Soil characteristics and abundance of archaea in samples from the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica

The objective of this study was to examine the presence and diversity of Archaea within mineral and ornithogenic soils from 12 locations across the Ross Sea region. Archaea were not abundant but DNA sufficient for producing 16S rRNA gene clone libraries was extracted from 18 of 51 soil samples, from four locations. A total of 1452 clones were analysed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and assigned to 43 operational taxonomic units from which representatives were sequenced. Archaea were primarily restricted to coastal mineral soils which showed a predominance of Crenarchaeota belonging to group 1.1b (>99% of clones). These clones were assigned to six clusters (A through F), based on shared identity to sequences in the GenBank database. Ordination indicated that soil chemistry and water content determined archaeal community structure. This is the first comprehensive study of the archaeal community in Antarctic soils and as such provides a reference point for further investigation of microbial function in this environment.

Environmental characteristics and gas composition of Lost Hammer, Canadian Arctic

We report the first microbiological characterization of a terrestrial methane seep in a cryo-environment in the form of an Arctic hypersaline (~24% salinity), subzero (-5 C), perennial spring, arising through thick permafrost in an area with an average annual air temperature of -15 C. Bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries indicated a relatively low diversity of phylotypes within the spring sediment (Shannon index values of 1.65 and 1.39, respectively). Bacterial phylotypes were related to microorganisms such as Loktanella, Gillisia, Halomonas and Marinobacter spp. previously recovered from cold, saline habitats. A proportion of the bacterial phylotypes were cultured, including Marinobacter and Halomonas, with all isolates capable of growth at the in situ temperature (-5 C). Archaeal phylotypes were related to signatures from hypersaline deep-sea methane-seep sediments and were dominated by the anaerobic methane group 1a (ANME-1a) clade of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea. CARD-FISH analyses indicated that cells within the spring sediment consisted of ~84.0% bacterial and 3.8% archaeal cells with ANME-1 cells accounting for most of the archaeal cells. The major gas discharging from the spring was methane (~50%) with the low CH4/C2 + ratio and hydrogen and carbon isotope signatures consistent with a thermogenic origin of the methane. Overall, this hypersaline, subzero environment supports a viable microbial community capable of activity at in situ temperature and where methane may behave as an energy and carbon source for sustaining anaerobic oxidation of methane-based microbial metabolism. This site also provides a model of how a methane seep can form in a cryo-environment as well as a mechanism for the hypothesized Martian methane plumes.

Seawater carbonate chemistry, nitrogen concentration and macro community analyse, 2011

Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions acidify the oceans, and cause changes to seawater carbon chemistry. Bacterial biofilm communities reflect environmental disturbances and may rapidly respond to ocean acidification. This study investigates community composition and activity responses to experimental ocean acidification in biofilms from the Australian Great Barrier Reef. Natural biofilms grown on glass slides were exposed for 11 d to four controlled pCO2 concentrations representing the following scenarios: A) pre-industrial (~300 ppm), B) present-day (~400 ppm), C) mid century (~560 ppm) and D) late century (~1140 ppm). Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone library analyses of 16S rRNA genes revealed CO2-correlated bacterial community shifts between treatments A, B and D. Observed bacterial community shifts were driven by decreases in the relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria and increases of Flavobacteriales (Bacteroidetes) at increased CO2 concentrations, indicating pH sensitivity of specific bacterial groups. Elevated pCO2 (C + D) shifted biofilm algal communities and significantly increased C and N contents, yet O2 fluxes, measured using in light and dark incubations, remained unchanged. Our findings suggest that bacterial biofilm communities rapidly adapt and reorganize in response to high pCO2 to maintain activity such as oxygen production.

Biogeochemistry and microbiology of groundwater during acetate and bicarbonate amendment to an alluvial aquifer

These data are from a field experiment conducted in a shallow alluvial aquifer along the Colorado River in Rifle, Colorado, USA. In this experiment, bicarbonate-promoted uranium desorption and acetate amendment were combined and compared to an acetate amendment-only experiment in the same experimental plot. Data include names and location data for boreholes, geochemical data for all the boreholes between June 1, 2010 and January 1, 2011, microarray data provided as signal to noise ratio (SNR) for individual microarray probes, microarray data provided as signal to noise ratio (SNR) by Genus.

