893 resultados para CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose)


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Interaction involves people communicating and reacting to each other. This process is key to the study of discourse, but it is not easy to study systematically how interaction takes place in a specific communicative event, or how it is typically performed over a series of repeated communicative events. However, with a written record of the interaction, it becomes possible to study the process in some detail. This thesis investigates interaction through asynchronous written discussion forums in a computer-mediated learning environment. In particular, this study investigates pragmatic aspects of the communicative event which the asynchronous online discussions comprise. The first case study examines response patterns to messages by looking at the content of initial messages and responses, in order to determine the extent to which characteristics of the messages themselves or other situational factors affect the interaction. The second study examines in what ways participants use a range of discourse devices, including formulaic politeness, humour and supportive feedback as community building strategies in the interaction. The third study investigates the role of the subject line of messages in the interaction, for example by examining how participants choose different types of subject lines for different types of messages. The fourth study examines to what extent features serving a deictic function are drawn on in the interaction and then compares the findings to both oral conversation and formal academic discourse. The overall findings show a complex communicative situation shaped by the medium itself, type of activity, the academic discipline and topic of discussion and by the social and cultural aspects of tertiary education in an online learning environment. In addition, the findings may also provide evidence of learning.  

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The aim of this study is to investigate the reasons why young people in Mexico useabbreviations, how abbreviations are used and what kind of abbreviations they use amongtheir group of friends. The study is conducted among a small sample of persons between 18 to30 years old and from one sociocultural group.We studied a group of 20 informants. In this group we included young people working as acashiers, warehouse workers, employees in stores, etc. These informants answered a writtenquestionnaire and we also analyzed 40 of their Facebook messages.In summary, it was noticed that the abbreviations were used because it is a fast way to writebecause they save time. According to the informants “It is fun and is easy to use them whenwriting their messages”. We could see that a few informants use them because it is a new wayof writing as well as considering it to be entertaining to write their messages. When analyzingtheir messages, we saw that these informants do not seem to have rules when writing theirabbrevations, they shorten the words in all forms and place them in any part of theirmessages. They often adapt their way of writing to the pronunciation of the words, similar tothe spoken language. Some words had influences from the caliche jargot (a variety ofcolloquial language used among young people in Mexico). The informants in this study areusing all kinds of abbreviations such as abbreviated words, acronyms and shortenings

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Objective: It has been shown that specific competence is necessary for preventing and managing conflicts in healthcare settings. The aim of this descriptive and correlation study was to investigate and compare the self-reported conflict management competence (CMC) of nursing students who were on the point of graduating (NSPGs), and the CMC of registered nurses (RNs) with professional experience. Methods: The data collection, which consisted of soliciting answers to items measuring CMC in the Nurse Professional Competence (NPC) Scale, was performed as a purposive selection of 11 higher education institutions (HEIs) in Sweden. Three CMC items from the NPC Scale were answered by a total of 569 nursing students who were on the point of graduating and 227 RN registered nurses with professional experience. Results: No significant differences between NSPGs and RNs were found, and both groups showed a similar score pattern, with the lowest score for the item: “How do you perceive your ability to develop the group and strengthen competence in conflict management and problem-solving, based on knowledge of group dynamics?”. RNs with long professional experience (>24 months) rated their overall CMC as significantly better than RNs with short (<24 months) professional experience did (p = .05). NSPGs who had experience of international studies during their nursing education reported higher CMC, compared with those who did not have this experience (p = .03). RNs who reported a high degree of utilisation of CMC during the previous month scored higher regarding self-reported overall CMC (p < .0001). Conclusions: Experience of international studies during nursing education, or long professional experience, resulted in higher self-reported CMC. Hence, the CMC items in the NPC Scale can be suitable for identifying self-reported conflict management competence among NSPGs and RNs

