Eficiência de uso de nitrogênio pela cana-de-açúcar: diferenças genotípicas, preferência por amônio e emissão de N2O

O uso ineficiente do nitrogênio (N) é um problema global, que pode diminuir a sustentabilidade da produção agrícola da cana-de-açúcar para fins energéticos devido às emissões de N2O oriundas da fertilização nitrogenada. A eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio (EUN) tem sido pouco estudada em genótipos de cana-de-açúcar, o que pode ser preocupante devido a importância da cultura para o país. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a EUN de genótipos de cana-de-açúcar, verificando se genótipos contrastantes tem preferência de absorção por amônio ao invés de nitrato, e checar se extratos radiculares de Brachiaria humidicola e Saccharum spontaneum aumentam a eficiência de utilização de N pela cultura. Para isso três experimentos foram desenvolvidos em condições controladas em casa-de-vegetação e câmara de crescimento. No primeiro deles, 18 genótipos foram submetidos a dois níveis de N: limitante (baixo N) e suficiente (alto N). Posteriormente, quatro genótipos selecionados quanto a EUN do primeiro experimento, foram cultivados em câmara de crescimento por 69 dias, onde receberam quantidades conhecidas de N-fertilizante marcado ou no 15NH4+ ou no 15NO3-, sendo avaliados 24 e 72 horas após a aplicação do fertilizante marcado. Um terceiro ensaio foi realizado, em que extratos radiculares de Brachiaria humidicola (BCH) e Saccharum spontaneum (SCS) foram aplicados ao solo com o intuito de verificar seu potencial como inibidor da nitrificação, comparando-os com a dicianodiamida (DCD), e seu efeito para o aumento do aproveitamento do N pela cana-de-açúcar. No experimento de EUN verificou-se grande variação entre os genótipos. Dos 18 genótipos avaliados, seis foram classificados como responsivos a N e eficientes na utilização de N, três foram não eficientes e responsivos; dois foram eficientes e não responsivos, e sete não eficientes e não responsivos. Esse resultado comprova que a recomendação da adubação nitrogenada pode realmente estar pouco precisa, pois não leva em consideração a EUN de cada genótipo, sendo realizada uma aplicação genérica. As medições de fotossíntese mostraram que os genótipos mais eficientes na utilização do N, não necessariamente possuem as taxas fotossintéticas mais elevadas, estando a EUN diretamente relacionada à quantidade de raízes das plantas. No segundo trabalho, verificou-se que o N na planta proveniente do fertilizante (NPPF), 72 horas após a aplicação do N, foi 36% menor quando a fonte marcada foi NO3-, atestando que a cana-de-açúcar tem preferência de absorção por amônio em relação ao nitrato nos primeiros dias após a adubação nitrogenada. Por fim, os resultados do terceiro ensaio mostraram que a aplicação de sulfato de amônio (SA), associado ao inibidor sintético DCD, manteve os valores de N-NO3- baixos ao longo de todo período de avaliação (durante 60 dias), enquanto que com SA, SA+BCH e SA+SCS houve um aumento na concentração de nitrato no solo já a partir de 15 dia após a fertilização. O uso de DCD reduziu o fluxo médio de N2O durante o período de avaliação em relação ao uso isolado do fertilizante, o que não foi observado com o uso de extratos de raízes de Brachiaria humidicola e Saccharum spontaneum

Estrutura da vegetação e sua relação com a diversidade, abundância e similaridade de coleópteros bioindicadores em diferentes sistemas vegetacionais, Piracicaba, SP

