Médicos recém-formados: sólida formação geral ou sólida formação especializada?

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos da especialização precoce - dedicação seletiva a uma especialidade médica no período de graduação - sobre a formação geral dos médicos recém-formados. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Candidatos ao processo seletivo a Programas de Residência Médica 2008 (PSPRM), formados na FMUSP em 2007 (universo = 163), destacados e agrupados por carreira pretendida (CP). Este estudo foca o desempenho no PSPRM e no histórico escolar. Análise intergrupos - candidatos a determinada CP x demais candidatos FMUSP e intragrupos - desempenho em diferentes áreas de conhecimento (AC) x média nas demais áreas. Coeficientes de correlação - entre fases do PSPRM e histórico. P < 0,05. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Existe correlação entre histórico e PSPRM. De acordo com os dados investigados, houve tendência de especialização precoce em GO (obstetrícia e ginecologia), PQ (psiquiatria) e PED (pediatria), com prejuízo em áreas de conhecimento não diretamente relacionadas à carreira pretendida. Candidatos à CM (clínica médica) apresentaram desempenho globalmente superior ao dos demais nas provas e no histórico, possivelmente devido ao interesse mais abrangente por toda a Medicina, que levaria a uma formação mais ampla e sólida.

Influência dos cursos preparatórios para residência médica em uma avaliação global

INTRODUÇÃO: O desenvolvimento cognitivo é um processo complexo e o mais intenso na formação médica, necessitando ser acompanhado minuciosa e criteriosamente. Várias ferramentas foram criadas com o intuito de acompanhar tal processo, entre elas o teste global (ou de situação) de conhecimento, cuja finalidade é avaliar o desempenho cognitivo durante o curso e o próprio curso, bem como treinar acadêmicos para concursos. Outra forma de treinamento para provas de qualificação, muito usada atualmente, são os Cursos Preparatórios (CP) para residência médica. OBJETIVO: Analisar a influência e eficácia dos CP no ganho cognitivo dos acadêmicos do internato bienal de um curso de Medicina. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, com aplicação de uma prova de situação aos internos que cursam ou não CP. RESULTADOS: Realizaram a prova 127 internos, sendo 63 do primeiro semestre e 64 do terceiro. A média de acerto geral foi de 5,1 ± 1,0 (5,0 ± 0,9 para quintanistas e 5,1 ± 1,2 para sextanistas; p = 0,533). Do total dos internos, 77,2% participavam de CP, sendo menor a proporção dos quintanistas (65,1% vs. 89,1%; p = 0,001). Não se observou diferença estatística no desempenho cognitivo dos internos relacionado à "frequência ou não de CP" (5,1 ± 1,1 vs. 4,8 ± 1,0; p = 0,203). CONCLUSÃO: O teste do tipo global não apresentou diferença estatística significativa no desempenho cognitivo dos estudantes de uma série para outra, não demonstrando no CP fator diferenciador neste tipo de avaliação (testes de múltipla escolha), colocando em dúvida a real influência e efetividade do CP.