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As técnicas de espectrofluorimetria, viscosimetria e espalhamento de luz têm sido utilizadas no estudo da agregação de diferentes surfactantes aniônicos em presença de 0,5% (m/v) de (hidroxipropil)celulose, no regime diluído (HPC Mw = 173000 g/mol), e em moderada força iônica (NaCl 0,1 M). Admitindo-se uma faixa geral de concentração, entre 10-5 e 10-2 mol.L-1, foram empregados neste estudo os surfactantes colato de sódio (CS), deoxicolato de sódio (DC), derivados dos sais bilares, e o alquilsintético dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS). O polímero HPC contribui diferentemente no processo de agregação de cada surfactante, evidenciado pela mudança dos valores da concentração de agregação crítica, C1, em relação à concentração micelar crítica (cmc), obtidos pela técnica de espectrofluorimetria. Ambos os valores de C1 diminuem com respeito à cmc para SDS, bem como para DC, enquanto um ligeiro aumento é observado para CS. Os dados de viscosidade relativa, ηrel, indicam um aumento substancial da viscosidade dos sistemas HPC/sais biliares a altas concentrações de surfactante. Diferentemente, para o sistema HPC/SDS, os valores de ηrel passam por um máximo a 3 mmol.L-1 em agregados e decresce a valores abaixo da viscosidade da solução polimérica livre de surfactante. As medidas da temperatura de turbidez (Tturb), por espalhamento de luz, para os sistemas HPC/sais biliares, mostraram um crescimento gradual de Tturb em função do aumento da concentração de surfactante, de 37 oC (0,5% HPC/NaCl 0,1 M) até estabilizar-se em torno de 50o C, para concentrações mais elevadas. Por outro lado, para HPC/SDS, a Tturb cresce acentuadamente, superando a temperatura de 100 oC a contrações maiores do que 20 mmol.L-1. Através do espalhamento de luz dinâmico, verificou-se a existência de dois modos difusivos (rápido e lento) para todos os sistemas estudados. A principal contribuição é proveniente do modo rápido, exceto na faixa de concentração entre C1 e a concentração de saturação, C2, na qual ambos os modos contribuem igualmente. Esses modos estão relacionados inicialmente a agregados HPC/surfactante e a “clusters” do polímero e, posteriormente, a agregados HPC/surfactante e micelas livres. Os resultados indicam uma interação HPC/SDS mais efetiva do que HPC/DC ou HPC/CS, fato este relacionado à estrutura dos agregados formados. Comparativamente, os agregados HPC/sais biliares são menores, possuem menor densidade de carga e são mais rígidos do que os agregados de HPC/SDS.

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Populações de Trachemys dorbigni foram estudadas em duas áreas geográficas distintas. Estas áreas localizam-se na Estação Ecológica do Taim (Base Santa Marta) (UTM x=346185 y=6365666 22H) e na Lagoa Verde, no município de Rio Grande (UTM x=385820 y=644500 22H), ambas no sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A população da Lagoa Verde serviu de subsídio para a caracterização da estrutura populacional da espécie, enquanto que a da Estação Ecológica do Taim foi analisada quanto aos aspectos da biologia e ecologia reprodutiva. A caracterização da estrutura foi analisada utilizando-se 210 exemplares adultos (104 fêmeas e 106 machos). As fêmeas atingem comprimentos da carapaça maiores que os machos ( x CMC= 212,1mm ± 14,823; x CMC= 181,6mm ± 17,076), sendo significativamente diferente (F1,207=191,140; P<0,001). O surgimento dos dimorfismos sexuais secundários dos machos ocorre a partir de 130mm de comprimento da carapaça, e se caracterizam pelo maior tamanho da cauda e pela melanização. Os machos de T. dorbigni não apresentam dimorfismo quanto à concavidade do plastrão. A maturidade das fêmeas foi estimada entre 150 e 160mm. A espécie desova entre os meses de outubro e janeiro, depositando, em média, 12,1 ovos. Os ovos de T. dorbigni são brancos, pergaminosos e elípticos O comprimento médio dos ovos é 39,3mm ± 2,06, a largura é 25,8mm ± 1,07 e o peso é 14,9g ± 1,47. As fêmeas podem realizar até três posturas por temporada reprodutiva, havendo um intervalo de 15 a 20 dias entre cada evento. Apenas 31% da população de fêmeas desova anualmente. As fêmeas depositam seus ninhos a distâncias que podem variar de 0 a 560,3m ( x =69,2m; N=101) da água. As estimativas do deslocamento de fêmeas em terra foi de 132m/dia (Mín.=15m; Máx.=285m; N=8). Já o maior deslocamento na água foi 950m em um dia. A média geral da distância entre duas capturas consecutivas para fêmeas não transferidas foi de 545,0m, enquanto que para as transferidas foi 520,5m. Constatou-se uma acentuada capacidade de orientação nas fêmeas transferidas ( =59,089; P<0,01), sendo que 86% destas foram capazes de retornarem na direção do seu ponto de captura após sua transferência.

