Sistema de aquisição do ciclo pressão-volume cardíaco por métodos não-invasivos

A aquisição do ciclo pressão-volume é de grande importância para diagnóstico de cardiopatias e principalmente para o acompanhamento de intervenções terapêuticas, porém os métodos hoje utilizados são caros e agressivos ao paciente, reduzindo por estes motivos sua aplicação. Este estudo pretende obter, por métodos não-invasivos, o ciclo pressão-volume do ventrículo esquerdo de pacientes humanos. Isto consiste na aquisição dos sinais P(t) e V(t) simultaneamente e a apresentação de um gráfico P(V). Para tanto, após a revisão bibliográfica, decidiu-se utilizar a ecocardiografia com detecção automática de bordos, para obtenção do volume ventricular e a medição da onda de pressão transmitida através da artéria braquial para um manguito inflado com ar, conectado a um transdutor piezo-resistivo em ponte. A aquisição da pressão pelo método não-invasivo é comparada a dados resultantes da aquisição invasiva da pressão arterial por catéter intra-aórtico que é considerado padrãoouro. Os sinais são condicionados e digitalizados em uma placa de aquisição com conversor A/D de 8 bits e micro controlador 80c196. Os dados digitalizados são então enviados serialmente para um computador onde são gerados os gráficos. Obteve-se de cinco pacientes nove aquisições simultâneas da pressão invasiva através de catéter intra-aórtico e do protótipo desenvolvido resultando concordância segundo o método de Bland e Altman (1986) (r=0,989; d + 2s= 6,52; d - 2s =-6,07), comprovando a eficiência do método de aquisição. Obteve-se resultado satisfatório também quanto à operação sistema desenvolvido pois foram realizadas dez aquisições em cinco pacientes, registrando-se gráficos bastante similares aos apresentados na literatura disponível.

Análise morfométrica da parede arterial após o implante de stent em aorta abdominal de suínos : estudo comparativo entre stents metálicos não recobertos e recobertos com politetrafluoroetileno

O espessamento intimal e a reestenose que ocorrem após os procedimentos de angioplastia transluminal percutânea e/ou o implante de stents representam uma causa freqüente de falência destes procedimentos. O principal achado patológico responsável pela reestenose parece ser a hiperplasia intimal, já que o dispositivo intravascular é resistente ao remodelamento arterial geométrico. O propósito deste estudo é avaliar, através da morfometria digital, o espessamento intimal presente nas regiões da parede arterial imediatamente proximal e distal ao implante de um stent metálico em configuração em “Z “ não recoberto ou recoberto com PTFE. Vinte e cinco suínos de raça mista, com seis a dez semanas de idade, pesando em média 20 kg foram divididos em três grupos. No grupo I, cinco animais foram submetidos à exposição cirúrgica retroperitoneal da aorta abdominal, aortotomia e manipulação com uma bainha introdutora de 12 F. O grupo II incluiu dez animais que foram submetidos ao implante de um stent metálico auto-expansível não recoberto. No grupo III, incluindo também dez animais, foram implantados stents recobertos com PTFE. Após quatro semanas, todos os animais foram sacrificados e o segmento aorto-ilíaco foi removido. Quatro animais foram excluídos do estudo por trombose da aorta (um animal do grupo II e três animais do grupo III). Para a análise morfométrica foram utilizados os testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon e de Kruskal-Wallis, para as comparações, respectivamente, no mesmo grupo e entre os grupos. Foi adotado o nível de significância de 5% ( p< 0,05). Quando os espécimes da parede arterial, imediatamente proximal e distal aos stents foram comparados, nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre as áreas luminal, intimal, média ou índice intimal em cada grupo. Na comparação entre os grupos, as áreas intimal, média e o índice intimal não demonstraram variação estatisticamente significativa. Foram identificadas diferenças entre os grupos quanto às áreas luminais proximais (p = 0,036) e distais (p=0,044). Pelo teste de comparações múltiplas para Kruskal-Wallis (Teste de Dunn) identificou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos I e II. Entretanto, quando estas variáveis foram controladas pelo fator peso (relação área luminal/peso) a diferença não foi mais observada. Concluímos que, após quatro semanas, stents recobertos com PTFE induzem um espessamento intimal justa-stent similar ao observado com stents não recobertos ou com a simples manipulação arterial com uma bainha introdutora. Neste modelo experimental suíno, de curto seguimento, o revestimento com PTFE não foi responsável por adicional espessamento intimal.

