Notch sensitivity in nanoscale metallic glass specimens: Insights from continuum simulations

Recent experiments have shown that nano-sized metallic glass (MG) specimens subjected to tensile loading exhibit increased ductility and work hardening. Failure occurs by necking as opposed to shear banding which is seen in bulk samples. Also, the necking is generally observed at shallow notches present on the specimen surface. In this work, continuum finite element analysis of tensile loading of nano-sized notched MG specimens is conducted using a thermodynamically consistent non-local plasticity model to clearly understand the deformation behavior from a mechanics perspective. It is found that plastic zone size in front of the notch attains a saturation level at the stage when a dominant shear band forms extending across the specimen. This size scales with an intrinsic material length associated with the interaction stress between flow defects. A transition in deformation behavior from quasi-brittle to ductile becomes possible when this critical plastic zone size is larger than the uncracked ligament length. These observations corroborate with atomistic simulations and experimental results. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evolution of Texture and Microstructure in Deformed and Annealed Copper-Iron Multilayer

The effect of multiple phases on the evolution of texture during cold rolling and annealing of a copper-iron multilayer, fabricated by accumulative roll bonding, has been studied. The presence of an iron layer affects the deformation texture of the copper layer only at very large strains. On the other hand, a strong effect of copper on iron is observed at both small and large strains. At smaller strains, the larger deformation carried by the copper suppresses the texture development in the iron, whereas, at higher strains, selection of specific orientation relationship at the interface influences the texture of the iron layer. Shear banding and continuous dynamic recrystallization were found to influence the evolution of texture in the copper layer. The influence of large plastic deformation on the recrystallization behavior of copper is demonstrated with the suppression of typical fcc annealing texture components, described as constrained recrystallization. Evolution of typical annealing texture component is suppressed because of the multilayer microstructure. The plane of the interface formed during deformation is determined by a combination of the rolling texture of individual phases, constrained annealing, and the tendency to form a low-energy interface between the two phases during annealing.

Orientation Selection and Microstructural Evolution in Directionally Solidified Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95

Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95 alloy was directionally solidified by using a modified Bridgman technique at a wide range of growth rates of 5 to 100 cm/h. The directionally grown samples exhibited plane front solidification morphology up to a growth rate of 90 cm/h. Typical island banding feature was observed closer to the chilled end, which eventually gave rise to irregular peritectic coupled growth (PCG). The PCG gained prominence with an increase in the growth rate. The texture study revealed formation of strong aOE (c) 311 > texture in a lower growth rate regime, aOE (c) 110 > and ``rotated aOE (c) 110 > aEuroe in an intermediate growth regime, and aOE (c) 112 > in a higher growth rate regime. In-depth analysis of the atomic configuration of a solid-liquid interface revealed that the growth texture is influenced by the kinetics of atomic attachment to the solid-liquid interface, which is intimately related to a planar packing fraction and an atomic stacking sequence of the interfacial plane. The mechanism proposed in this article is novel and will be useful in addressing the orientation selection mechanism of topologically closed packed intermetallic systems. The samples grown at a higher growth rate exhibit larger magnetostriction (lambda) and d lambda/dH owing to the absence of pro-peritectic (Tb,Dy)Fe-3 and formation of aOE (c) 112 > texture, which lies closer to the easy magnetization direction (EMD).

Effect of Particle Size on the Formation of Adiabatic Shear Band In Particle Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

In this paper, the effect of particle size on the formation of adiabatic shear band in 2024 All matrix composites reinforced with 15% volume fraction of 3.5, 10 and 20 mum SiC particles was investigated by making use of split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The results have demonstrated that the onset of adiabatic shear banding in the composites strongly depends on the particle size and adiabatic shear banding is more readily observed in the composite reinforced with small particles than that in the composite with large particles. This size dependency phenomenon can be characterized by the strain gradient effect. Instability analysis reveals that high strain gradient is a strong driving force for the formation of adiabatic shear banding in particle reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCp).

Signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis studies demonstrate the dynamic nature of cecal colonization of 2-week-old chickens by Campylobacter jejuni.

We have constructed plasmids to be used for in vitro signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) of Campylobacter jejuni and used these to generate STM libraries in three different strains. Statistical analysis of the transposon insertion sites in the C. jejuni NCTC 11168 chromosome and the plasmids of strain 81-176 indicated that their distribution was not uniform. Visual inspection of the distribution suggested that deviation from uniformity was not due to preferential integration of the transposon into a limited number of hot spots but rather that there was a bias towards insertions around the origin. We screened pools of mutants from the STM libraries for their ability to colonize the ceca of 2-week-old chickens harboring a standardized gut flora. We observed high-frequency random loss of colonization proficient mutants. When cohoused birds were individually inoculated with different tagged mutants, random loss of colonization-proficient mutants was similarly observed, as was extensive bird-to-bird transmission of mutants. This indicates that the nature of campylobacter colonization in chickens is complex and dynamic, and we hypothesize that bottlenecks in the colonization process and between-bird transmission account for these observations.