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This study approaches the question of organizations in search for competitiveness when globalization, knowledge and technological advances in the First World is a challenge in developing countries. The case study research focus on Bahia Sul ¿ a large organization which belongs to the important sector of paper and cellulose, especially in terms of exports. This study analyses an organization in that underpriviledged situation of a third world country in which the majority of organizational strategies are heavily thrown on people who are simultaneously reduced to instruments for economic results and who are highly demanded in terms of productivity and creativity. Due to that reality, references chosen present two key contrasting concepts. Mass man, going back to Taylor¿s blue collars as well as to Marcel¿s knowledgeable but empty words man, whose abilities do not feet his needs, in contrast with rogerian expectations of person as a mutable and continuously enriched human being and with habermasian position looking for political and decision making participation in work an social situations. Results show a strong presence of mass man, despite his technological knowledge, and scarce indications of the social man and which appears in mere aspirations out of labor situations. Conclusions emphasize a need for coherence between organizational practices in search for competitiveness and expectations on persons¿ performance because they stimulate exchanges in terms of working places for obedience and some material comfort which is aggravated by the fact that any possibility of personal fulfillment is interpreted as only possible in out of work situations. Competitiveness in such a context is not to be expected.

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Industrial segment uses natural resources in a wide scale, but evaluate the use of these resources is a complex and new task. Few is known about existing methodologies of evaluation, mainly because of the fact that the value of this resource is more implicit than explicit. It is known that evaluation methods support the environmental accounting but the industrial community for an effective environmental management of their businesses does not yet use this tool in a regular basis. The main objective of this work is to analyze how companies who develop industrial activities on mining, siderurgy, paper and cellulose segments, are evaluating the use of natural resources for economic development, in terms of methodologies application for environment evaluation. Based on an explore research with companies from the segments previously defined in an intentional sampling and through a case study, it was possible to understand enterprise behavior according to the existing level of knowledge internalized on evaluation methodologies, to go deeper on an analysis of the premises and of the basis of the methodologies in an environmental accounting project of a paper and cellulose segment industry.

