Auto-avaliação de instituições de educação pré-escolar. Um estudio de caso em Jardins de Infância da Região Autónoma dos Açores

Programa de Doctorado: Formación del Profesorado

El auto de los Reyes Magos en El Viso (Córdoba)

Vídeo grabado en El Viso, Córdoba

¿Qué es el auto-archivo?

Presentación realizada para el curso del Campus Virtual Acceso abierto y derechos de autor (2014-15) realizado por el Grupo de Trabajo de la Biblioteca del mismo nombre

Lo sviluppo nuovo prodotti nel settore auto motive: analisi dei processi organizzativi attraverso lo studio di un caso

Mappatura dei processo organizzativi, della struttura organizzativa e dei sistemi informativi di supporto. analisi di alcune problematiche riscontrate

Analisi dei coefficienti di auto induzione di dispersione nelle macchine elettriche rotanti di tipo multifase

L’obiettivo di questa tesi è l’analisi e la modellizzazione dei flussi dispersi statorici nelle macchine multifase utilizzando la teoria dei vettori di spazio multipli. L’analisi ed il calcolo del coefficiente di auto induzione di dispersione statorica nei vari spazi è cruciale nella progettazione e nel controllo delle macchine elettriche multifase in quanto, per esempio, essa limita il ripple di corrente quando la macchina non è alimentata con una tensione perfettamente sinusoidale. Il fine è pertanto di giungere alla scrittura di un’equazione che leghi il generico vettore di spazio dei flussi dispersi ai vettori di spazio delle correnti che alimentano la macchina elettrica tramite una costante che contenga i coefficienti di auto e mutua induzione di dispersione in cava degli avvolgimenti statorici.

Ingegneria di sistemi auto‐organizzanti con il paradigma multiagente

Self-organisation is increasingly being regarded as an effective approach to tackle modern systems complexity. The self-organisation approach allows the development of systems exhibiting complex dynamics and adapting to environmental perturbations without requiring a complete knowledge of the future surrounding conditions. However, the development of self-organising systems (SOS) is driven by different principles with respect to traditional software engineering. For instance, engineers typically design systems combining smaller elements where the composition rules depend on the reference paradigm, but typically produce predictable results. Conversely, SOS display non-linear dynamics, which can hardly be captured by deterministic models, and, although robust with respect to external perturbations, are quite sensitive to changes on inner working parameters. In this thesis, we describe methodological aspects concerning the early-design stage of SOS built relying on the Multiagent paradigm: in particular, we refer to the A&A metamodel, where MAS are composed by agents and artefacts, i.e. environmental resources. Then, we describe an architectural pattern that has been extracted from a recurrent solution in designing self-organising systems: this pattern is based on a MAS environment formed by artefacts, modelling non-proactive resources, and environmental agents acting on artefacts so as to enable self-organising mechanisms. In this context, we propose a scientific approach for the early design stage of the engineering of self-organising systems: the process is an iterative one and each cycle is articulated in four stages, modelling, simulation, formal verification, and tuning. During the modelling phase we mainly rely on the existence of a self-organising strategy observed in Nature and, hopefully encoded as a design pattern. Simulations of an abstract system model are used to drive design choices until the required quality properties are obtained, thus providing guarantees that the subsequent design steps would lead to a correct implementation. However, system analysis exclusively based on simulation results does not provide sound guarantees for the engineering of complex systems: to this purpose, we envision the application of formal verification techniques, specifically model checking, in order to exactly characterise the system behaviours. During the tuning stage parameters are tweaked in order to meet the target global dynamics and feasibility constraints. In order to evaluate the methodology, we analysed several systems: in this thesis, we only describe three of them, i.e. the most representative ones for each of the three years of PhD course. We analyse each case study using the presented method, and describe the exploited formal tools and techniques.