The Structural Basis for inorganic Pyrophosphatase Catalysis and Regulation

Inorganic pyrophosphatases (PPases) are essential enzymes for every living cell. PPases provide the necessary thermodynamic pull for many biosynthetic reactions by hydrolyzing pyrophosphate. There are two types of PPases: integral membrane-bound and soluble enzymes. The latter type is divided into two non-homologous protein families, I and II. Family I PPases are present in all kingdoms of life, whereas family II PPases are only found in prokaryotes, including archae. Family I PPases, particularly that from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are among the most extensively characterized phosphoryl transfer enzymes. In the present study, we have solved the structures of wild-type and seven active site variants of S. cerevisiae PPase bound to its natural metal cofactor, magnesium ion. These structures have facilitated derivation of the complete enzyme reaction scheme for PPase, fulfilling structures of all the reaction intermediates. The main focus in this study was on a novel subfamily of family II PPases (CBSPPase) containing a large insert formed by two CBS domains and a DRTGG domain within the catalytic domain. The CBS domain (named after cystathionine beta-synthase in which it was initially identified) usually occurs as tandem pairs with two or four copies in many proteins in all kingdoms of life. The structure formed by a pair of CBS domains is also known as a Bateman domain. CBS domains function as regulatory units, with adenylate ligands as the main effectors. The DRTGG domain (designated based on its most conserved residues) occurs less frequently and only in prokaryotes. Often, the domain co-exists with CBS domains, but its function remains unknown. The key objective of the current study was to explore the structural rearrangements in the CBS domains induced by regulatory adenylate ligands and their functional consequences. Two CBS-PPases were investigated, one from Clostridium perfringens (cpCBS-PPase) containing both CBS and DRTGG domains in its regulatory region and the other from Moorella thermoacetica (mt CBS-PPase) lacking the DRTGG domain. We additionally constructed a separate regulatory region of cpCBS-PPase (cpCBS). Both full-length enzymes and cpCBS formed homodimers. Two structures of the regulatory region of cpCBS-PPase complexed with the inhibitor, AMP, and activator, diadenosine tetraphosphate, were solved. The structures were significantly different, providing information on the structural pathway from bound adenylates to the interface between the regulatory and catalytic parts. To our knowledge, these are the first reported structures of a regulated CBS enzyme, which reveal large conformational changes upon regulator binding. The activator-bound structure was more open, consistent with the different thermostabilities of the activator- and inhibitor-bound forms of cpCBS-PPase. The results of the functional studies on wild-type and variant CBS-PPases provide support for inferences made on the basis of structural analyses. Moreover, these findings indicate that CBS-PPase activity is highly sensitive to adenine nucleotide distribution between AMP, ADP and ATP, and hence to the energy level of the cell. CBS-PPase activity is markedly inhibited at low energy levels, allowing PPi energy to be used for cell survival instead of being converted into heat.

Functional studies on bacterial nucleotide-regulated inorganic pyrophosphatases

CBS domains are ~60 amino acid tandemly repeated regulatory modules forming a widely distributed domain superfamily. Found in thousands of proteins from all kingdoms of life, CBS domains have adopted a variety of functions during evolution, one of which is regulation of enzyme activity through binding of adenylate-containing compounds in a hydrophobic cavity. Mutations in human CBS domain-containing proteins cause hereditary diseases. Inorganic pyrophosphatases (PPases) are ubiquitous enzymes, which pull pyrophosphate (PPi) producing reactions forward by hydrolyzing PPi into phosphate. Of the two nonhomologous soluble PPases, dimeric family II PPases, belonging to the DHH family of phosphoesterases, require a transition metal and magnesium for maximal activity. A quarter of the almost 500 family II PPases, found in bacteria and archaea, contain a 120-250 amino acid N-terminal insertion, comprised of two CBS domains separated in sequence by a DRTGG domain. These enzymes are thus named CBS-PPases. The function of the DRTGG domain in proteins is unknown. The aim of this PhD thesis was to elucidate the structural and functional differences of CBS-PPases in comparison to family II PPases lacking the regulatory insert. To this end, we expressed, purified and characterized the CBS-PPases from Clostridium perfringens (cpCBS-PPase) and Moorella thermoacetica (mtCBS-PPase), the latter lacking a DRTGG domain. Both enzymes are homodimers in solution and display maximal activity against PPi in the presence of Co2+ and Mg2+. Uniquely, the DRTGG domain was found to enable tripolyphosphate hydrolysis at rates similar to that of PPi. Additionally, we found that AMP and ADP inhibit, while ATP and AP4A activate CBSPPases, thus enabling regulation in response to changes in cellular energy status. We then observed substrate- and nucleotide-induced conformational transitions in mtCBS-PPase and found that the enzyme exists in two differentially active conformations, interconverted through substrate binding and resulting in a 2.5-fold enzyme activation. AMP binding was shown to produce an alternate conformation, which is reached through a different pathway than the substrate-induced conformation. We solved the structure of the regulatory insert from cpCBS-PPase in complex with AMP and AP4A and proposed that conformational changes in the loops connecting the catalytic and regulatory domains enable activity regulation. We examined the effects of mutations in the CBS domains of mtCBS-PPase on catalytic activity, as well as, nucleotide binding and inhibition.

