de instrumentos de pesquisa.

Metade Sul : uma análise das políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento regional no Rio Grande do Sul

A Metade Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, considerando sua extensão territorial e a persistência secular de seu declínio econômico, configura-se como uma das questões de maior complexidade na área regional. Nos últimos anos, diversos estudos foram realizados para compreender os motivos desse baixo dinamismo econômico. Ao mesmo tempo, pressões de políticos locais e da opinião pública motivaram a formulação de diversas ações governamentais desenhadas especificamente com o objetivo de reverter essa situação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo central destacar e analisar, do ponto de vista da administração pública, os principais programas econômicos concebidos nas últimas duas décadas, direcionados a recuperar economicamente essa região. Baseado nos conceitos teóricos das recentes contribuições no campo da economia regional e utilizando o instrumental de análise de políticas públicas, tornou-se possível compreender a concepção central das políticas adotadas e apresentar novas perspectivas de ação.

Avaliação dos impactos de uma proposta de escalonamento de horários em um campus universitário

O trabalho apresenta uma avaliação dos prováveis impactos do escalonamento dos horários das aulas noturnas em uma Universidade. Neste trabalho foi investigada, a preferência dos usuários quanto às possíveis alterações nos horários de entrada de aulas, e os impactos do escalonamento na rede viária no entorno do campus. O trabalho envolveu a construção de diversos cenários de alterações nos horários de início das aulas. Os cenários foram construídos visando atender as preferências da população universitária e reduzir a interferência do pico de chegada de alunos no sistema viário. A avaliação dos impactos destes cenários no tráfego foi realizada através de simulação, com a utilização do modelo TSIS/NETSIM. As análises foram baseadas em dois indicadores de desempenho: a velocidade média e o tempo de atraso médio na rede.