Vibration as a method for muscular stimulation

Human reactions to vibration have been extensively investigated in the past. Vibration, as well as whole-body vibration (WBV), has been commonly considered as an occupational hazard for its detrimental effects on human condition and comfort. Although long term exposure to vibrations may produce undesirable side-effects, a great part of the literature is dedicated to the positive effects of WBV when used as method for muscular stimulation and as an exercise intervention. Whole body vibration training (WBVT) aims to mechanically activate muscles by eliciting neuromuscular activity (muscle reflexes) via the use of vibrations delivered to the whole body. The most mentioned mechanism to explain the neuromuscular outcomes of vibration is the elicited neuromuscular activation. Local tendon vibrations induce activity of the muscle spindle Ia fibers, mediated by monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways: a reflex muscle contraction known as the Tonic Vibration Reflex (TVR) arises in response to such vibratory stimulus. In WBVT mechanical vibrations, in a range from 10 to 80 Hz and peak to peak displacements from 1 to 10 mm, are usually transmitted to the patient body by the use of oscillating platforms. Vibrations are then transferred from the platform to a specific muscle group through the subject body. To customize WBV treatments, surface electromyography (SEMG) signals are often used to reveal the best stimulation frequency for each subject. Use of SEMG concise parameters, such as root mean square values of the recordings, is also a common practice; frequently a preliminary session can take place in order to discover the more appropriate stimulation frequency. Soft tissues act as wobbling masses vibrating in a damped manner in response to mechanical excitation; Muscle Tuning hypothesis suggest that neuromuscular system works to damp the soft tissue oscillation that occurs in response to vibrations; muscles alters their activity to dampen the vibrations, preventing any resonance phenomenon. Muscle response to vibration is however a complex phenomenon as it depends on different parameters, like muscle-tension, muscle or segment-stiffness, amplitude and frequency of the mechanical vibration. Additionally, while in the TVR study the applied vibratory stimulus and the muscle conditions are completely characterised (a known vibration source is applied directly to a stretched/shortened muscle or tendon), in WBV study only the stimulus applied to a distal part of the body is known. Moreover, mechanical response changes in relation to the posture. The transmissibility of vibratory stimulus along the body segment strongly depends on the position held by the subject. The aim of this work was the investigation on the effects that the use of vibrations, in particular the effects of whole body vibrations, may have on muscular activity. A new approach to discover the more appropriate stimulus frequency, by the use of accelerometers, was also explored. Different subjects, not affected by any known neurological or musculoskeletal disorders, were voluntarily involved in the study and gave their informed, written consent to participate. The device used to deliver vibration to the subjects was a vibrating platform. Vibrations impressed by the platform were exclusively vertical; platform displacement was sinusoidal with an intensity (peak-to-peak displacement) set to 1.2 mm and with a frequency ranging from 10 to 80 Hz. All the subjects familiarized with the device and the proper positioning. Two different posture were explored in this study: position 1 - hack squat; position 2 - subject standing on toes with heels raised. SEMG signals from the Rectus Femoris (RF), Vastus Lateralis (VL) and Vastus medialis (VM) were recorded. SEMG signals were amplified using a multi-channel, isolated biomedical signal amplifier The gain was set to 1000 V/V and a band pass filter (-3dB frequency 10 - 500 Hz) was applied; no notch filters were used to suppress line interference. Tiny and lightweight (less than 10 g) three-axial MEMS accelerometers (Freescale semiconductors) were used to measure accelerations of onto patient’s skin, at EMG electrodes level. Accelerations signals provided information related to individuals’ RF, Biceps Femoris (BF) and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) muscle belly oscillation; they were pre-processed in order to exclude influence of gravity. As demonstrated by our results, vibrations generate peculiar, not negligible motion artifact on skin electrodes. Artifact amplitude is generally unpredictable; it appeared in all the quadriceps muscles analysed, but in different amounts. Artifact harmonics extend throughout the EMG spectrum, making classic high-pass filters ineffective; however, their contribution was easy to filter out from the raw EMG signal with a series of sharp notch filters centred at the vibration frequency and its superior harmonics (1.5 Hz wide). However, use of these simple filters prevents the revelation of EMG power potential variation in the mentioned filtered bands. Moreover our experience suggests that the possibility of reducing motion artefact, by using particular electrodes and by accurately preparing the subject’s skin, is not easily viable; even though some small improvements were obtained, it was not possible to substantially decrease the artifact. Anyway, getting rid of those artifacts lead to some true EMG signal loss. Nevertheless, our preliminary results suggest that the use of notch filters at vibration frequency and its harmonics is suitable for motion artifacts filtering. In RF SEMG recordings during vibratory stimulation only a little EMG power increment should be contained in the mentioned filtered bands due to synchronous electromyographic activity of the muscle. Moreover, it is better to remove the artifact that, in our experience, was found to be more than 40% of the total signal power. In summary, many variables have to be taken into account: in addition to amplitude, frequency and duration of vibration treatment, other fundamental variables were found to be subject anatomy, individual physiological condition and subject’s positioning on the platform. Studies on WBV treatments that include surface EMG analysis to asses muscular activity during vibratory stimulation should take into account the presence of motion artifacts. Appropriate filtering of artifacts, to reveal the actual effect on muscle contraction elicited by vibration stimulus, is mandatory. However as a result of our preliminary study, a simple multi-band notch filtering may help to reduce randomness of the results. Muscle tuning hypothesis seemed to be confirmed. Our results suggested that the effects of WBV are linked to the actual muscle motion (displacement). The greater was the muscle belly displacement the higher was found the muscle activity. The maximum muscle activity has been found in correspondence with the local mechanical resonance, suggesting a more effective stimulation at the specific system resonance frequency. Holding the hypothesis that muscle activation is proportional to muscle displacement, treatment optimization could be obtained by simply monitoring local acceleration (resonance). However, our study revealed some short term effects of vibratory stimulus; prolonged studies should be assembled in order to consider the long term effectiveness of these results. Since local stimulus depends on the kinematic chain involved, WBV muscle stimulation has to take into account the transmissibility of the stimulus along the body segment in order to ensure that vibratory stimulation effectively reaches the target muscle. Combination of local resonance and muscle response should also be further investigated to prevent hazards to individuals undergoing WBV treatments.