A Mata Atlântica é considerada um dos biomas mais importantes do mundo devido à sua alta biodiversidade e funções ecossistêmicas. Entretanto, encontra-se fragmentada em porções de pequenas dimensões esparsas em uma matriz predominantemente agrícola, composta principalmente por extensas pastagens e monoculturas. Desse modo, os sistemas agroflorestais por apresentarem uma estrutura diferenciada dos monocultivos e similar às condições naturais, podem ser utilizados como uma alternativa para o manejo e a conservação da biodiversidade nos remanescentes florestais. A fragmentação provoca modificações no ambiente que irão refletir na perda e no deslocamento da biodiversidade, estando os insetos entre os grupos mais afetados. Uma das formas de se avaliar o estado de conservação dos fragmentos e o impacto antrópico nos sistemas vegetacionais, é estudar a presença e distribuição de organismos bioindicadores. Dentre esses, os insetos ocupam posição de destaque. Os insetos da família Scarabaeidae e da subfamília Scolytinae são bons indicadores de distúrbios, pois são muito sensíveis ás mudanças ambientais. Neste trabalho hipotetisou-se que a presença desses insetos está relacionada com a estrutura da vegetação e as condições de vida proporcionadas pelas diferentes formas de uso-da-terra. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a diversidade de espécies, o padrão de abundância e a similaridade entre as populações de coleópteros (Scarabaeidae e Scolytinae) em diferentes sistemas vegetacionais de diferentes estruturas: i) Fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual dividido em três áreas: beira do rio, centro e borda; ii) Sistema Agroflorestal (SAF) (interface entre o fragmento e o pasto); iii) Pasto composto de Brachiaria decumbens (L.); iv) Monocultivo de café (Coffea arábica L.); v) Monocultivo de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Müell. Arg.); vi) SAF de café e seringueira - todos situados numa região de domínio anterior de floresta estacional semidecidual em Piracicaba-SP. Os sistemas foram caracterizados quanto à sua estrutura e condições micrometeorológicas. Os insetos foram coletados mensalmente entre agosto/2013 e julho/2014 utilizando-se dois tipos de armadilhas: Pitfall e etanol modelo ESALQ-84. Foram coletados 1.047 espécimes distribuídos em 21 espécies da família Scarabaeidae e 1.833 indivíduos de 38 espécies da subfamília Scolytinae. A maior quantidade de espécies de Scarabaeidae foi encontrada na borda do fragmento florestal, enquanto que a maior abundância ocorreu no fragmento florestal perto do rio. A subfamília Scolytinae apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies no sistema agroflorestal misto (borda) e a maior abundância no sistema agroflorestal café-seringueira. A abundância e riqueza de espécies da família Scarabaeidae foram correlacionadas positivamente com a temperatura do ar, temperatura e umidade do solo e a precipitação. Por outro lado, a abundância e a riqueza de espécies da subfamília Scolytinae apresentaram correlação negativa com a temperatura do ar e a temperatura e umidade do solo. Ambos os grupos de insetos apresentaram a maior abundância e riqueza de espécies nas áreas com estrutura vegetacional mais complexa, sendo influenciadas pelas condições microclimáticas dentro de cada local.

Primary and secondary metabolites production in signal grass around the year under nitrogen fertilizer