Strain Rate-Dependent Compressive Deformation Behavior of Nd-Based Bulk Metallic Glass

Compressive deformation behavior of the Nd60Fe20Co10Al10 bulk metallic glass was characterized over a wide strain rate range (6.0 x 10(-4) to 1.0x10(3) s(-1)) at room temperature. Fracture stress was found to increase and fracture strain decrease with increasing applied strain rate. Serrated flow and a large number of shear bands were observed at the quasi-static strain rate (6.0 x 10(-4)s(-1)). The results suggest that the appearance of a large number of shear bands is probably associated with flow serration observed during compression; and both shear banding and flow serration are a strain accommodation and stress relaxation process. At dynamic strain rates (1.0 x 10(3) s(-1)), the rate of shear band nucleation is not sufficient to accommodate the applied strain rate and thus causes an early fracture of the test sample. The fracture behavior of the Nd60Fe20Co10Al10 bulk metallic glass is sensitive to strain rate.

Strain Rate Dependence of Plastic Flow in Ce-based Bulk Metallic Glass During Nanoindentation

The strain rate dependence of plastic deformation of Ce60Al15CU10Ni15 bulk metallic glass was studied by nanoindentation. Even though the ratio of room temperature to the glass transition temperature was very high (0.72) for this alloy, the plastic deformation was dominated by shear banding under nanoindentation. The alloy exhibited a critical loading rate dependent serrated flow feature. That is, with increasing loading rate, the alloy exhibited a transition from less prominent serrated flow to pronounced serrated flow during continuous loading but from serrated to smoother flow during stepped loading.

Evaluacion de tres poblaciones de Teocintle anual de Nicaragua (Zea nicaraguensis Iltis y Benz) y la variedad de maiz NB-6 en tres tipos de suelos en la etapa de crecimiento

El teocintle se encuentra en México (Zea perennis (Hitch) Reeves), (Zea diploperennis Iltis, Doeble y & Guzmán), en Guatemala y Honduras (Zea luxurians (Durie &Ascherson) Bird, y Nicaragua (Zea nicaraguensis Iltis & Benz). Es considerado el ancestro o al menos un contribuyente importante en las características del maíz (Zea maysL.), por lo que es necesario el estudio de esta especie silvestre como germoplasma valioso. El propósito del presente trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento de tres poblaciones de teocintle germinadas en tres tipos de suelos, por lo que se estableció un ensayo durante el período de octubre a diciembre del año 2007 en el área experimental del Programa Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüenses (REGEN), adscrito a la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), ubicada en el kilómetro 12.5 de la carretera norte, departamento de Managua. Los factores estudiados fueron: suelos procedente de Nueva Guinea (pH 5.6), REGEN (pH=8.1), y finca Santa Rosa (pH=7.1), y tres poblaciones de teocintle (A, B y C) recolectadas en la Reserva de Recursos Genéticos de Apacunca (RRGA), y la variedad de maíz NB-6 (M). Se utilizó un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) en un arreglo bifactorial con 15 observaciones cada unidad experimental. A los datos de las variables evaluadas se les realizó un análisis de varianza y separación de medias de rangos múltiples de Duncan (a= 0.05). Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que los tipos de suelos mostraron efecto significativo sobre las variables en estudio, a excepción del número de raíces. El suelo proveniente de la finca Santa Rosa mostró los mayores promedios en la mayoría de las variables, mientras que el número de hojas se destacó en el suelo proveniente del REGEN. La población reveló diferencias significativas en todas las variables; sin embargo, diámetro mayor, longitud de hoja y peso seco de raíz, no mostraron diferencias. Los mayores valores promedios de las variables, las obtuvo el material de maíz (M), pero la variable diámetro mayor y longitud de raíz las superó la población A. De forma general, se puede decir que, el comportamiento del teocintle fue menos favorecido en suelos con características de acidez, no así en suelos relativamente neutros.

Atomistic Origin Of Rate-Dependent Serrated Plastic Flow In Metallic Glasses

Nanoindentation simulations on a binary metallic glass were performed under various strain rates by using molecular dynamics. The rate-dependent serrated plastic flow was clearly observed, and the spatiotemporal behavior of its underlying irreversible atomic rearrangement was probed. Our findings clearly validate that the serration is a temporally inhomogeneous characteristic of such rearrangements and not directly dependent on the resultant shear-banding spatiality. The unique spatiotemporal distribution of shear banding during nanoindentation is highlighted in terms of the potential energy landscape (PEL) theory.

