Hemolymphatic components in vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi: study in several species of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The members of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera : Reduviidae) comprise a great number of species of medical importance in the transmission of the T. cruzi (American trypanosomiasis). The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge about the chemical composition in proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, and carbohydrates of vectors of Chagas' disease corresponding to twelve members of the subfamily Triatominae. This study was carried out in ninphs of the fifth instar and adult males of the species: T. delpontei, T. dimidiata, T. guasayana, T. infestans, T. mazzotti, T. pallidipennis, T. patagonica, T. platensis, T. rubrovaria, T. sordida of the Triatoma genus, and D. maximus and P. megistus of the Dipatalogaster and Panstrongylus genera respectively. The results show on one hand, qualitative differences in the protein composition, and on the other hand, similarity in the lipoprotein profiles. Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates did not show significant differences between species or/and stages.

The development of the N1 and N2 components in auditory oddball paradigms: a systematic review with narrative analysis and suggested normative values

Auditory event-related potentials (AERPs) are widely used in diverse fields of today’s neuroscience, concerning auditory processing, speech perception, language acquisition, neurodevelopment, attention and cognition in normal aging, gender, developmental, neurologic and psychiatric disorders. However, its transposition to clinical practice has remained minimal. Mainly due to scarce literature on normative data across age, wide spectrumof results, variety of auditory stimuli used and to different neuropsychological meanings of AERPs components between authors. One of the most prominent AERP components studied in last decades was N1, which reflects auditory detection and discrimination. Subsequently, N2 indicates attention allocation and phonological analysis. The simultaneous analysis of N1 and N2 elicited by feasible novelty experimental paradigms, such as auditory oddball, seems an objective method to assess central auditory processing. The aim of this systematic review was to bring forward normative values for auditory oddball N1 and N2 components across age. EBSCO, PubMed, Web of Knowledge and Google Scholarwere systematically searched for studies that elicited N1 and/or N2 by auditory oddball paradigm. A total of 2,764 papers were initially identified in the database, of which 19 resulted from hand search and additional references, between 1988 and 2013, last 25 years. A final total of 68 studiesmet the eligibility criteria with a total of 2,406 participants from control groups for N1 (age range 6.6–85 years; mean 34.42) and 1,507 for N2 (age range 9–85 years; mean 36.13). Polynomial regression analysis revealed thatN1latency decreases with aging at Fz and Cz,N1 amplitude at Cz decreases from childhood to adolescence and stabilizes after 30–40 years and at Fz the decrement finishes by 60 years and highly increases after this age. Regarding N2, latency did not covary with age but amplitude showed a significant decrement for both Cz and Fz. Results suggested reliable normative values for Cz and Fz electrode locations; however, changes in brain development and components topography over age should be considered in clinical practice.

Complementary filter design with three frequency bands: robot attitude estimation

This paper extents the by now classic sensor fusion complementary filter (CF) design, involving two sensors, to the case where three sensors that provide measurements in different bands are available. This paper shows that the use of classical CF techniques to tackle a generic three sensors fusion problem, based solely on their frequency domain characteristics, leads to a minimal realization, stable, sub-optimal solution, denoted as Complementary Filters3 (CF3). Then, a new approach for the estimation problem at hand is used, based on optimal linear Kalman filtering techniques. Moreover, the solution is shown to preserve the complementary property, i.e. the sum of the three transfer functions of the respective sensors add up to one, both in continuous and discrete time domains. This new class of filters are denoted as Complementary Kalman Filters3 (CKF3). The attitude estimation of a mobile robot is addressed, based on data from a rate gyroscope, a digital compass, and odometry. The experimental results obtained are reported.

Molecular fingerprint of human gastric cell line infected by Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori infection represents a serious health problem, given its association with serious gastric diseases as gastric ulcers, cancer and MALT lymphoma. Currently no vaccine exists and antibiotic-based eradication therapy is already failing in more than 20% of cases. To increase the knowledge on the infection process diverse gastric cell lines, e.g. the adenocarcinona gastric (AGS) cell line, are routinely used has in vitro models of gastric epithelia. In the present work the molecular fingerprint of infected and non-infected AGS cell lines, by diverse H. pylori strains, was acquired using vibrational infrared spectroscopy. These molecular fingerprints enabled to discriminate infected from non-infected AGS cells, and infection due to different strains, by performing Principal Component Analysis. It was also possible to estimate, from the AGS cells molecular fingerprint, the effect of the infection on diverse biochemical and metabolic cellular status. In resume infra-red spectroscopy enabled the acquisition of infected AGS cells molecular fingerprint with minimal sample preparation, in a rapid, high-throughput, economic process yielding highly sensitive and informative data, most useful for promoting critical knowledge on the H. pylori infection process. © 2015 IEEE.