Plants produce a number of substances and products and primary and secondary metabolites (SM) are amongst them with many benefits but limitation as well. Usually, the fodder are not considered toxic to animals or as a source having higher SM. The Brachiaria decumbens has a considerable nutritional value, but it is considered as a toxic grass for causing photosensitization in animals, if the grass is not harvested for more than 30 days or solely. The absence of detailed information in the literature about SM in Brachiaria, metabolites production and its chemical profile enable us to focus not only on the nutritive value but to get answers in all aspects and especially on toxicity. The study was conducted in the period of december 2013 to december 2014; in greenhouse FZEA-USP. B. decumbens was used with two cutting heights (10 and 20 cm) and nitrogen doses (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1) in complete randomized block design. The bromatological analysis were carried out on near infrared spectroscopy. Generally, the application of 150 kg ha-1 N was sufficient to promote the nutritional value in B. decumbens but above it the nitrogen use efficiency decline significantly. The highest dry matter yield (99.97 g/pot) was observed in autumn and the lowest was in winter (30.20 g/pot). While, as per nitrogen dose the average highest dry matter yield was at 150 kg ha-1 (79.98 g/pot). The highest crude protein was observed in winter (11.88%) and the lowest in autumn (7.78%). By the cutting heights; the 10 cm proved to have high CP (9.51%). In respect of fibrous contents, the highest acid detergent fiber was noted in summer (36.37%) and lowest in winter (30.88%). While the neutral detergent fiber was being highest in autumn and lowest in spring (79.60%). The highest in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were noted at 300 kg ha-1 N; being 68.06 and 60.57%; respectively; with the lowest observed in without N treatments (62.63% and 57.97), respectively. For determination of the classes, types and concentration of SM in B. decumbens, phytochemical tests, thin layer and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis were carried out. Height, nitrogen and seasons significantly (P <0.0001) affected the secondary metabolic profile. A new protodioscin isomer (protoneodioscin (25S-)) was identified for first time in B. decumbens and is supposed to be the probable toxicity reason. Its structure was verified by 1D and 2D NMR techniques (1H, 13C) and 1D (COSY-45, edited HSQC, HMBC, H2BC, HSQC -TOCSY, NOESY and 1 H, 1 H, J). All factors influence the metabolic profile significantly (P <0.0001). The lowest phenols were at 300 kg ha-1 while the lowest flavones were at 0 kg ha-1. Season wise the highest phenols occurred in autumn (19.65 mg/g d.wt.) and highest flavones (28.87 mg/g d.wt.) in spring. Seasons effect the saponin production significantly (P <0.0001) and the results showed significant differences in the protodioscin (17.63±4.3 - 22.57±2.2 mg/g d.wt.) and protoneodioscin (23.3±1.2 - 31.07±2.9 mg/g d.wt.) concentrations. The highest protodioscin isomers concentrations were observed in winter and spring and by N doses the highest were noted in 300 kg ha-1. Simply, all factors significantly played their role in varying concentrations of secondary metabolites.

How can an invasive grass affect fire behavior in a tropical savanna? A community and individual plant level approach

Some invasive grasses have been reported to change fire behavior in invaded plant communities. Urochloa brizantha is an aggressive invasive grass in the Brazilian Cerrado, an ecosystem where fire is a common disturbance. We investigated the effects of U. brizantha on fire behavior in an open Cerrado physiognomy in Central Brazil. Using experimental burnings we compared fire behavior at both the community and the individual plant level in invaded (UJ) and non-invaded (NJ) areas burned in July. We also assessed the effect of fire season in invaded areas by comparing July (UJ) and October (UO) burnings. We evaluated the following variables: fuel load, fuel moisture, combustion efficiency, maximum fire temperature, flame height, and fire intensity. Additionally, we evaluated the temperatures reached under invasive and native grass tussocks in both seasons. Fuel load, combustion efficiency, and fire intensity were higher in NJ than in UJ, whilst flame height showed the opposite trend. Fuel amount and fire intensity were higher in October than in July. At the individual plant level, U. brizantha moisture was higher than that of native species, however, temperatures reaching ≥600 °C at ground level were more frequent under U. brizantha tussocks than under native grasses. At the community level, the invasive grass modified fire behavior towards lower intensity, lower burning efficiency, and higher flame height. These results provide essential information for the planning of prescribed burnings in invaded Cerrado areas.

Animal production potential of some new Leucaena accessions in the Markham valley, Papua New Guinea

Signal grass pastures were oversown with four Leucaena spp. planted in hedgerows and evaluated for their agronomic productivity and ability to support steer liveweight gains. Each Leucaena sp. (L. leucocephala, L. pallida, L colli. nst. i., L. trichandra) was planted as seedlings into two I ha paddocks in rows 5 m apart, with I m spacing between trees. Cattle were rotationally grazed on the 2 replicates of each species, as well as on two I ha paddocks of a signal grass on y (Brachiaria decumbens) control, over a 243-day period at a stocking rate of 3 steers/ha. Mean presentation yield and herbage allowance of the Leucaena accessions over the grazing period were highest for L pallida (1100 kg/ha and 0.8 kg DM/kg LW, respectively), followed by L. leucocephala (700 kg/ha and 0.5 kg DM/kg LW), L. collinsii (700 kg/ha and 0.4 kg DM/kg LW) and L. trichandra (300 kg/ha and 0.2 kg DM/kg LW). Despite only moderate presentation yields and herbage allowances, steers grazing L. leucocephala and L. collinsii accessions produced the highest mean liveweight gains (LWG) of 0. and 0.56 kg/hd/d, respectively. While L. pallida produced the highest DM yields, it supported the lowest LWG of 0.36 kg/hd/d. The mean LWGs of steers grazing L. trichandra and the control (grass only) treatments were similar at 0.48 kg/ hd/d. The possible reasons for the differences in steer performance on the different Leucaena accessions are discussed.