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Cimentos ósseos são materiais desenvolvidos há aproximadamente uma década para aplicações biomédicas. Um cimento deste tipo pode ser preparado misturando um sal de fosfato de cálcio com uma solução aquosa para que se forme uma pasta que possa reagir à temperatura corporal dando lugar a um precipitado que contenha hidroxiapatita [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]. A similaridade química e morfológica entre este biomaterial e a parte mineral dos tecidos ósseos permite a osteocondução, sendo o cimento substituído por tecido ósseo novo com o tempo e com a vantagem de não desencadear rejeição. Estes cimentos são usados principalmente para as operações de preenchimento ósseo, que requer operações cirúrgicas extremamente invasivas. O desafio atual é colocar este biomaterial no local de enxerto pelo método menos agressivo possível. A inovação consiste em formular composição de cimento ósseo injetável pela incorporação de aditivos. No entanto, propriedades como reduzido tempo de cura, limitada dissolução em meio líquido e resistência mecânica adequada ao local do enxerto devem ser preservadas. Neste estudo, foram abordados oito diferentes aditivos que foram incorporados ao fosfato tricálcico [Ca3(PO4)2] sintetizado, juntamente com a solução do acelerador de cura (2,5%massa de Na2HPO4 dissolvido em água destilada): CMC (carboximetilcelulose), polímero de AGAR (polissacarídeo de algas vermelhas), alginato de sódio, quitosana (fibra natural derivada da quitina), pirofosfato de sódio, lignosulfonato de sódio (polissacarídeo de algas marrons), glicerina e ácido láctico nas concentrações 0,4%; 0,8%; 1,6%; 3,2%; 6,4% em massa. Os resultados demonstraram que foi possível obter composições de cimento de fosfato de cálcio injetáveis para uso biomédico. Constatou-se uma relação de proporcionalidade direta entre a injetabilidade do cimento e tempo de injeção, sendo a injetabilidade dependente do comportamento reológico das pastas. Todas formulações testadas seguiram a mesma tendência de redução da resistência mecânica à compressão e aumento da porosidade com o aumento da quantidade de aditivo incorporado. Verificou-se que as formulações com 1,6% de carboxi-metil-celulose, 1,6% de AGAR e 0,8% de alginato de sódio, permitiram a obtenção de uma viscosidade suficiente para uma boa homogeneização e injeção, apresentando ao final da cura resistência mecânica à compressão semelhante ao do osso esponjoso.

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MORENO,Cléa Maria da Costa,ENDERS,Bertha Cruz, SIMPSON, Clélia Albino. Avaliação das capacitações de Hanseníase: enfermeiros opinião de médicos e enfermeiros das equipes de saúde da família. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, Brasília, v.61,n.esp.p. 671-5.2008.

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-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is one of the most interesting glycosidases, especially for hydrolysis cellobiose releasing glucose, is last step degradation of cellulose. This function makes the -D-glucosidase is of great interest as a versatile industrial biocatalyst, being critical to various bio-treatment / biorefinery processes, such as bioethanol production. Hen in the report, a -D-glucosidase was extracts from protein extracted of the invertebrate marine Artemia franciscana was purified and characterized with a combination of precipitation with ammonium sulfate (0 - 30%, 30 to 50%, 50 to 80%), the fraction saturated in the range of 30 to 50% (called F-II) was applied in a molecular exclusion chromatography, in Sephacryl S-200, the fractions corresponding to the first peak of activity of -D-glucosidase were gathered and applied in a chromatography of ion exchange in Mono Q; the third peak this protein obtained chromatography, which coincides with the peak of activity of -D-glucosidase was held and applied in a gel filtration chromatography Superose 12 where the first peak protein, which has activity of -D-glucosidase was rechromatography on Superose 12. This enzyme is probably multimerica, consisting of three subunit molecular mass of 52.7 kDa (determined by SDS-PAGE) with native molecular mass of 157 kDa (determined by gel filtration chromatography on Superose 12 under the system FPLC). The enzyme was purified 44.09 times with a recovery of 1.01%. Using up p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopiranoside as substrate obtained a Km apparent of 0.229 mM and a Vmax of 1.109 mM.60min-1.mL-1mM. The optimum pH and optimum temperature of catalysis of the synthetic substrate were 5.0 and 45 °C, respectively. The activity of the -D-glucosidase was strongly, inhibited by silver nitrate and N- etylmaleimide, this inhibition indicates the involvement of radical sulfidrila the hydrolysis of synthetic substrate. The -D-glucosidase of Artemia franciscana presented degradativa action on celobiose, lactose and on the synthetic substrate -nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopiranoside indicating potential use of this enzyme in the industry mainly for the production of bioethanol (production of alcohol from the participating cellulose), and production hydrolysate milk (devoid of milk lactose)