Mikkelin Pursialan pohjavesialueen haitta-aineet

Mikkelin talousvedestä kahden kolmasosan tullessa Pursialan pohjavesialueelta on alueen suojeleminen tärkeää. Pohjaveden laatua uhkaavat etenkin alueella sattuneet pohjavedenpilaantumistapaukset. Merkittävimmät pohjaveden pilaantumistapaukset ovat VAPO Oy:n sahan aiheuttama pohjaveden pilaantuminen kloorifenoleilla (CP) ja VR:n ratapölkkykyllästämön aiheuttama pohjaveden pilaantuminen kreosoottiöljyllä sekä Rinnekadun Nesteen aiheuttama pohjaveden pilaantuminen MTBE:llä. Alueella on tehty tutkimuksia ja kunnostuksia pilaantumiin liittyen, mutta näiden tuloksia ei ole aikaisemmin koottu yhteen. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli koota tulokset samaan aineistoon. Työssä keskityttiin kloorifenolien leviämisen tarkasteluun sen Pursialan pohjavedenottamolle muodostaman suurimman uhan vuoksi. Kallioperätietojen, maanpintatietojen ja näytetietojen pohjalta laadittiin myös pienoismalli CP-pilaantuman leviämisen kokonaiskuvan hahmottamiseksi. Työn tavoitteena oli lisäksi tehdä riskitarkastelua CP-pilaantumaan liittyen ja etsiä keinoja hallita havaittuja riskejä. Riskinhallintaan liittyen työssä tutkittiin kloorifenoleilla pilaantuneen alueen maaperä- ja kalliotietoja sekä pohjaveden laatutietoja. Pursialan pohjavedessä on runsaasti rautaa ja mangaania sekä aggressiivista hiilihappoa. Pohjaveden pH on alueella noin 6,5, lämpötila noin 7,5 ºC ja happipitoisuus noin 0,7 mg/l. Pursialan kaupunginalueen kallioperässä on havaittavissa VAPO Oy:n sahalta vedenottamolle etenevä kalliopainanne, jota pitkin CP etenee. Alueen kallioperä on kiillegneissiä, jossa on pohjois–etelä-suuntaista rakoilua. Maaperätuloksien perusteella on havaittavissa vettä hyvin johtavien maakerrosten jatkuminen koko vedenottamon ja sahan välisen matkan, mikä tarkoittaa, että CP-pitoisella pohjavedellä voi olla aiemmin oletettua nopeampikin yhteys sahalta vedenottamolle. Suurin CP-pitoisuus noin 100 000 µg/l on mitattu KY-5-altaan kohdalle asennetun M14-pohjavesiputken pohjasta. Talousvesiasetuksen raja-arvo CP:lle on 10 µg/l. Sahan ja vedenottamon puolivälissä on havaittu yli 10 000 µg/l meneviä CP-pitoisuuksia. Suurin vedenottamon kaivoista (kaivo 10) mitattu pitoisuus on 149 µg/l. Jakotukilta raakavedestä otetuissa näytteissä tai talousvedessä ei ole kuitenkaan havaittu talousvesiasetuksen ylittäviä CP-pitoisuuksia. Pienoismallin perusteella CP sijaitsee sahan alueella lähellä kallionpintaa ja hajaantuu koko pohjavesipatjaan vedenottamolle päin mentäessä. CP-mittaustuloksissa on havaittavissa pulssimaisuutta. Tämä johtuu todennäköisesti Saimaan pinnan vaihtelun seurauksena muuttuvasta rantaimeytyneen pohjaveden määrästä. Saimaan pinnan nousu näyttäisi tuloksien perusteella nostavan CP-pitoisuuksia saha-alueella ja laskevan lähellä vedenottamoa. Pohjaveden pintatietojen perusteella tehdyn tarkastelun mukaan pohjavesi voi kulkeutua sahalta vedenottamolle parhaimmillaan noin vuodessa. Työssä arvioitiin KY-5–liuoksen vuosittaiseksi käyttömääräksi noin 648–970 m3. Allassakkaa arvioitiin syntyneen yhteensä noin 10–31 m3. Pohjaveteen arvioitiin joutuneen toiminnan aikana yhteensä noin 3 000–4 000 kg CP:tä. Kloorifenolit esiintyvät pohjavedessä lähes täysin kloorifenolaatteina. Kloorifenolien hajoaminen ja muuntuminen pohjavedessä on epätodennäköistä. Käsitteellisen mallin mukaan kloorifenolipilaantuman suurimmat riskit aiheutuvat kloorifenolien mahdollisuudesta pilata Pursialan vedenottamon talousvesi. Tällä hetkellä riskejä hallitaan kloorifenolien leviämisen tarkkailulla, sahan ja vedenottamon puolivälissä sijaitsevalla koepumppauksella sekä varautumalla aktiivihiilijauheen syöttöön talousvesiprosessiin. Koepumppauksen avulla on saatu ylös tällä hetkellä noin 69 kg kloorifenoleita. Tutkimuksen perusteella suositeltavimmat riskinhallintatoimet tulevaisuudessa ovat sahalla sijaitseva kunnostuspumppaus, sahan ja vedenottamon väliin sijoittuva suojapumppaus- ja vesiverhoyhdistelmä sekä sahan rannan kautta tapahtuvan rantaimeytymisen estäminen.