Efectos de los sistemas de cultivo-arboles-pastos sobre la erosión laminar y la calidad de suelo en la micro cuenca Tecomapa, municipio de Somotillo-Nicaragua

Con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos de los sistemas de cultivo - arboles - pastos sobre la erosión laminar y la calidad de suelo, en tres fincas de la micro cuenca Tecomapa, municipio de Somotillo - Nicaragua ; f ueron estable cidas en cinco usos de la tierra: q uema tradicional (Q); sistema agroforestal Quesungual (SAQ ); bosque secundario (Bs ); potreros mejorados con Brachiaria sp - Marandú , (Pm); y sistema silvopastoril (SSP), 30 sub parcelas de 10 m 2 con 10 varillas cada una , y monitoreados diez indicadores de calidad de suelo durante 2011, 2012 y 2013 . Como resultado , la tasa de erosión neta positiva (ganancia) fue clasificada de moderada (10 a 50 t ha - 1 a - 1 ) en los sistemas de BS y Pm, y de alta (50 a 200 t ha - 1 a - 1 ) en los sistemas SAQ y SSP . La tasa de erosión neta (pérdida) fue clasificada de moderado únicamente en el sistema de q uema agrícola (28.3 t ha - 1 a - 1 ) . Procesos qu e ocurrieron mayormente en pendientes de 26 y 57% . La tasa de erosión dentro ( ganancia ) representó un 61.5% del total de la erosión neta, fenómeno asociado al uso de la tierra y probablemente a la forma del micro relieve. Estas tasas de erosión dentro de las parcelas ocurrieron mayormente en pendientes de 15 y 52%, en las partes bajas . La calidad de los suelos fue influenciada por l os contenidos de MOS , contenidos que fueron mayores a 4000 kg ha - 1 en los sistemas SAQ, SSP y Bs . Este indicador fue correlacionado negativamente con el incremento de arcilla en el horizonte superficial de los suelos utilizados en pasturas por erosión previa . Finalmente, l os indicadores de calidad de suelo que incrementan el rendimiento del cultivo de maíz y frijol fueron los altos contenidos de MOS, tasas de infiltraciones rápidas , y la presencia de sue los con pendientes altas únicamente para frijol

Ruminal methane emission by dairy cattle in southeast Brazil.

ABSTRACT: Ruminal gases, particularly methane, generated during the fermentative process in rumen, represent a partial loss of feed energy and are also pointed to as an important factors in greenhouse effect. This study aimed at quantifying methane (CH 4) emission rates from lactating and dry cows and heifers, 24 month-old in average, on pasture under Southeast Brazil tropical conditions, using the tracer gas technique, sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6), four animals per category, distributed in four blocks. Measurements were performed in February and June, 2002, with Holstein and Brazilian Dairy Crossbred (Holstein ¾ x Gir (Zebu) ¼), maintained on fertilized Tanzania-grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania) and fertilized Brachiaria-grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) pastures. Heifers of both breeds were maintained on unfertilized Brachiaria-grass to simulate conditions of extensive cattle farming systems. CH 4 and SF 6 levels were measured with gas chromatography. Differences in CH4 emissions were measured (p < 0.05) for genetical groups. Holstein produced more methane (299.3g day?1) than the Crossbred (264.2 g day?1). Lactating cows produced more methane (353.8 g day?1) than dry cows (268.8 g day?1) and heifers (222.6 g day?1). Holstein, with greater milk production potential, produced less CH4 (p < 0.05) per unit of dry matter intake (19.1 g kg?1) than the Crossbred (22.0 g kg?1). Methane emission by heifers grazing fertilized pasture (intensive system) was 222.6 g day?1, greater (p < 0.05) than that of heifers on unfertilized pasture (179.2 g day?1). Methane emission varied as function of animal category and management intensity of production system.