Caratterizzazione sperimentale di dispositivi antivibranti e ottimizzazione del loro impiego su un auto da F1

Studio di alcuni dispositivi presenti nelle vetture di formula 1, ma anche in quelle di serie più comuni, per l’ancoraggio e per l’isolamento delle vibrazioni fra componentistiche elettriche e telaio del veicolo. Questi dispositivi, noti come antivibranti (AV), svolgono un ruolo essenziale nel cercare di preservare i dispositivi elettrici: centraline, scatole cablate e connessioni elettriche. Il diffondersi di strumentazione adeguata a costi non più proibitivi ha permesso di studiare più in dettaglio e più scientificamente il comportamento degli AV per sfruttarli al meglio. Obiettivo di questo studio è dare una caratterizzazione scientifica e rigorosa alla maggior parte degli antivibranti presenti in STR7 monoposto Toro Rosso (mondiale di F1 2012), buona parte dei quali verrà utilizzata anche nelle successive vetture. Si volevano, inoltre, sviluppare alcuni modelli che potessero simulare correttamente montaggi di centraline generiche con tutte le diverse tipologie di antivibranti, in modo tale da poter vedere, prima ancora di realizzarli, come si comportavano i sistemi in quelle condizioni e dunque poter apportare modifiche al progetto tali da ottenere la configurazione di montaggio migliore. La continua ricerca di miglioramenti prestazionali che una competizione motoristica ad altissimi livelli richiede, il costante bisogno di alleggerimenti e maggiore affidabilità spingono la ricerca e l'azienda voleva passare da una progettazione basata sulla ripetizione delle configurazioni dimostratesi affidabili nel passato ad una progettazione più tecnica, scientifica e prestazionale. Per una buona caratterizzazione delle proprietà degli antivibranti sono stati progettati specifici test da eseguire al banco vibrante con i quali, lavorando nel dominio delle frequenze, si sono sfruttate le funzioni di risposte in frequenze di ogni antivibrante per ricavare i parametri caratteristici degli stessi nelle varie configurazioni. Con strategie grafiche, numeriche e teoriche si sono ricavati, con buone precisioni, i valori dei coefficienti di smorzamento e di rigidezza che caratterizzano i componenti studiati. Per l’esecuzione di questi test sono stati utilizati tutti gli strumenti messi a disposizione da Scuderia Toro Rosso nel laboratorio per prove vibrazionali recentemente approntato. Per la parte di simulazione numerica invece sono stati sfruttati i risultati ottenuti nella caratterizzazione degli antivibranti per creare programmi in ambiente Matlab che possano simulare il comportamento di generiche centraline montate in generici modi. Risultati di questo studio saranno gli andamenti dei coefficienti di rigidezza e smorzamento dei vari antivibranti nelle diverse configurazioni; inoltre si renderanno disponibili ai progettisti istruzioni e semplici programmi per la valutazione delle scelte fatte al fine di minimizzare le vibrazioni dei dispositivi.