Laser ablation data of benthic foraminifera from surface sediments collected from the muddy intertidal flats near Dorum, Northwestern Germany in Autumn 2008

Biological activity introduces variability in element incorporation during calcification and thereby decreases the precision and accuracy when using foraminifera as geochemical proxies in paleoceanography. This so-called 'vital effect' consists of organismal and environmental components. Whereas organismal effects include uptake of ions from seawater and subsequent processing upon calcification, environmental effects include migration- and seasonality-induced differences. Triggering asexual reproduction and culturing juveniles of the benthic foraminifer Ammonia tepida under constant, controlled conditions allow environmental and genetic variability to be removed and the effect of cell-physiological controls on element incorporation to be quantified. Three groups of clones were cultured under constant conditions while determining their growth rates, size-normalized weights and single-chamber Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Results show no detectable ontogenetic control on the incorporation of these elements in the species studied here. Despite constant culturing conditions, Mg/Ca varies by a factor of similar to 4 within an individual foraminifer while intra-individual Sr/Ca varies by only a factor of 1.6. Differences between clone groups were similar to the intra-clone group variability in element composition, suggesting that any genetic differences between the clone-groups studied here do not affect trace element partitioning. Instead, variability in Mg/Ca appears to be inherent to the process of bio-calcification itself. The variability in Mg/Ca between chambers shows that measurements of at least 6 different chambers are required to determine the mean Mg/Ca value for a cultured foraminiferal test with a precision of <= 10%

Clones Identification and Genetic Characterization of Garnacha Grapevine by Means of Different PCR-Derived Marker Systems

This study uses PCR-derived marker systems to investigate the extent and distribution of genetic variability of 53 Garnacha accessions coming from Italy, France and Spain. The samples studied include 28 Italian accessions (named Tocai rosso in Vicenza area; Alicante in Sicily and Elba island; Gamay perugino in Perugia province; Cannonau in Sardinia), 19 Spanish accessions of different types (named Garnacha tinta, Garnacha blanca, Garnacha peluda, Garnacha roja, Garnacha erguida, Garnacha roya) and 6 French accessions (named Grenache and Grenache noir). In order to verify the varietal identity of the samples, analyses based on 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were performed. The presence of an additional allele at ISV3 locus (151 bp) was found in four Tocai rosso accessions and in a Sardinian Cannonau clone, that are, incidentally, chimeras. In addition to microsatellite analysis, intravarietal variability study was performed using AFLP, SAMPL and M-AFLP molecular markers. AFLPs could discriminate among several Garnacha samples; SAMPLs allowed distinguishing few genotypes on the basis of their geographic origin, whereas M-AFLPs revealed plant-specific markers, differentiating all accessions. Italian samples showed the greatest variability among themselves, especially on the basis of their different provenance, while Spanish samples were the most similar, in spite of their morphological diversity.

Utilización del cultivo plurianual de pataca (Helianthus tuberosus L.) para la producción de hidratos de carbono fermentables a partir de los tallos

