Emergence of a new type of porcine circovirus (PCV) in swine: a type 1 and type 2 PCV recombinant.

In late September 2008, tissue samples from piglets experiencing an acute outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) were submitted to the Veterinary diagnostic service of the University of Montreal. Several diagnostic assays were performed including a multiplex real-time quantitative PCR assay (mrtqPCR) for the detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2a and 2b genotypes in the lung and lymph nodes. The pig samples were found to be positive for PCV2a using the mrtqPCR but odd results were obtained. The Ct values obtained with mrtqPCR probes targeting the ORF1 and ORF2 of PCV2 were not as expected which suggested the presence of genomic variations in the PCV2 viral genome. Ultimately, a total of three diagnostic cases with mrtqPCR unusual results were investigated. After virus isolation and sequence analyses, a new type of PCV was identified in those three cases. Based on sequence analyses, this new PCV genome contains the ORF1 of PCV1 and the ORF2 of PCV2a and its entire viral genome nucleotide identity compared to PCV1, PCV2a and 2b are 86.4%, 88.7% and 86.5%, respectively. It is proposed to name this new PCV by taking into account the nomenclature of Segales et al. (2008) and by indicating the origin of the ORF1 at first and the origin of the ORF2 in second. Consequently, the name proposed for this new PCV is PCV1/2a. The prevalence of PCV1/2a seems to be very low in Quebec, Canada (2.5% of PCV positive cases), and its origin is now in debate.

How Principals Exercise Transformative Leadership in Urban Schools in Disadvantaged Areas in Montréal, Canada

This study aims at understanding how elementary school principals in disadvantaged areas implement transformative leadership for social justice. Our previous studies showed that social justice is rarely present in principals’ discourse. Using a transformative leadership framework, we analysed data from the observation of these school principals. Data failed to show evidence of transformative behaviour on the part of principals. Because of some concerns and questions that arose from these findings, we found and interviewed three outstanding elementary school principals who are implementing transformative leadership in their schools. In contrast with our previous data, our present data shows that these principals have a rich view of social justice, that they see instances of inequities in their schools, that they identify situations in which they can implement transformative leadership, and that they report intervening to fight inequities. We also discuss the implications of these results in the follow-up of our research programme.

A single amino acid substitution in the mRNA capping enzyme λ2 of a mammalian orthoreovirus mutant increases interferon sensitivity.

In the last few years, the development of a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for mammalian reovirus has allowed the production and characterization of mutant viruses. This could be especially significant in the optimization of reovirus strains for virotherapeutic applications, either as gene vectors or oncolytic viruses. The genome of a mutant virus exhibiting increased sensitivity to interferon was completely sequenced and compared with its parental virus. Viruses corresponding to either the parental or mutant viruses were then rescued by reverse genetics and shown to exhibit the expected phenotypes. Systematic rescue of different viruses harboring either of the four parental genes in a mutant virus backbone, or reciprocally, indicated that a single amino acid substitution in one of λ2 methyltransferase domains is the major determinant of the difference in interferon sensitivity between these two viruses.

Caractérisation des unités de soins aigus chirurgicaux au sein des départements de chirurgie générale au Canada

Introduction : The acute care surgery (ACS) units are dedicated to the prompt management of surgical emergencies. It is a systemic way of organizing on-call services to diminish conflict between urgent care and elective obligations. The aim of this study was to define the characteristics of an ACS unit and to find common criteria in units with reported good functioning. Methods : As of July 1st 2014, 22 Canadian hospitals reported having an ACS unit. A survey with questions about the organization of the ACS units, the population it serves, the number of emergencies and trauma cases treated per year, and the satisfaction about the implementation of this ACS unit was sent to those hospitals. Results : The survey’s response rate was 73%. The majority of hospitals were tertiary or quaternary centers, served a population of more than 200 000 and had their ACS unit for more than three years. The median number of surgeons participating in an ACS unit was 8.5 and the majority were doing seven day rotations. The median number of operating room days was 2.5 per week. Most ACS units (85%) had an estimated annual volume of more than 2500 emergency consultations (including both trauma and non-trauma) and 80% operated over 1000 cases per year. Nearly all the respondents (94%) were satisfied with the implementation of the ACS unit in their hospital. Conclusion : Most surgeons felt that the implementation of an ACS unit resulted in positive outcomes. However, there should be a sizeable catchment population and number of surgical emergencies to justify the resulting financial and human resources.