Análise do crescimento de mudas de jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) em diferentes níveis de água no solo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o crescimento de mudas de jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) sob déficit hídrico. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 8 kg de solo oriundo do local de coleta das sementes. Foram utilizados blocos casualizados como delineamento experimental, com quatro tratamentos hídricos (100%, 75%, 50% e 25% da capacidade de pote) e seis repetições. Semanalmente foram avaliados a altura das plantas, o número de folhas e o diâmetro do caule. No final do período experimental, foram determinados a área foliar, a razão de área foliar e a área foliar específica, a produção de matéria seca das folhas, do caule, das raízes e total, e a alocação de biomassa para as folhas, o caule e as raízes. Verificou-se que o déficit hídrico afetou o crescimento das plantas quanto à altura, ao diâmetro do caule e à produção de matéria seca para os diversos órgãos, quando cultivadas em níveis a partir de 50% da CP. O número de folhas reduziu-se em todos os níveis de estresse, quando comparados com o tratamento 100% da CP. O padrão de alocação de biomassa, a relação raiz/parte aérea, razão de área foliar e área foliar específica, mas, não foram afetados pelo estresse. O número de folhas foi a variável mais sensível ao estresse. Mudas de jatobá não paralisaram o seu crescimento quando cultivadas com baixa disponibilidade de água no solo, na fase inicial do desenvolvimento. No entanto, seu crescimento foi severamente afetado em níveis de água abaixo de 50% da capacidade de retenção de água no solo.

Multifrequency VLBI Observations of Selected Active Galactic Nuclei

In this dissertation, active galactic nuclei (AGN) are discussed, as they are seen with the high-resolution radio-astronomical technique called Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). This observational technique provides very high angular resolution (_ 10−300 = 1 milliarcsecond). VLBI observations, performed at different radio frequencies (multi-frequency VLBI), allow to penetrate deep into the core of an AGN to reveal an otherwise obscured inner part of the jet and the vicinity of the AGN’s central engine. Multi-frequency VLBI data are used to scrutinize the structure and evolution of the jet, as well as the distribution of the polarized emission. These data can help to derive the properties of the plasma and the magnetic field, and to provide constraints to the jet composition and the parameters of emission mechanisms. Also VLBI data can be used for testing the possible physical processes in the jet by comparing observational results with results of numerical simulations. The work presented in this thesis contributes to different aspects of AGN physics studies, as well as to the methodology of VLBI data reduction. In particular, Paper I reports evidence of optical and radio emission of AGN coming from the same region in the inner jet. This result was obtained via simultaneous observations of linear polarization in the optical and in radio using VLBI technique of a sample of AGN. Papers II and III describe, in detail, the jet kinematics of the blazar 0716+714, based on multi-frequency data, and reveal a peculiar kinematic pattern: plasma in the inner jet appears to move substantially faster that that in the large-scale jet. This peculiarity is explained by the jet bending, in Paper III. Also, Paper III presents a test of the new imaging technique for VLBI data, the Generalized Maximum Entropy Method (GMEM), with the observed (not simulated) data and compares its results with the conventional imaging. Papers IV and V report the results of observations of the circularly polarized (CP) emission in AGN at small spatial scales. In particular, Paper IV presents values of the core CP for 41 AGN at 15, 22 and 43 GHz, obtained with the help of the standard Gain transfer (GT) method, which was previously developed by D. Homan and J.Wardle for the calibration of multi-source VLBI observations. This method was developed for long multi-source observations, when many AGN are observed in a single VLBI run. In contrast, in Paper V, an attempt is made to apply the GT method to single-source VLBI observations. In such observations, the object list would include only a few sources: a target source and two or three calibrators, and it lasts much shorter than the multi-source experiment. For the CP calibration of a single-source observation, it is necessary to have a source with zero or known CP as one of the calibrators. If the archival observations included such a source to the list of calibrators, the GT could also be used for the archival data, increasing a list of known AGN with the CP at small spatial scale. Paper V contains also calculation of contributions of different sourced of errors to the uncertainty of the final result, and presents the first results for the blazar 0716+714.