La pataca (Helianthus tuberosus L.) es una especie de cultivo con un alto potencial en la producción de hidratos de carbono de reserva en forma de polifructanos, especialmente inulina, que se acumulan temporalmente en los tallos en forma de polisacáridos para translocarse posteriormente a los tubérculos, donde son almacenados. Aunque tradicionalmente el producto de interés del cultivo son los tubérculos, que acumulan gran cantidad de hidratos de carbono fermentables (HCF) cuando se recogen al final del ciclo de desarrollo, en este trabajo se pretende evaluar el potencial de la pataca como productor de HCF a partir de los tallos cosechados en el momento de máximo contenido en HCF, mediante un sistema de cultivo plurianual. Se han realizado los siguientes estudios: i) Determinación del momento óptimo de cosecha en ensayos con 12 clones ii) Potencial del cultivo plurianual de la pataca en términos de producción anual de biomasa aérea y de HCF en cosechas sucesivas, iii) Ensayos de conservación de la biomasa aérea, iv) Estimación de los costes de las dos modalidades de cultivo de pataca para producción de HCF y v) Estimación de la sostenibilidad energética de la producción de bioetanol mediante la utilización de los subproductos. Para la determinación del momento óptimo de la cosecha de la biomasa aérea se ensayaron 12 clones de diferente precocidad en Madrid; 4 tempranos (Huertos de Moya, C-17, Columbia y D-19) y 8 tardíos (Boniches, China, K-8, Salmantina, Nahodka, C-13, INIA y Violeta de Rennes). El máximo contenido en HCF tuvo lugar en el estado fenológico de botón floral-flor que además coincidió con la máxima producción de biomasa aérea. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, la cosecha de los clones tempranos se debería realizar en el mes de julio y en los clones tardíos en septiembre, siendo éstos últimos más productivos. La producción media más representativa entre los 12 clones, obtenida en el estado fenológico de botón floral fue de 23,40 t ms/ha (clon INIA), con un contenido medio en HCF de 30,30 % lo que supondría una producción potencial media de 7,06 t HCF/ha. La producción máxima en HCF se obtuvo en el clon Boniches con 7,61 t/ha y 22,81 t ms/ha de biomasa aérea. En el sistema de cultivo plurianual la cantidad de tallos por unidad de superficie aumenta cada año debido a la cantidad de tubérculos que van quedando en el terreno, sobre todo a partir del 3er año, lo que produce la disminución del peso unitario de los tallos, con el consiguiente riesgo de encamado. El aclareo de los tallos nacidos a principios de primavera mediante herbicidas tipo Glifosato o mediante una labor de rotocultor rebaja la densidad final de tallos y mejora los rendimientos del cultivo. En las experiencias de conservación de la biomasa aérea se obtuvo una buena conservación por un período de 6 meses de los HCF contenidos en los tallos secos empacados y almacenados bajo cubierta. Considerando que el rendimiento práctico de la fermentación alcohólica es de 0,5 l de etanol por cada kg de azúcar, la producción potencial de etanol para una cosecha de tallos de 7,06 t de HCF/ha sería de 3.530 l/ha. El bagazo producido en la extracción de los HCF de la biomasa aérea supondría 11,91 t/ha lo que utilizado para fines térmicos supone más de 3 veces la energía primaria requerida en el proceso de producción de etanol, considerando un poder calorífico inferior de 3.832,6 kcal/kg. Para una producción de HCF a partir de la biomasa aérea de 7,06 t/ha y en tubérculos al final del ciclo de 12,11 t/ha, los costes de producción estimados para cada uno de ellos fueron de 184,69 €/t para los HCF procedentes de la biomasa aérea y 311,30 €/t para los de tubérculos. Como resultado de este trabajo se puede concluir que la producción de HCF a partir de la biomasa aérea de pataca en cultivo plurianual, es viable desde un punto de vista técnico, con reducción de los costes de producción respecto al sistema tradicional de cosecha de tubérculos. Entre las ventajas técnicas de esta modalidad de cultivo, cabe destacar: la reducción de operaciones de cultivo, la facilidad y menor coste de la cosecha, y la posibilidad de conservación de los HCF en la biomasa cosechada sin mermas durante varios meses. Estas ventajas, compensan con creces el menor rendimiento por unidad de superficie que se obtiene con este sistema de cultivo frente al de cosecha de los tubérculos. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) (JA) is a crop with a high potential for the production of carbohydrates in the form of polyfructans, especially inulin, which are temporarily accumulated in the stems in the form of polysaccharides. Subsequently they are translocated to the tubers, where they are finally accumulated. In this work the potential of Jerusalem artichoke for fermentable carbohydrates from stems that are harvested at their peak of carbohydrates accumulation is assessed as compared to the traditional cultivation system that aims at the production of tubers harvested at the end of the growth cycle. Tubers are storage organs of polyfructans, namely fermentable carbohydrates. Studies addressed in this work were: i) Determination of the optimum period of time for stem harvesting as a function of clone precocity in a 12-clone field experiment; ii) Study of the potential of JA poly-annual crop regarding the annual yield of aerial biomass and fermentable carbohydrates (HCF) over the years; iii) Tests of storage of the aerial biomass, iv) Comparative analysis of the two JA cultivation systems for HCF production: the poly-annual system for aerial biomass harvesting versus the annual cultivation system for tubers and v) Estimation of the energy sustainability of the bioethanol production by using by-products of the production chain. In order to determine the best period of time for aerial biomass harvesting twelve JA clones of different precocity were tested in Madrid: four early clones (Huertos de Moya, C-17, Columbia and D-19) and eight late clones (Boniches, China, K-8 , Salmantina, Nahodka, C-13, INIA and Violeta de Rennes). Best time was between the phenological stages of floral buds (closed capitula) and blossom (opened capitula), period in which the peak of biomass production coincides with the peak of HCF accumulation in the stems. According to the results, the early clones should be harvested in July and the late ones in September, being the late clones more productive. The clone named INIA was the one that exhibited more steady yields in biomass over the 12 clones experimented. The average potential biomass production of this clone was 23.40 t dm/ha when harvested at the floral buds phenological stage; mean HCF content is 30.30%, representing 7.06 t HCF/ha yield. However, the highest HCF production was obtained for the clone Boniches, 7.61 t HCF/ha from a production of 22.81 t aerial biomass/ha. In the poly-annual cultivation system the number of stems per unit area increases over the years due to the increase in the number of tubers that are left under ground; this effect is particularly important after the 3rd year of the poly-annual crop and results in a decrease of the stems unit weight and a risk of lodging. Thinning of JA shoots in early spring, by means of an herbicide treatment based on glyphosate or by means of one pass with a rotary tiller, results in a decrease of the crop stem density and in higher crop yields. Tests of biomass storing showed that the method of keeping dried stems packed and stored under cover results in a good preservation of HCF for a period of six months at least. Assuming that the fermentation yield is 0.5 L ethanol per kg sugars and a HCF stem production of 7.06 t HCF/ha, the potential for bioethanol is estimated at 3530 L/ha. The use of bagasse -by-product of the process of HCF extraction from the JA stems- for thermal purposes would represent over 3 times the primary energy required for the industrial ethanol production process, assuming 11.91 t/ha bagasse and 3832.6 kcal/kg heating value. HCF production costs of 7.06 t HCF/ha yield from aerial biomass and HCF production costs of 12.11 t HCF/ha from tubers were estimated at 184.69 €/t HCF and 311.30 €/t HCF, respectively. It can be concluded that the production of HCF from JA stems, following a poly-annual cultivation system, can be feasible from a technical standpoint and lead to lower production costs as compared to the traditional annual cultivation system for the production of HCF from tubers. Among the technical advantages of the poly-annual cultivation system it is worth mentioning the reduction in crop operations, the ease and efficiency of harvesting operations and the possibility of HCF preservation without incurring in HCF losses during the storage period, which can last several months. These advantages might compensate the lower yield of HCF per unit area that is obtained in the poly-annual crop system, which aims at stems harvesting, versus the annual one, which involves tubers harvesting.