Herpesviruses including novel gammaherpesviruses are widespread among phocid seal species in Canada.

Little is known about herpesviruses in Canadian pinnipeds. We measured prevalence of antibodies to herpesviruses in the sera from Canadian phocid seals by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Wild harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and captive harbor seals were positive for antibodies to Phocid herpesvirus 1 (PhoHV-1) at prevalences of 91% and 100%, respectively. Sera from wild hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandica), and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) were positive for antibodies to PhoHV-1 antigenically related herpesvirus antigens at 73%, 79%, and 96%, respectively. We isolated new herpesviruses in cell culture from two hunter-harvested ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in poor body condition from Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada; one lethargic hooded seal from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Québec, Canada; and one captive, asymptomatic harp seal from the Magdalen Islands, Québec. Partial sequencing of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene revealed that all four virus isolates were closely related to PhoHV-2, a member of the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, with nucleotide similarity ranging between 92.8% and 95.3%. The new seal herpesviruses were genetically related to other known pinniped herpesviruses, such as PhoHV-1, Otariid herpesvirus 3, Hawaiian monk (Monachus schauinslandi) seal herpesvirus, and Phocid herpesvirus 5 with 47–48%, 55%, 77%, and 70–77% nucleotide similarities, respectively. The harp seal herpesvirus and both ringed seal herpesviruses were almost identical to each other, whereas the hooded seal herpesvirus was genetically different from the three others (92.8% nucleotide similarity), indicating detection of at least two novel seal herpesviruses. These findings are the first isolation, partial genome sequencing, and identification of seal gammaherpesviruses in three species of Canadian phocid seals; two species of which were suspected of exposure to one or more antigenically related herpesviruses based on serologic analyses.

Studies in the microbial tranformation of alkaloids strychnine and 2-nitrostrychnine

Strychnine is the major alkaloid present in the seeds of _Strychnos, nuxvomica tree which grow naturally in this area. Strychnine has a very complex chemical structure and is known to stimulate all portions of the central nervous system with preference to the spinal cord. However, it is a powerful convulsant and death results from asphyxia. Consequently strychnine has no therapeutic application in the western system of medicine at present. The objective of this work, therefore, was to convert strychnine by microbial transformation into a product having more desirable pharmacological properties so that this locally available natural product may find some use in the preparation of a therapeutic agent.

Hyperfine structure and isotopic shift of the n^2 P_J levels (n = 7-10) of ^203,205 TI measured by Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy

Using Doppler-free two-photon absorption spectroscopy, we have measured hyperfine splitting constants as well as isotopic level shifts of the 6s^2 np ^2 P_l/2,3/2 states in (n=7-10) in ^203 TI and ^205 TI. Calculations for hyperfine constants and electron density at the nucleus have been performed by the Dirac-Fock method. The experimental results are compared with these calculations as well as with the predictions of the semiempirical theory.

Manuel-Juan Carrillo Marco : Cieza 1915-1988 : cuaderno didáctico para primaria.

Cuaderno didáctico destinado al alumnado de primaria, con el objetivo de que este conozca la vida y obra del escultor ciezano Manuel-Juan Carrillo Marco..

Manuel-Juan Carrillo Marco : Cieza 1915-1988 : cuaderno didáctico para secundaria.

Cuaderno didáctico destinado al alumnado de secundaria, con el objetivo de que este conozca la vida y obra del escultor ciezano Manuel-Juan Carrillo Marco..