Las situaciones de alfabetización temprana en hogares de dos grupos sociales de Argentina

Resumen: En el marco de las perspectivas socioculturales actuales (Nelson, 2010) y en las líneas de investigación de alfabetización temprana y familiar (Hannon & Bird, 2004), se analizan 296 situaciones de alfabetización registradas en hogares de 20 niños de 4 años de poblaciones urbano marginadas y 20 niños de sectores medios. Empleando un procedimiento cualitativo (Strauss & Corbin, 1991) se analizaron comparativamente las situaciones registradas en ambos grupos atendiendo al tipo y a la estructura de la situación y a la interacción entre los participantes. Se identificaron diferencias en el tipo y la cantidad de situaciones en las que participaron los niños de ambos grupos. No se observaron diferencias en el interés de los niños por la lectura y la escritura.

Deformation Behavior Of Fe-Based Bulk Metallic Glass During Nanoindentation

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) normally exhibit super high strength but significant brittleness at ambient temperature. Therefore, it is difficult to investigate the plastic deformation behavior and mechanism in these alloys through conventional tensile and compressive tests due to lack of distinct macroscopic plastic strain. In this work, the deformation behavior of Fe52Cr15Mo9Er3C15B6 BMG was investigated through instrumented nanoindentation and uniaxial compressive tests. The results show that serrated flow, the typical plastic deformation feature of BMGs, could not be found in as-cast and partially crystallized samples during nanoindentation. In addition, the deformation behavior and mechanical properties of the alloy are insensitive to the applied loading rate. The mechanism for the appearance of the peculiar deformation behavior in the Fe-based BMG is discussed in terms of the temporal and spatial characteristics of shear banding during nanoindentation.

Formation of adiabatic shear band in metal matrix composites

A modified single-pulse loading split Hopkinson torsion bar (SSHTB) is introduced to investigate adiabatic shear banding behavior in SiCp particle reinforced 2024 Al composites in this work. The experimental results showed that formation of adiabatic shear band in the composite with smaller particles is more readily observed than that in the composite with larger particles. To characterize this size-dependent deformation localization behavior of particle reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCp), a strain gradient dependent shear instability analysis was performed. The result demonstrated that high strain gradient provides a deriving force for the formation of adiabatic shear banding in MMCp. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Caracterización y evaluación preliminar de los cultivares de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum willd) y aspectos agronómicos utilizados en Tisma

En este estudio se realizó una caracterización y evaluación preliminar de los cultivares de tomate Rio Grande, Romo y Chilca, y los aspectos agronómicos utilizado en Tisma, Así como de los métodos empleados en la selección de semilla. Se determinó que en el cultivar Rio Grande existe una menor variedad dentro de sus características morfológicas y un mayor porcentaje de fructificación y con cualidades para el procesamiento industrial, no siendo así el cultivar Romo y Chilca que presentaron en una heterogeneidad para los indeterminados, con frutos de características para el consumo fresco pero con una variabilidad bien marcada, presentando un potencial para trabajos de selección. En el uso agroquímicos existente diferencias bien marcadas ente los productores muestreados por la frecuencia de las aplicaciones y el uso de pesticidas provocándose en la zona un desequilibrio en la lucha contra las plagas y enfermedades. Otro aspecto importante es el método de selección de la semilla ya que ellos se autoabastecen de semilla seleccionado al momento del tercer corte sin hacer una previa selección de las ‘plantas en el campo, facilitando la transmisión de patógenos que disminuyen los rendimientos considerablemente.

高温空气的输运性质

<正> 气体或气体混合物的粘性系数,热传导系数等的理论计算方法最初是从平均自由程理论开始的,例如Jeans,Kennard等.后来Enskog和Chapman建立了求解Boltzmann方程的严格的动力学理论,其中最具代表性的工作有Chapman&Cowling及Hirschfelder,Curtiss & Bird等。虽然有不少作者提出了各种求解Boltzmann方程的近似办法,例如

The plastic instability behaviour of laser-textured steel sheet

As the production of a new technique that can offer both good formability and high image clarity for texturing metal sheet, laser-textured sheet has attracted the attention of many manufacturers and users. Among the many subjects to be studied, plastic instability behaviour of the laser-textured sheet is one of most important to understand its ability in extending material ductility and to appropriately control this technique. Experimental investigations are carried out in this paper to study the macroscopic behaviour and microstructural mechanism of the laser-textured sheet, and comparison is made with the normal sheet taken from the same coil of metal sheet. It is demonstrated that, the difference in the behaviour of plastic instability obviously shows tendency to delay strain localization and the onset of thickness necking. Shear banding and internal void damage are spread to a much wider region in the sheet being laser-textured. The prestrained microcraters enforced on the surface of the textured sheet act as hardening spots, which are likely to share out deformation and inhibit the increasing rate of voiding, and eventually favouring the ductility of the material used.