Propriedades antioxidante, anti-hemostástica e antiproliferativa de galactanas sulfatadas da alga vermelha hypnea musciformis (wulfen) j. V. Lamouroux

Marine algae are one of the major sources of biologic compounds. In extracellular matrix of these organisms there are sulfated polysaccharides that functions as structural components and provides protection against dehydration. The fraction 1.0 (F1.0) rich in sulfated galactans obtained from red seaweed Hypnea musciformis was physicochemical characterized and evaluated for pharmacologic activity through antioxidant activity, cytotoxic action on erythrocytes, anticoagulant, stimulatory action under antithrombotic heparan sulfate synthesis and their effects on cell proliferation and cycle cell progression. The main components of F1.0 were carbohydrates (49.70 ± 0.10%) and sulfate (44.59 ± 0.015%), presenting phenolic compounds (4.79 ± 0.016%) and low protein contamination (0.92 ± 0.001%). Fraction 1.0 showed polidisperse profile and signs in infrared analysis in 1262, 1074 and 930, 900 and 850 attributed to sulfate esters S=O bond, presence of a 3,6- anidrogalactose C-O bond, non-sulfated β-D-galactose and a C-O-SO4 bond in galactose C4, respectively. The fraction rich in sulfated galactans exhibited strong antioxidant action under lipid peroxidation assay with IC50 of 0.003 mg/mL. Besides the inhibition of hemolysis induced by H2O2 in erythrocytes treated with F1.0, this fraction did not promote significant cytotoxity under erythrocytes membranes. F1.0 exhibited low anticoagulant activity causing moderate direct inhibition of enzimatic activity of thrombin. This fraction promoted stimulation around of 4.6 times on this synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) by rabbit aortic endothelial cells (RAEC) in culture when was compared with non treated cells. The fraction of this algae displayed antiproliferative action under RAEC cells causing incresing on cell number on S fase, blocking the cycle cell progression. Thus F1.0 presented cytostatic and no cytotoxic action under this cell lineage. These results suggest that F1.0 from H. musciformis have antioxidant potential which is a great effect for a compound used as food and in food industry which could be an alternative to food industry to prevent quality decay of lipid containing food due to lipid peroxidation. These polysaccharides prevent the lipid peroxidation once the fraction in study exhibited strong inhibitory action of this process. Furthermore that F1.0 present strong antithrombotic action promoting the stimulation of antithrombotic HS synthesis by endothelial cells, being important for thrombosis preventing, by its inhibitory action under reactive oxygen species (ROS) in some in vitro methods, being involved in promotion of hypercoagulability state.

Renal and vascular effects of the natriuretic peptide isolated from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom

Crotalus durissus cascavella is a snake that is usually found in the scrublands of northeast Brazil. The components of its venom may have effects on the vascular and renal systems. Recently, a new bradykinin inhibitory peptide has been identified in the venom of the Crotalinae family. The aim of the present study was to investigate the renal and vascular effects of the natriuretic peptide isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus cascavella (NP2_Casca). The chromatographic profile showed the fractionation of substances identified as convulxin, gyroxin, crotoxin and crotamine, as well as fractions V and VI. The electrophoretic profile of fraction V consisted of several bands ranging from approximately 6 kDa to 13 kDa, while fraction VI showed only two main electrophoretic bands with molecular weights of approximately 6 and 14 kDa. Reverse-phase chromatography showed that NP2_Casca corresponds to about 18% of fraction VI and that this fraction is the main natriuretic peptide. NP2_Casca was compared to other natriuretic peptides from other sources of snake venom. All amino acid sequences that were compared showed a consensus region of XGCFGX, XLDRIX and XSGLGCX. The group treated with NP2-Casca showed an increase in perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, urinary flow and glomerular filtration rate. The percent of total and proximal tubular transport of sodium was reduced significantly after administration of the peptide. The mean arterial pressure showed a dose-dependent decrease after infusion of NP2_Casca, and an increase in nitrite production. In the aortic ring assay, NP2_Casca caused a relaxant effect in endothelium-intact thoracic aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine in the presence and absence of isatin. NP2_Casca failed to relax the aortic rings precontracted with an isosmotic potassium Krebs-Henseleit solution. In conclusion, the natriuretic peptide isolated from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom produced renal and vascular effects. NP2_Casca reduced total and proximal sodium tubular transport, leading to an increase in sodium excretion, thereby demonstrating a diuretic action. A hypotensive effect was displayed in an arterial pressure assay, with an increase in nitrite production, suggesting a possible vasoactive action. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Renal- and calcium-dependent vascular effects of Polybia paulista wasp venom

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Aorticopulmonary septal defect in a dog: case report

Na avaliação da dispneia pós-exercício em uma cadela de 10 meses de idade, não castrada e sem raça definida, foi detectado sopro sistólico leve grau II/VI. A comunicação entre a aorta ascendente e o tronco pulmonar, observada pela presença de fluxo contínuo logo abaixo das valvas semilunares, à ecoDopplercardiografia, foi confirmada pela cirurgia. Após o procedimento cirúrgico, a cadela apresentou boa condição clínica e ausência de dispneia mesmo ao exercício. Ressalta-se a importância do diagnóstico precoce e preciso para o sucesso terapêutico. Este é o primeiro relato brasileiro dessa rara doença e a única cirurgia, bem sucedida, descrita na literatura veterinária consultada.