The study of lead white oil paints: a molecular approach to the whites of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Conservação e Restauro

Molecular details of INH-C-10 binding to wt KatG and Its S315T mutant

Isoniazid (INH) is still one of the two most effective antitubercular drugs and is included in all recommended multitherapeutic regimens. Because of the increasing resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to INH, mainly associated with mutations in the katG gene, new INH-based compounds have been proposed to circumvent this problem. In this work, we present a detailed comparative study of the molecular determinants of the interactions between wt KatG or its S315T mutant form and either INH or INH-C10, a new acylated INH derivative. MD simulations were used to explore the conformational space of both proteins, and results indicate that the S315T mutation did not have a significant impact on the average size of the access tunnel in the vicinity of these residues. Our simulations also indicate that the steric hindrance role assigned to Asp137 is transient and that electrostatic changes can be important in understanding the enzyme activity data of mutations in KatG. Additionally, molecular docking studies were used to determine the preferred modes of binding of the two substrates. Upon mutation, the apparently less favored docking solution for reaction became the most abundant, suggesting that S315T mutation favors less optimal binding modes. Moreover, the aliphatic tail in INH-C10 seems to bring the hydrazine group closer to the heme, thus favoring the apparent most reactive binding mode, regardless of the enzyme form. The ITC data is in agreement with our interpretation of the C10 alkyl chain role and helped to rationalize the significantly lower experimental MIC value observed for INH-C10. This compound seems to be able to counterbalance most of the conformational restrictions introduced by the mutation, which are thought to be responsible for the decrease in INH activity in the mutated strain. Therefore, INH-C10 appears to be a very promising lead compound for drug development.

The diagnostic importance of species specific and cross-reactive components of Taenia solium, Echinococcus granulosus, and Hymenolepis nana

Sera from patients infected with Taenia solium, Hymenolepis nana and Echinococcus granulosus were tested against homologous and heterologous parasite antigens using an ELISA assay, and a high degree of cross-reactivity was verified. To identify polypeptides responsible for this cross reactivity, the Enzyme Linked Immunoelectro Transfer Blot (EITB) was used. Sera from infected patients with T.solium, H.nana, and E.granulosus were assessed against crude, ammonium sulphate precipitated (TSASP), and lentil-lectin purified antigens of T.solium and crude antigens of.H.nana and E.granulosus. Several bands, recognized by sera from patients with T.solium, H.nana, and E.granulosus infections, were common to either two or all three cestodes. Unique reactive bands in H.nana were noted at 49 and 66 K-Da and in E.granulosus at 17-21 K-Da and at 27-32 K-Da. In the crude cysticercosis extract, a specific non glycoprotein band was present at 61-67 K-Da in addiction to specific glycoprotein bands of 50, 42, 24, 21, 18, 14, and 13 K-Da. None of the sera from patients with H.nana or E.granulosus infection cross reacted with these seven glycoprotein bands considered specific for T.solium infection.

Hox genes control the specification of global vertebral domains

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de doutor em Biologia pelo Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa

CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA O DIAGNÓSTICO MOLECULAR DAS ONICOMICOSES

Resumo Onicomicose ou infecção fúngica das unhas das mãos ou dos pés pode ser provocada por fungos que invadem primariamente a lâmina ungueal saudável. Embora existam outros agentes, como por exemplo bactérias, que podem causar infecções ungueais, as infecções causadas por fungos são mais frequentes e são consideradas uma das principais onicopatias do homem. Os efeitos psicológicos e emocionais que resultam dos aspectos clínicos da onicomicose podem ser marcantes e ter um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida dos portadores. É uma doença com grande potencial crónico associada a uma séria dificuldade terapêutica, sendo estes os principais factores agravantes do seu prognóstico. Conforme a extensão do comprometimento e a porção da unha envolvida na onicomicose, a infecção causada por fungos pode ser classificada em 5 tipos: onicomicose subungueal distal e lateral, onicomicose superficial leitosa, onicomicose subungueal proximal, onicomicose com distrofia total e onicomicose por candidose. São causadas por diferentes agentes etiológicos sendo que os mais comuns são os fungos dermatófitos (80 a 90%), seguidos pelas leveduras (5 a 17%) e fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos (2 a 12%). Neste trabalho foram estudadas 54 amostras recolhidas de unhas de doentes com hipótese clínica de onicomicose, das quais 25,93% (14/54) pertenciam a indivíduos do sexo masculino e 74,07% (40/54) a indivíduos do sexo feminino. As técnicas convencionais de diagnóstico são morosas e muitas vezes de difícil caracterização a nível fenotipico, o que condiciona grandemente a implementação da terapêutica adequada. O presente trabalho teve como principal objectivo a aquisição de conhecimentos que permitissem um correcto diagnóstico micológico das onicomicoses, através do isolamento e identificação das espécies de fungos causadoras de infecção. De uma forma global, consistiu inicialmente no isolamento e posteriormente na identificação dos agentes etiológicos de onicomicoses, utilizando para tal metodologias convencionais e moleculares. Foi realizado o diagnóstico laboratorial baseado no exame directo e na cultura de fragmentos de unhas provenientes de doentes com infecção. Paralelamente, foi extraído o DNA fúngico das mesmas amostras clínicas que, após amplificação da região ITS dos genes ribossómicos foi utilizado para confirmação e comparação dos resultados. Foi igualmente estudada a ocorrência de fungos não dermatófitos responsáveis por onicomicose. Os métodos moleculares de diagnóstico podem não só constituir uma alternativa mais rápida de diagnóstico micológico como também, por serem mais sensíveis, permitir a detecção de espécies que, por serem de crescimento fastidioso, não se desenvolvem em cultura.

CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA O DIAGNÓSTICO MOLECULAR DAS ONICOMICOSES

Onicomicose ou infecção fúngica das unhas das mãos ou dos pés pode ser provocada por fungos que invadem primariamente a lâmina ungueal saudável. Embora existam outros agentes, como por exemplo bactérias, que podem causar infecções ungueais, as infecções causadas por fungos são mais frequentes e são consideradas uma das principais onicopatias do homem. Os efeitos psicológicos e emocionais que resultam dos aspectos clínicos da onicomicose podem ser marcantes e ter um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida dos portadores. É uma doença com grande potencial crónico associada a uma séria dificuldade terapêutica, sendo estes os principais factores agravantes do seu prognóstico. Conforme a extensão do comprometimento e a porção da unha envolvida na onicomicose, a infecção causada por fungos pode ser classificada em 5 tipos: onicomicose subungueal distal e lateral, onicomicose superficial leitosa, onicomicose subungueal proximal, onicomicose com distrofia total e onicomicose por candidose. São causadas por diferentes agentes etiológicos sendo que os mais comuns são os fungos dermatófitos (80 a 90%), seguidos pelas leveduras (5 a 17%) e fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos (2 a 12%). Neste trabalho foram estudadas 54 amostras recolhidas de unhas de doentes com hipótese clínica de onicomicose, das quais 25,93% (14/54) pertenciam a indivíduos do sexo masculino e 74,07% (40/54) a indivíduos do sexo feminino. As técnicas convencionais de diagnóstico são morosas e muitas vezes de difícil caracterização a nível fenotipico, o que condiciona grandemente a implementação da terapêutica adequada. O presente trabalho teve como principal objectivo a aquisição de conhecimentos que permitissem um correcto diagnóstico micológico das onicomicoses, através do isolamento e identificação das espécies de fungos causadoras de infecção. De uma forma global, consistiu inicialmente no isolamento e posteriormente na identificação dos agentes etiológicos de onicomicoses, utilizando para tal metodologias convencionais e moleculares. Foi realizado o diagnóstico laboratorial baseado no exame directo e na cultura de fragmentos de unhas provenientes de doentes com infecção. Paralelamente, foi extraído o DNA fúngico das mesmas amostras clínicas que, após amplificação da região ITS dos genes ribossómicos foi utilizado para confirmação e comparação dos resultados. Foi igualmente estudada a ocorrência de fungos não dermatófitos responsáveis por onicomicose. Os métodos moleculares de diagnóstico podem não só constituir uma alternativa mais rápida de diagnóstico micológico como também, por serem mais sensíveis, permitir a detecção de espécies que, por serem de crescimento fastidioso, não se desenvolvem em cultura.