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One Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors (PmTI) was purified from Piptadenia moniliformis seeds, a tree of the sub-family Mimosoideae, by TCA precipitation, affinity chromatography on immobilized trypsin-Sepharose, DEAE cellulose (ion exchange) and Superose 12 (molecular exclusion) column FPLC/AKTA. The inhibitor has Mr of 25 kDa by SDS-PAGE and chromatography molecular exclusion. The N-terminal sequence of this inhibitor showed high homology with other family Kunitz inhibitors. This also stable variations in temperature and pH and showed a small decrease in its activity when incubated with DDT in the concentration of 100mM for 120 minutes. The inhibition of trypsin by PmTI was competitive, with Ki of 1.57 x10-11 M. The activity of trypsin was effectively inhibited by percentage of inhibition of 100%, among enzymes tested, was not detected inhibition for the bromelain, was weak inhibitor of pancreatic elastase (3.17% of inhibition) and inhibited by 76.42% elastase of neutrophils, and inhibited in a moderate, chymotrypsin and papain with percentage of inhibition of 42.96% and 23.10% respectively. In vitro assays against digestive proteinases from Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera pests were carried out. Several degrees of inhibition were found. For Anthonomus grandis and Ceratitis capitata the inhibition was 89.93% and 70.52%, respectively, and the enzymes of Zabrotes subfasciatus and Callosobruchus maculatus were inhibited by 5.96% and 9.41%, respectively, and the enzymes of Plodia. interpunctella and Castnia licus were inhibited by 59.94% and 23.67, respectively. In vivo assays, was observed reduction in the development of larvae in 4rd instar of C. capitata, when PmTI was added to the artificial diet, getting WD50 and LD50 of 0.30% and 0.33%, respectively. These results suggest that this inhibitor could be a strong candidate to plant management programs cross transgenic

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Nowadays the environmental issues are increasingly highlighted since the future of humanity is dependent on the actions taken by man. Major efforts are being expended in pursuit of knowledge and alternatives to promote sustainable development without compromising the environment. In recent years there has been a marked growth in the development of reinforced composite fiber plants, as an alternative for economic and ecological effects, especially in the substitution of synthetic materials such as reinforcement material in composites. In this current study the chemical- physical or (thermophysics )characteristics of the babassu coconut fiber, derived from the epicarp of the fruit (Orbignyda Phalerata), which the main constituents of the fiber: Klason lignin, insoluble, cellulose, holocellulose, hemicellulose and the content of ash and moisture will be determined. A study was conducted about the superficial modification of the fibers of the epicarp babassu coconut under the influence of chemical treatment by alkalinization, in an aqueous solution of NaOH to 2.5% (m/v) and to 5.0% to improve the compatibility matrix / reinforcement composite with epoxy matrix. The results of the changes occurred in staple fibers through the use of the techniques of thermogravimetric analyses (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results found on thermal analysis on samples of fiber without chemical treatment (alkalinities), and on fiber samples treated by alkalinization show that the proposed chemical treatment increases the thermal stability of the fibers and provides a growth of the surface of area fibers, parameters that enhance adhesion fiber / composite. The findings were evaluated and compared with published results from other vegetable fibers, showing that the use of babassu coconut fibers has technical and economic potential for its use as reinforcement in composites