Microwave-assisted solvent extraction and analysis of shikimic acid from plant tissues.

A better method for determination of shikimate in plant tissues is needed to monitor exposure of plants to the herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and to screen the plant kingdom for high levels of this valuable phytochemical precursor to the pharmaceutical oseltamivir. A simple, rapid, and efficient method using microwave-assisted extraction (MWAE) with water as the extraction solvent was developed for the determination of shikimic acid in plant tissues. High performance liquid chromatography was used for the separation of shikimic acid, and chromatographic data were acquired using photodiode array detection. This MWAE technique was successful in recovering shikimic acid from a series of fortified plant tissues at more than 90% efficiency with an interference-free chromatogram. This allowed the use of lower amounts of reagents and organic solvents, reducing the use of toxic and/or hazardous chemicals, as compared to currently used methodologies. The method was used to determine the level of endogenous shikimic acid in several species of Brachiaria and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and on B. decumbens and soybean (Glycine max) after treatment with glyphosate. The method was sensitive, rapid and reliable in all cases.

Bioecology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1757) in different cover crops.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the biological variables of Spodoptera frugiperda on species of cover crops. The experiments were conducted in laboratory and greenhouse using the following species: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea), brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens e Urochloa ruziziensis), millet (Pennisetum americanum), black oat (Avena stringosa), white lupin (Lupinus albus), forage turnip (Rafanus sativus) and maize (Zea mays). In laboratory the S. frugiperda larval survival varied from 57%, on L. albus, to 93% on H. annuus and the survival of the pre-imaginal phase varied from 45% on U. decumbens to 81.6% on Z. mays. On C. juncea the larval biomass was lower and the development period of the young and larval stage was higher. The adaptation index was less on C. juncea in greenhouse and laboratory. In greenhouse the larval survival at 14 days was similar for all plants and at 21 days was the lowest on C. juncea. There was less accumulation of biomass at 14 days on C. juncea and at 21 days on C. juncea and A. stringosa. Regarding damage, C. juncea presented less susceptibility to Spodoptera frugiperda attack, which together with the other evaluated parameters, indicated this plant as the most appropriate for soil cover before cultivation of maize.

Braquiária na agropecuária brasileira: uma história de sucesso.

2013

Identificação e características de forrageiras perenes para consórcio com milho.

2013

Introdução de gramíneas visando resistência a cigarrinha-das-pastagens no Estado do Acre.

Devido a Brachiaria decumbens ser a gramínea de maior preferência para a implantação de pastagens nos últimos 10 anos no Estado do Acre, os problemas com ataques severos da cigarrinha-das-pastagens estão se intensificandonos últimos 3 anos. Isto evidencia a necessidade de que sejam encontradas outras opções de gramíneas resistentes e/ou tolerantes para a formação ou reforma de áreas de pastagens efetuando-se, desta forma, um controle integrado da praga.

Influência de sistemas de manejo integrados em um latossolo amarelo no desenvolvimento da soja.

O cultivo da soja destaca-se por ser a principal atividade responsável pela expansão da fronteira agrícola no País, sendo assim, necessário a utilização de sistemas que torne seu cultivo sustentável. Objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento da soja cultivada em diferentes sistemas. O experimento foi realizado na fazenda Vitória, município de Paragominas, Pará. Segundo Köppen, o clima do município é classificado como mesotérmico e úmido, tipologia climática Aw. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por três sistemas de cultivo de soja, sendo em sistema iLPF (consórcio com Brachiaria ruziziensis e intercalado com eucalipto), sistema Santa Fé (consórcio com Brachiaria ruziziensis) e sistema Convencional manejado com técnicas tradicionais de preparo do solo (aração e gradagem) e controle fitossanitário. Foram avaliadas a produtividade de grãos da cultura, teor de umidade dos grãos (%); Stand de plantas, altura de planta e de inserção da primeira vagem. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Os valores de altura de planta e inserção da primeira vagem e produtividade de grãos não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os sistemas em estudo. A soja cultivar sambaiba em consórcio com Brachiaria ruziziensis nos sistemas integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta e Santa Fé não sofreram redução na produtividade de grãos por área e de grãos por indivíduo quando comparados ao sistema Convencional.