Estudios de eficiencia en el uso de la luz y estimaciones de biomasa en cultivos energéticos de Salix sp. en Central New York, USA

La productividad es un factor importante que influye en la viabilidad económica de un cultivo energético de sauce y maximizarla se convierte en un tema primordial. Esta investigación está directamente relacionada con dicha característica. La productividad varía según los clones cultivados, que pueden ser mejorados y seleccionados genéticamente. Los programas genéticos requieren de una información previa (productividad media en función del porte y número de los tallos, características de las hojas, resistencia a las plagas, etc.) que ayudará a obtener clones más productivos y resistentes. Por ello, nuestra investigación consta de dos estudios: (1) Evaluación de la eficiencia del uso de la luz o LUE (Light Use Efficiency). El incremento de biomasa y la eficiencia del uso de la luz (LUE) fue estudiado en 15 clones del genero Salix durante los meses de junio a septiembre de 2011 en Belleville (Central New York, USA). Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: (1) Evaluar la eficiencia del uso de la luz en la explicación a la variación en la producción de biomasa y (2) Determinar si existen diferencias significativas entre clones evaluando el índice de área foliar (LAI) y algunos componentes de las hojas (N, P, K,…). Se concluye que la variación de biomasa está relacionada con la cantidad de luz interceptada y con la eficiencia de su uso. Dicha información debe de ser transferida para ayudar a mejorar genéticamente los futuros clones a comercializar, con el fin de maximizar la productividad y aumentar la resistencia a plagas. (2) Estimación de biomasa a través de modelos de regresión. Los estudios de investigación relacionados con la productividad requieren estimaciones no destructivas de la biomasa aérea. Sin embargo, el nivel de precisión requerido y la inversión de tiempo son excesivos para operaciones comerciales con grandes extensiones (plantaciones de 10.000 ha). Por esta razón, se estudia el nivel de especificidad (específico, intermedio y general) en la toma de datos de campo sobre los mismos 15 clones (12 de ellos se pueden agrupar en 5 grupos según su genotipo origen) del genero Salix, empleados en el estudio anterior. Para todos los niveles estudiados se observaron diferencias significativas. Pero desde nuestro punto de vista, las diferencias obtenidas no son relevantes. Para validar los modelos finalmente seleccionados se calcularon los porcentajes de error entre la biomasa estimada por los modelos de regresión calculados y la biomasa real obtenida tras los pesajes de biomasa, todo ello se realizó para cada clon según nivel de especificidad. ABSTRACT Productivity is an important factor in the economic viability of a willow crop´s, therefore, maximize it becomes a major factor. This study is directly related to this feature. Productivity, among other factors, may vary depending on different clones, which can be improved and selected genetically. Genetic programs require prior information (average productivity, size and number of stems, leaf characteristics, resistance to pests, etc.) to help you get more productive clones resistant to local pests. Our research consists of two studies: (1) Evaluation of the efficiency of use of light (LUE, Light Use Efficiency). The increase of biomass and light use efficiency (LUE) was tested on 15 clones of the genus Salix during June and September 2011 in Belleville (Central New York, USA). The objectives of this study were: (1) evaluate the light use efficiency and its relationship with the variation in biomass production and (2) determine whether there are significant differences between clones evaluating the leaf area index (LAI) and some traits of the leaves (N, P, K). We studied the correlation with the light use efficiency. It is concluded that the variation of biomass was related to the amount of light intercepted and its efficiency. Such information must be transferred to help improve future genetically clones to market in order to maximize productivity and increase resistance to pests. (2) Estimation of biomass through regression models. Research studies related to productivity estimates require precision and non destructive biomass. However, the level of accuracy required and the investment of time are excessive for large commercial operations with extensions (plantations of 10,000 ha). Precisely for this reason, we study the level of specificity (specific, intermediate and general) in making field data on the same 15 clones (12 of them can be grouped into five groups according to their genotype origin) of the genus Salix, employees in the previous study. For all levels studied some significant differences were observed. But from our practical standpoint, the differences are not relevant. Finally, to validate the selected models, we calculated the percent of bias between estimated biomass (by the regression models) and real biomass obtained after the weighing of biomass, all this process was done for each clone by level of specificity.

Embryogenic suspensions of adult cork oak: the first step towards mass propagation.