Mistura de três espécies de reflorestamento na produção de painéis cimento-madeira

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a viabilidade técnica de produção de painéis cimento-madeira compostos por diferentes proporções de resíduos das madeiras de cedro-australiano (Toona ciliata M. Roem.), Pinus taeda e clone de híbrido de Eucalyptusgrandis x Eucalyptus urophylla,utilizando-se dois processos distintos de cura: vaporização e climatização. Foi utilizado o cimento Portland CP V - ARI/Plus como aglomerante e o cloreto de cálcio como aditivo químico. As partículas de madeira foram previamente tratadas em água fria durante 24 h. Foram considerados os seguintes parâmetros: relação madeira/cimento - 1/2,75; relação água/cimento - 1/2,5 (base peso do cimento); taxa de água de hidratação/cimento - 25% (base peso do cimento); aditivo químico - 4% (base peso do cimento); densidade nominal - 1,10 g/cm³; e dimensões dos painéis - 480 x 480 x 150 mm. Os parâmetros de prensagem foram: temperatura ambiente, pressão específica de 40 kgf/cm² e tempo de 10 min. O tempo de grampeamento foi de 24 h. As propriedades avaliadas foram absorção de água e inchamento em espessura após 24 h, flexão estática, compressão e ligação interna. O experimento foi instalado segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições e seis tratamentos, arranjados num esquema fatorial de três composições x dois processos de cura. Os painéis compostos pela mistura de T. ciliata com o clone de Eucalyptus apresentaram valores médios superiores para inchamento em espessura e resultados inferiores para a maioria das propriedades mecânicas. A cura a vapor melhorou as propriedades físicas, mas afetou negativamente a maioria das propriedades mecânicas.

CAPACIDADE ADAPTATIVA DE ESPÉCIES DO CERRADO UTILIZADAS EM ÁREAS DE RECUPERAÇÃO AMBIENTAL1

RESUMOO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade adaptativa, com base em dados de área foliar específica (AFE) e comprimento do pecíolo (CP) de espécies nativas do Cerrado de duas áreas em recuperação, comparadas com indivíduos-controle. Foram selecionadas cinco espécies na Área 1 (luminosidade intensa) e 10 espécies na Área 2 (luminosidade intensa). Houve diferenças significativas entre as espécies das duas áreas e o controle, para a maioria das espécies estudadas. A AFE e o CP, ao contrário do que se esperava, foram significativamente maiores na Área 2 do que no controle (sombreamento). Entretanto, grande parte das espécies da Área 1 tiveram AFE e o CP iguais ou menores do que o controle e do que as espécies da Área 2. As espécies estudadas possuem, portanto, a capacidade de ajustar sua morfologia e, provavelmente, também sua fisiologia, para a aclimatação a ambientes com luminosidade intensa. Assim, são espécies potenciais para utilização em programas de recuperação ambiental.

Incorporação de casca de arroz e de braquiária e seus efeitos nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas de tijolos de solo-cimento

A forma indiscriminada de extração dos recursos naturais e a poluição gerada pelos resíduos promovem impactos sobre o meio ambiente e é motivo de grande preocupação. Visando a oferecer alternativas de destinação de resíduos agrícolas, o presente trabalho estudou composições da mistura de solo-cimento-resíduo agrícola, tendo como objetivo principal determinar os teores máximos de resíduos a serem incorporados sem o comprometimento de suas características mecânicas. Foram utilizados dois tipos de resíduos vegetais (cascas de arroz e de braquiária) e utilizou-se o cimento Portland CP II-F-32 para a composição dos tratamentos. Nas combinações, os teores de cimento e resíduo variaram desde 100% de cimento e 0% de resíduo, até 60% de cimento e 40% de resíduo. Os tijolos foram prensados com o auxílio de máquina de fabricação de tijolos e submetidos aos ensaios de compressão simples e absorção de água. Os melhores resultados, em termos de resistência à compressão simples e de absorção de água, foram obtidos pelos tratamentos com substituição de 10% de resíduos vegetais em relação ao teor de cimento. De forma geral, os resultados sugerem a possibilidade do uso desses resíduos no teor de 10%, sem o comprometimento das propriedades mecânicas relacionadas à resistência e à absorção de água dos tijolos de solo-cimento.