Annual crop rotation of tropical pastures with no-till soil as affectedby lime surface application.

Soil acidity and low natural fertility are the main limiting factors for grain production in tropical regionssuch as the Brazilian Cerrado. The application of lime to the surface of no-till soil can improve plant nutrition, dry matter production, crop yields and revenue. The present study, conducted at the Lageado Experimental Farm in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil, is part of an ongoing research project initi-ated in 2002 to evaluate the long-term effects of the surface application of lime on the soil?s chemical attributes, nutrition and kernel/grain yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), white oat (Avena sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) inter cropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), as well as the forage dry matter yield of palisade grass in winter/spring, its crude protein concentration, estimated meat production, and revenue in a tropical region with a dry winter during four growing seasons. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of four rates of lime application (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 kg ha−1), performed in November 2004. The surface application of limestone to the studied tropical no-till soil was efficient in reducing soil acidity from the surface down to a depth of 0.60 m and resulted in greater availability of P and K at the soil surface. Ca and Mg availability in the soil also increased with the lime application rate, up to a depth of 0.60 m. Nutrient absorption was enhanced with liming, especially regarding the nutrient uptake of K, Ca and Mg by plants.Significant increases in the yield components and kernel/grain yields of peanut, white oat and maize were obtained through the surface application of limestone. The lime rates estimated to achieve the maximum grain yield, especially in white oat and maize, were very close to the rates necessary to increase the base saturation of a soil sample collected at a depth of 0?0.20 m to 70%, indicating that the surface liming of 2000 kg ha−1is effective for the studied tropical no-till soil. This lime rate also increases the forage dry matter yield, crude protein concentration and estimated meat production during winter/spring in the maize-palisade grass inter cropping, provides the highest total and mean net profit during the four growing seasons, and can improve the long-term sustainability of tropical agriculture in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Differences between root traits of early- and late-successional trees influence below-ground competition and seedling establishment.

The competitive influence of the root system of the exotic grass Urochloa brizantha and the widespread forb Leonotis nepetifolia on the emergence, survival and early growth of the seedlings of eight tropical heliophilous herbaceous species, six early-successional woody species and five late-successional woody species from Brazil, grown in 3500-cm3 pots and in greenhouse without light restriction were assessed. The density of fine-root systems produced by the forb and the grass in pots were 6.8 cm cm-3 soil and 48.1 cm cm-3 soil, respectively. Seedlings survival of the heliophilous herbaceous, early- and late-successional woody species were 86%, 70% and 100% in presence of the forb root system and 12%, 14% and 100% in competition with grass root system, respectively. The competitive pressure applied by the grass root system on seedling growth of the heliophilous herbaceous, early- and late-successional woody species were 2.4, 1.9 and 1.4 times greater than the forb root system. Total root length of the heliophilous herbaceous, early- and late-successional woody species grown without competitors were 13, 33 and 5 times greater than in competition with forb, and were 66, 54 and 6 times greater than in competition with grass root system, respectively. The averages of fine-root diameter of plants grown without competitors were 209 microm for the heliophilous herbaceous, 281 microm for early-successional trees and 382 microm for late-successional trees. The root system of the forb did not avoid seedling establishment of most plant species, but the grass root system hampered more the establishment of heliophilous herbaceous and early-successional woody species than the seedling establishment of late-successional woody species. The different density of root systems produced in soil by the forb and the grass, and the distinct root traits (e.g. root diameter and root tissue density) of the early- and late-successional plant species can explain the differences in the establishment of seedlings of plant species belonging to different groups of tropical succession when exposed to below-ground competition.