Abstract Protocols have been established to clone adult cork oak trees by somatic embryogenesis using semisolid medium. However, for economically viable mass propagation, embryogenic cultures in liquid medium need to be developed. In this study, suspension cultures were initiated from embryo clusters obtained by secondary embryogenesis on a gelled medium lacking plant growth regulators. After 6 days of culture, these embryo clusters generated high cell density suspensions that also contained small organized structures (embryos and embryogenic clumps). As the culture duration increased, tissue necrosis and fewer embryogenic structures were observed and the establishment of suspension cultures failed. An alternative method was found adequate for initiation of embryogenic suspensions: embryo clusters from gelled medium were briefly shaken in liquid medium and detached cells and embryogenic masses of 41?800 lm were used as inoculum. Maintenance of embryogenic suspensions was achieved using a low-density inoculum (43 mg l-1) by subculturing four embryogenic clumps of 0.8?1.2 mm per 70 ml of medium. Proliferation ability was maintained for almost 1 year through ten consecutive subcultures. The initiation and maintenance protocols first developed for a single genotype were effective when tested on 11 cork oak genotypes.

Plant regeneration from an endangered valuable cork oak tree by somatic embryogenesis.

Among the several applications of in vitro tissue culture techniques, the conservation of plant germplasm is one of the most widely used. The cork oak is one of the principal tree species in the Western Mediterranean región. Within this área, the Balearic Islands are considered to be a glacial refuge, and therefore a reservoir of genetic resources. A singular tree has been found in the small Minorca Island population. The haplotype of this tree is of Tyrrhenian origin, showing a past link between Minorca and Sardinia. Moreover, this tree do not bear a deletion within an ITS from ribosimic nuclear DNA, which is fairly common in many populations of this species, and indicates that ir may be the descendant of a very ancient population. This tree is currently in a precarious condition, and it has not produced acorns in the last years. Hence there is a clear need of vegetative propagation to conserve this genotype. We have previously developed methods to clone adult cork oak tres by somatic embryogenesis, and therefore the aim of the present work was to clone this singular tree. There braches from the corwn were collected in November 2004, and methods previously described were carried out. By February 2005 somatic embryogenesis was obtained from leaves of the tree with percentages on induction ranging from 17 to 54% depending on the branch, which may show a novel source of variation that requires further study. Spontaneously matured somatic embryos germinated at 46% in average, and the first somatic seedlings from the Alfavaret's cork oak tree were obtained. Therefore, this study shows one of the most relevant applications of somatic embryogenesis: the plant regeneration of valuable genotypes for the in situ and ex situ conservation of forest genetic resources.

Uncovering cold disruption of the circadian clock in poplar

Dormancy is an adaptive mechanism that allows woody plants to survive at low temperatures during the winter. Disruption of circadian clock genes in winter or under low temperatures, both in long days as in short days, were described in our group few years ago (Ramos et al., 2005). Basic mechanisms of the circadian clock function are similar in herbaceous as well as in woody plants although there are differences in their response to low temperatures (Bieniawska et al., 2008). Woody plants growing in daylight conditions should have a specific transcriptional control above the circadian clock genes, which is responsible of their constitutive transcriptional activation observed under low temperatures conditions. In order to understand this regulatory process, we are analyzing the behavior of a circadian clock gene in poplar. To this aim, we have isolated its promoter region and fused to the luciferase reporter gene. This construct has been transformed into Populus tremula x P. alba 717-1B4 INRA clone. Here we present the characterization of these transgenic lines under different conditions of light and temperature.