Situaci??n laboral y opiniones de los egresados de la Universidad de Oviedo (1984-1988)

Conocer las caracter??sticas de los sujetos, su experiencia Universitaria y su opini??n sobre las Instituciones, su formaci??n, oportunidades de empleo, problemas de incorporaci??n al mundo del trabajo, etc.. 348 titulados universitarios egresados de la Universidad de Oviedo en el quinquenio 1984-88. Se trabaja a un nivel de confianza del 95 aceptando un error muestral de +/-5,3. La informaci??n se obtuvo mediante la aplicaci??n de un cuestionario remitido por correo elaborado a partir de otros instrumentos similares y sometido a distintas revisiones y grupos de discusi??n. Se realiz?? una aplicaci??n reducida controlada mediante el procedimiento del encuestador. As?? se elabor?? un instrumento codificado basado en preguntas de respuesta simple, por alternativas m??ltiples y donde la tendencia escalar se muestra como predominante. La estructura del instrumento responde a dos niveles: 1. General, preguntas comunes para conocer las caracter??sticas personales, la experiencia universitaria y las opiniones sobre la Universidad. 2. Diferenciada, centrada en las posibles relaciones que pod??an darse por su relaci??n con el mundo laboral. M??s de la mitad de los encuestados trabaja y en su mayor??a a tiempo completo, pero con contrato temporal. Comparando la demanda y la oferta anual existe un super??vit de titulados. La v??a de acceso al empleo m??s utilizada es las oposiciones y luego los amigos, INEM y ofertas de empleo p??blicas. Trabajan en Educaci??n, Banca, Sanidad y Administraci??n, s??lo son funcionarios el 22,4 por ciento. Existe una clara tipolog??a de carreras con empleo, las carreras con demanda entre los encuestados son las Ingenier??as, Econ??micas y Enfermer??a. Los que no encuentran empleo se??alan como motivo la falta de oportunidades y en segundo lugar la gran competitividad. La experiencia universitaria se considera normal pero si tuvieran que repetirla lo har??an en otra Universidad o har??an otra carrera. Parece que existe un problema de ausencia de orientaci??n previa ya que el cambio va ligado a la elecci??n aconsejada por los padres y amigos, quienes eligieron pensando en sus aptitudes y gustos no desean cambiar. La formaci??n recibida se considera te??rica, generalista y m??s bien pasiva, se valoran m??s las de Inform??tica, Trabajo Social y Enfermer??a y menos Derecho, Filolog??a y Ciencias de la Educaci??n, por te??ricas y por el escaso desarrollo de actividad: Medicina, Econ??micas y las Ingenier??as. Seg??n los encuestados los aspectos m??s necesarios para el futuro profesional son las habilidades en relaciones humanas y el conocimiento de idiomas. Las conclusiones del trabajo deben interpretarse teniendo en cuenta el n??mero de respuestas a la encuesta que no permiten extrapolar los resultados. Se observan incongruencias e inconsistencias, que pueden provenir tanto de problemas de validez del cuestionario como de tratar los datos de forma global y no diferencial.

Aproximación al pensamiento pedagógico de los profesores de EGB que participan en los programas de renovación pedagógica en la provincia de Jaén.

Estudio de la situación del profesorado, modelo de perfeccionamiento más adecuado y mejoras necesarias, centrado en los profesores que participan en programas de renovación pedagógicas. Profesores de EGB de la provincia de Jaén. Elaboración del cuestionario, aplicación del cuestionario, recogida del instrumento y estudio estadístico. Diarios de clase, análisis de documentos, perfiles, pruebas fotográficas, grabaciones en cinta o vídeo y transcripciones, entrevistas. Técnicas cualitativas. Los cursos de perfeccionamiento permiten actualizar al profesorado y facilitan la tarea docente. El trabajo en equipo permite el perfeccionamiento en un grado aceptable, pero es necesario apoyo económico. La administración produce desencanto. En los programas de renovación pedagógica se trabaja más con modelos teóricos que por intuición pedagógica. El modelo de formación permanente del profesorado que participa en programas de renovación pedagógica no es el más adecuado, la valoración de la administración ha sido negativa, las dificultades no impiden que el profesorado no apueste por renovar la escuela, el profesorado tiene como fin resolver situaciones prácticas diarias.

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Exam 1988

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