Effect of the application of different water depths and nitrogen and potassium doses on quality of Tanzania grass

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of different water depths and nitrogen and potassium doses in the quality of Tanzania grass, in the southern of the state of Tocantins. The experiment was conducted on strips of traditional sprinklers, and used, as treatments, a mixture of fertilizer combinations of N and K2O always in the ratio of 1 N:0.8 K2O. This study determined throughout the experiment: plant height (PH), the crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The highest plant height obtained was 132.4 cm, with a fertilizer dose of 691.71 kg ha-1 in the proportion of N:0.8 K2O, in other words, 384.28 kg ha-1 of N and 307.43 kg ha-1 of K2O, and water depth of 80% of the ETc. The highest crude protein content was 12.2%, with the fertilizer dose application of 700 kg ha-1 yr-1 in the proportion of 1 N to 0.8 of K2O, in other words, 388.89 kg ha-1 of N and 311.11 kg ha-1 of K2O and absence of irrigation. The lowest level of neutral detergent fiber was 60.7% with the application of the smallest dose of fertilizer and highest water depth. It was concluded in this study that there was an increase in plant height by increasing the fertilizer dose and water depth. The crude protein content increased 5.4% in the dry season, by increasing the fertilizer dose and water depth. In the dry season, there was an increase of NDF content by 4.5% by increasing the application of fertilizer and water depth.

Yield of cotton/cowpea and sunflower/cowpea crop rotation systems during the reclamation process of a saline-sodic soil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of subsoiling, gypsum and organic matter associated with the cultivation of cotton, sunflower and cowpea in crop rotation, seeking the reclamation and use of a saline-sodic soil. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in split plots with four replications, during two crop cycles (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The plots were formed by the treatments: T1. Subsoiling (S); T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 of gypsum; T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 of gypsum + 20 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 of gypsum + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter and the sub-plots consisted of the cotton-cowpea (C/CP) and sunflower-cowpea (S/CP) crop rotation. The use of gypsum and organic matter contributed to decrease the soil salinity and sodicity. Cotton was not affected by the treatments, while the sunflower crop was favored by the application of amendments only in the second production cycle. Higher yields of cowpea in T5 treatment, during the 2009/2010 cycle, are indicative that higher doses of gypsum and organic matter applied in this treatment accelerate the reclamation process. For other treatments with amendment application there was a beneficial effect for this crop only in the second cycle, when the values of productivity were similar to T5.

Cognitive Development of Very Low Birth Weight Children from Infancy to Pre-school Age

The survival of preterm born infants has increased but the prevalence of long-term morbidities has still remained high. Preterm born children are at an increased risk for various developmental impairments including both severe neurological deficits as well as deficits in cognitive development. According to the literature the developmental outcome perspective differs between countries, centers, and eras. Definitions of preterm infant vary between studies, and the follow-up has been carried out with diverse methods making the comparison less reliable. It is essential to offer parents upto-date information about the outcome of preterm infants born in the same area. A centralized follow-up of children at risk makes it possible to monitor the consequences of changes in the treatment practices of hospitals on developmental outcome. This thesis is part of a larger regional, prospective multidisciplinary follow-up project entitled “Development and Functioning of Very Low Birth Weight Infants from Infancy to School Age” (PIeniPAinoisten RIskilasten käyttäytyminen ja toimintakyky imeväisiästä kouluikään, PIPARI). The thesis consists of four original studies that present data of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants born between 2001 and 2006, who are followed up from the neonatal period until the age of five years. The main outcome measure was cognitive development and secondary outcomes were significant neurological deficits (cerebral palsy, CP, deafness, and blindness). In Study I, the early crying and fussing behavior of preterm infants was studied using parental diaries, and the relation of crying behavior and cognitive and motor development at the age of two years was assessed. In Study II, the developmental outcome (cognitive, CP, deafness, and blindness) at the age of two years was studied in relation to demographic, antenatal, neonatal, and brain imaging data. Development was studied in relationship to a full-term born control group born in the same hospital. In Study III, the stability of cognitive development was studied in VLBW and full-term groups by comparing the outcomes at the ages of two and five years. Finally, in Study IV the precursors of reading skills (phonological processing, rapid automatized naming, and letter knowledge) were assessed for VLBW and full-term children at the age of five years. Pre-reading skills were studied in relation to demographic, antenatal, neonatal, and brain imaging data. The main findings of the thesis were that VLBW infants who fussed or cried more in the infancy were not at greater risk for problems in their cognitive development. However, crying was associated with poorer motor development. The developmental outcome of the present population was better that has been reported earlier and this improvement covered also cognitive development. However, the difference to fullterm born peers was still significant. Major brain pathology and intestinal perforation were independent significant risk factors for adverse outcome, also when several individual risk factors were controlled for. Cognitive development at the age of two years was strongly related with development at the age of five years, stressing the importance of the early assessment, and the possibility for early interventions. Finally, VLBW children had poorer pre-reading skills compared with their full-term born peers, but the IQ was an important mediator even when children with mental retardation were excluded from the analysis. The findings suggest that counseling parents about the developmental perspectives of their preterm infant should be based on data covering the same birth hospital. Neonatal brain imaging data and neonatal morbidity are important predictors for developmental outcome. The findings of the present study stress the importance of both short-term (two years) and long-term (five years) follow-ups for the individual, and for improving the quality of care.