CsRAV1: a candidate gene for improving lignocellulosic biomass yield

Fast-growing tree species of Populus spp.,Salix spp. and Eucalyptus spp. are cultivated to produce wood in a short time. Poplars are cultivated with cycles of 15-18 years to obtain saw timber and peeler logs, but when grown as short -rotation coppice(SRC) to produce biomass, planting density increases and rotation is considerably reduced (3-5 years). In this regard, research efforts are focused in the identification of traits and loci that allow the generation of improved SRC biomass-yielding genotypes. Biomass yield is a highly complex trait as it is the combined outcome of many other complex traits, each under separate polygenic control. Among profitable biomass yield-related traits are the amount of sylleptic branching and the length of winter dormancy. In poplar and in a few other Salicaceae species some lateral buds grow out sylleptically, the same season in which they form without the need of an intervening rest period. Sylleptic branching in poplar increases branch number, leaf area and general growth of the tree in its early years, and is a reasonable predictor of coppice yield. On the other hand, the length of winter dormancy determines the extent of the growth period. Our group has characterized the RAV1 gene of Castanea sativa (CsRAV1), encoding a transcription factor of the subfamily RAV (Related to ABI3/VP1). CsRAV1 expression shows a marked seasonal pattern, being higher in autumn and winter both in stems and buds. We generated transgenic lines of the hybrid clone Populus tremulax P. alba INRA 717 1B4 constitutively expressing CsRAV 1. These CsRAV1-expressing poplars develop sylleptic branches only a few weeks after potting. In addition to the sylleptic branching phenotype, these trees show phenological features that could give rise to an extended growth period. We are currently assessing the phenotype and behavior of these transgenic trees in a field trial, and ultimately, we will evaluate the impact on lignocellulosic biomass quality and production.

Estudio de los efectos en el viñedo de la modificación del déficit hídrico continuo en los periodos anterior y posterior al envero (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon; Vitis vinifera L.)