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The effluents released by the textile industry have high concentrations of alkali, carbohydrates, proteins, in addition to colors containing heavy metals. Therefore, a filter was prepared aiming primarily to the removal of color. In order to prepare this filter, rice hulls and diatomite were used, which have in their structure, basically amorphous hydrated silica. The silica exists in three crystalline forms: quartz, tridymite and cristobalite. In accordance with the above considerations, this study was divided into two stages; the first corresponds to the preparation of the filter and the second to carry out the tests in the effluent/filter in order to verify the efficiency of the color removal. First, the raw material was subjected to a chemical analysis and XRD, and then the diatomite was mixed, via humid, with a planetarium windmill with 20 %, 40 %, 60 % and 80 % of rice husk ash. To the mixture, 5 % carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was added as a binder at room temperature. The samples were uniaxially compacted into metallic matrix of 0.3 x 0.1 cm² of area at a pressure of 167 MPa by means of hydraulic press and then sintered at temperatures of 1,000 °C, 1,200 °C and 1,400 °C for 1 h and submitted to granulometry test using laser, linear retraction, water absorption, apparent porosity and resistance to bending, DTA, TMA and XRD. To examine the pore structure of the samples scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used. Also tests were carried out in a mercury porosimeter to verify the average size of the pores and real density of the samples. In the second stage, samples of the effluent were collected from a local industry, whose name will be preserved, located in Igapó, in the State of Rio Grande do Norte - RN. The effluent was first pretreated before filtration and then subjected to a treatment of flotation. The effluent was then characterized before and after filtration, with parameters of color, turbidity, suspended solids, pH, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD). Thus, through the XRD analysis the formation of cristobalite α in all samples was observed. The best average size of pore was found to be 1.75 μm with 61.04 % apparent porosity, thus obtaining an average 97.9 % color removal and 99.8 % removal of suspended solid

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Generally, cellulose ethers improves mortar properties such as water retention, workability and setting time, along with adherence to the substrate. However, a major disadvantage of the addition of cellulose ethers in mortars is the delay in hydration of the cement. In this paper a cellulose phosphate (Cp) was synthesized water soluble and has been evaluated the effect of their incorporation into mortar based on Portland cement. Cellulose phosphate obtained was characterized by spectrophotometry Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mortar compositions were formulated with varying phosphorus content in cellulose and cellulose phosphate concentrations, when used in partial or total replacement of the commercial additive based hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC). The mortars formulated with additives were prepared and characterized by: testing in the fresh state (consistency index, water retention, bulk density and air content incorporated) and in the hardened state (absorption by capillarity, density, flexural and compression strength). In mixtures the proportion of sand:cement of 1:5 (v / v) and factor a / c = 1.31 and water were held constant. Overall, the results showed that the celluloses phosphates employed in mortars added acted significantly when partially substituting the commercial additive. With regard to consistency index, water retention and bulk density in the fresh state and absorption by capillarity and bulk density apparent in the hardened state, showed no appreciable differences as compared to the commercial additive. The incorporated air content in the fresh state reduced markedly, but did not affect other properties. The mortars with cellulose phosphate, partially replacing the commercial additive showed an improvement of the properties of flexural strength and compressive strength

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This employment has the function the utilization of mango seeds Tommy Atkins, like starch source to obtain biopolymers and fibers source and nanowhiskers cellulose also, that will be use like reinforcing fillers in micro and nanobiocomposites polymeric. The fibers in natura removed from tegument mango seed were characterized, as weel as the treated fibers and nanowhiskers of cellulose extracted from them. The starch extracted from seed s almond showed a good performance (32%) and a high purity. The chemicals analyzes, of crystallinity and morphological of the fibers in natura, treated fibers and nanowhiskers of cellulose confirmed the efficacy of the chemical treatement performed to remove amorphous constituents (hemicellulose and lignina). The thermoplastic starch (TPS) obtained from two sources, corn starch and starchy material mango, was produced in a twin screw extruder with compositon mass of 62,5% of starch, 9,4% of water and 28,1% of glycerol. The starch material mango was the main objective of this work for the production of biodegradable materials, and the starch corn was utilized during the production stage to evaluate the processability of the starch and use as parameter for comparison, according of being a conventional source for obtaining conventional comercial starch. The incorporation of fibers (6% in mass) and nanowhiskers cellulose (1% in mass) in matrix of TPS to obtain composite and nanocomposite, respectively, it was performed in single screw extruder. The biocomposites and bionanocomposites polymeric were obtained and the TPS from starchy material mango presented better results of thermal and mechanicals properties when compared to TPS corn starch. Concludes that the sediment generated of the agroindustrial processing mango used presents potencial to producing of biodegradables materials