Kloorifenoleja sisältävien jätevesien AOP-käsittely

Kirjallisuustyössä tutkittiin tehostetun hapetuksen menetelmiä (engl. Advanced Oxidation Processes, AOPs) kloorifenolien käsittelyssä. Tutkittava aine valittiin US EPA:n (United States Environmental Protection Agency) ympäristölle haitallisten aineiden listalta. Työssä tutkitut AOP-menetelmät olivat otsonointi kasvatetussa pH:ssa, O3/H2O2-prosessi, fotolyyttinen otsonointi (O3/UV), H2O2/UV-prosessi ja Fenton-prosessi (H2O2+Fe2+). AOP-käsittelyssä OH-radikaalien oletetaan pääosin aiheuttavan epäpuhtauksien hapettumisen. Kirjallisuustyössä tutkittiin OH-radikaaleihin vaikuttavien parametrien, kuten pH:n, lämpötilan sekä hapettimien ja hapetettavan aineen konsentraatioiden vaikutusta kloorifenolien hapetusprosessissa. Työn tarkoituksena oli selvittää tehokkain AOP-käsittely kloorifenoleja sisältävien jätevesien käsittelylle. AOP-käsittelyjen tehokkuutta verrattiin hajoamisnopeusvakioiden, puoliintumisaikojen sekä hapettimen kemikaalikulutuksen ja kustannuksen perusteella. Fenton-prosessin ja otsonoinnin pH:ssa 9 todettiin olevan tehokkaimpia menetelmiä kloorifenolien hapetuksessa. Fenton-prosessin hapetusnopeus oli tehokkaampaa 4-CP:n ja 2,4-DCP:n hapetuksessa, kun taas otsonointi pH:ssa 9 hapetti nopeammin 2,3,4,6-TeCP:n ja 2,4,6-TCP:n. Kustannustehokkuuden perusteella Fenton-prosessi oli otsonointia tehokkaampi. Parhaan menetelmän valinta kloorifenoleiden poistamiseksi oli vaikeaa, sillä useissa tutkimuksissa oli tutkittu vain yhtä menetelmää. Lisäksi eri tutkimuksissa käytetyt prosessiolosuhteet olivat erilaiset, joka hankaloitti tutkimusten vertailua. Lopullinen AOP-menetelmän valinta tulisikin suorittaa vasta laboratoriotutkimusten jälkeen.

Novel Regression Methods For Spectral Data

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) are some of the mathematical pre- liminaries that are discussed prior to explaining PLS and PCR models. Both PLS and PCR are applied to real spectral data and their di erences and similarities are discussed in this thesis. The challenge lies in establishing the optimum number of components to be included in either of the models but this has been overcome by using various diagnostic tools suggested in this thesis. Correspondence analysis (CA) and PLS were applied to ecological data. The idea of CA was to correlate the macrophytes species and lakes. The di erences between PLS model for ecological data and PLS for spectral data are noted and explained in this thesis. i