En regiones semiáridas, con veranos cálidos, evapotranspiraciones elevadas, humedades relativas bajas, además de precipitaciones intermitentes y escasas (400 mm al año) que reducen la recarga del perfil en invierno, se puede ver afectada la productividad y sostenibilidad de los viñedos. Por eso en estas zonas puede ser necesario utilizar el riego suplementario para mantener la calidad y aumentar la productividad. En este marco de circunstancias es en el que se desarrolla la mayoría de la viticultura española, y en concreto en la zona centro donde se realizó el estudio. Con este trabajo se pretende estudiar la influencia del agua del riego, con distintas dosis y aplicada en diferentes fases de crecimiento y maduración de la baya, en la producción y calidad de la uva. Se estudió la influencia del déficit moderado continuo aplicado antes y después de envero, en el aprovechamiento de los recursos ambientales y en la respuesta del cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. El ensayo se desarrolló en 2010 y 2011 en la finca “La Alcoholera”, perteneciente a bodegas LICINIA S.L., ubicada en la localidad de Chinchón, Comunidad de Madrid, España. Durante 2010 y 2011 se realizaron estudios en cepas del cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (clon 15), injertadas sobre 41B y plantadas en 2005. Con poda corta en Cordón Royat unilateral de 80 cm de altura, y cuya vegetación alcanzó una altura de 97 cm. Las cepas del ensayo fueron conducidas verticalmente en espaldera (VSP), con 10 yemas por metro lineal. Las plantas dentro de la fila fueron separadas 1 m y la distancia de la calle fue de 3 m. La orientación de las filas norte – sur. Se plantearon cuatro tratamientos experimentales con diferentes dosis y momento de aplicación del riego. - T: Testigo. Déficit ligero, con un aporte continuado de agua desde floración (420 mm). - DMc: Déficit moderado continuo. Manejo del riego convencional, empezando en pre-envero (154 mm) - DM1: Déficit moderado a partir de pre-envero. Aporte de riego continuado desde floración reduciéndose la dosis de riego en pre-envero (312 mm). - DM2: Déficit moderado hasta pre-envero. Se empezó a regar a partir de preenvero (230 mm). Se observó que bajo condiciones de estrés hídrico leve, el crecimiento se reduce disminuyendo la migración de fotoasimilados hacia los órganos vegetativos. Generando menor área foliar en las plantas sometidas a déficit hídrico moderado entre floración y cuajado. Disminuyendo su consumo. En maduración la humedad del suelo dependió principalmente del riego aplicado y del consumo de la planta; dicho consumo dependió a la vez del desarrollo foliar del canopy y de la necesidad hídrica de la vid. El aumento del déficit hídrico disminuyó el contenido de agua en el suelo, lo que provocó diferencias en el estado hídrico y en el intercambio gaseoso de las hojas. En condiciones de déficit moderado, la fotosíntesis se encontró altamente correlacionada con el potencial hídrico foliar medido a mediodía solar. Además en condiciones de déficit moderado continuo la disponibilidad hídrica, la demanda atmosférica y el nivel de hidratación de las hojas, interaccionaron de forma compleja en la regulación estomática de las hojas, condicionando el intercambio gaseoso y la eficiencia en el uso del agua. Al aumentar el volumen de agua aplicado el peso de madera de poda por metro de fila fue superior. Las diferencias encontradas en el rendimiento fueron debidas a las diferencias en el peso de baya. El cual estuvo condicionado por la estrategia de riego, ya que, el déficit hídrico moderado antes de envero fue más crítico para el rendimiento que el déficit impuesto durante la madurez. Por otro lado, la biomasa dependió de la actividad fisiológica de la planta, la cual fue altamente dependiente de la disponibilidad hídrica. Déficit hídrico moderado aplicado de cuajado a envero, generó bayas más pequeñas y aumentó la relación hollejo:pulpa. El déficit moderado aplicado después de envero favoreció la acumulación de IPT y antocianos extraíbles, mejorando la calidad de la uva, pero disminuyó la acidez de la baya. El riego aplicado de envero a vendimia desaceleró la concentración de azúcares en bayas que fueron sometidas a déficit antes de pre-envero. ABSTRACT Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot summers, high evapotranspiration rates, and scarce precipitations (400 mm per year) during grapevine cycle. These extremely dry conditions affect vineyard productivity and sustainability. Supplementary irrigation is needed practice in order to maintain yield and quality. Almost all Spanish grape growing regions are characterized by these conditions, especially in the center region, where this trial was performed. The main objective of this work is to study the influence of water irrigation on yield and quality. For this aim, different levels of irrigation (mm of water applied) were applied during different stages of growth and berry maturity of Caberent Sauvignon grapevines. The work was conducted from 2010 to 2011 and located in Licinia (40º 12´ N, 3º 28´ W), Madrid, Spain. The cultivar utilized was Cabernet Sauvignon, clone 15 grafted onto rootstock 41B, planted in 2005. The vineyard was oriented north-south, with spacing on 3 meters between rows and 1 meter between plants. Vines were spurpruned to 10 buds per meter and trained in unilateral cordon with a height of 80 cm. Shoots were positioned vertically (VSP). Considering the amount of water and the moment of the application, four experimental treatments were applied: - T: Control sample. Slight deficit (420 mm) applied from bloom to maturity. - DMc: Continuous moderate deficit. Traditional irrigation: application of 154 mm of water from pre-veraison to maturity. - DM1: Deficit moderate from pre-veraison. Irrigation of 312 mm of water from bloom to pre-veraison. - DM2: Deficit moderate to pre-veraison. Irrigation of 230 mm of water from preveraison to maturity Under moderated water stress conditions it was seen than leaf growth decreases due to the reduction of migration of photo-assimilates to vegetative organs. Vines with moderate water deficit between flowering and ripening develop less leaf area and decrease its water consumption. During maturation of berries, soil moisture depends on irrigation and plant consumption. This consumption further depends on vegetation development and on the vine needs for water. By increasing water deficit, the water content in the soil decreases. This causes differences in leaf water status and in the gases exchange. Under moderate deficit conditions, photosynthesis was found highly correlated with midday leaf water potential. Further, atmospheric demand and the level of leaves hydration interact in complex ways in the stomatal regulation, which affects leaf gas exchange and the efficiency of water use. The amount of water applied is directly proportional to pruning weight. Changes in berry weight cause differences in yield ratios. The differences in berry weights are conditioned by the irrigation strategy, the moderate water deficit before veraison influences more than the deficit applied from veraison. Biomass generated for the plant depends on its physiological activity, which is highly related to the water availability. Moderate water deficit applied from fruit set to ripening generates smaller berries, increasing the pulp/skin ratio. Moderate deficit applied after veraison promotes the accumulation of extractables anthocyans and TPI. Despite this treatment improves color parameters of the grapes, it decreases its total acidity. Irrigation applied from veraison to harvest slows down sugar accumulation in berries compared to those under deficit before veraison conditions.