Comparison between two methods for cardiac output measurement in propofol-anesthetized dogs: thermodilution and Doppler

ObjectiveTo compare cardiac output (CO) measured by Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution techniques in spontaneously breathing dogs during continuous infusion of propofol. To do so, CO was obtained using the thermodilution method (CO(TD)) and Doppler evaluation of pulmonary flow (CO(DP)) and aortic flow (CO(DA)).Study designProspective cohort study.AnimalsEight adult dogs weighing 8.3 +/- 2.0 kg.MethodsPropofol was used for induction (7.5 +/- 1.9 mg kg-1 IV) followed by a continuous rate infusion at 0.7 mg kg-1 minute-1. The animals were positioned in left lateral recumbency on an echocardiography table that allowed for positioning of the transducer at the 3rd and 5th intercostal spaces of the left hemithorax for Doppler evaluation of pulmonary and aortic valves, respectively. CO(DP) and CO(DA) were calculated from pulmonary and aortic velocity spectra, respectively. A pulmonary artery catheter was inserted via the jugular vein and positioned inside the lumen of the pulmonary artery in order to evaluate CO(TD). The first measurement of CO(TD), CO(DP) and CO(DA) was performed 30 minutes after beginning continuous infusion (T0) and then at 15-minute intervals (T15, T30, T45 and T60). Numeric data were submitted to two-way anova for repeated measurements, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland & Altman analysis. Data are presented as mean +/- SD.ResultsAt T0, CO(TD) was lower than CO(DA). CO(DA) was higher than CO(TD) and CO(DP) at T30, T45 and T60. The difference between the CO(TD) and CO(DP), when all data were included, was -0.04 +/- 0.22 L minute-1 and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was 0.86. The difference between the CO(TD) and CO(DA) was -0.87 +/- 0.54 L minute-1 and r = 0.69. For CO(TD) and CO(DP), the difference was -0.82 +/- 0.59 L minute-1 and r = 0.61.ConclusionDoppler evaluation of pulmonary flow was a clinically acceptable method for assessing the CO in propofol-anesthetized dogs.

Cardiac function in dogs with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation into the coronary arteries

This study assessed the effects of a single intracoronary injection of autologous stem cells on the cardiac function of dogs with Chagas cardiomyopathy. Bone-marrow-derived stem cells were delivered into the right and left coronary arteries of 5 mature dogs with mildly compromised cardiac function due to chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Blood pressure and electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters were recorded at monthly intervals for 6 mo in the 3 dogs that survived. Although no changes were observed in the electrocardiogram and blood pressure, there was a significant increase in peak velocity of aortic flow 3 mo after stem cell transplantation. Pre-ejection period, isovolumic relaxation time, and the Tei index of myocardial performance were reduced significantly 4 mo after the procedure. All significant changes persisted to the end of the study. The results suggest that the transplantation of autologous bone-marrow-derived stem cells into the coronary arteries of dogs with Chagas cardiomyopathy may have a beneficial effect but the small number of dogs studied was a limitation.

Effects of isoflurane on echocardiographic parameters in healthy dogs

Obejective To study the echocardiographic effects of isoflurane at an end-tidal concentration approximating 1.0 times the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in healthy unpremedicated dogs.Study design Prospective experimental trial.Animals Sixteen mature mongrel dogs of either sex weighing 11.06 +/- 2.72 kg.Methods After performing a baseline echocardiogram in the awake animal, anesthesia was induced with increasing inspired concentrations of isoflurane via a face mask until tracheal intubation was possible. Following intubation, the end-tidal concentration was decreased to 1.4% for the rest of the anesthetic period. Serial echocardiograms were recorded at 25, 40, and 55 minutes after the end-tidal concentration was reached.Results No changes were observed in heart rate. However, significant decreases were seen in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (Mean maximal change: 13.8%), interventricular septal thickness during systole (15.2%), interventricular septal thickening fraction (72.2%), left ventricular free wall thickening fraction (63.5%), ejection fraction (39.9%), and fractional shortening (46.7%). In addition, peak flow velocities across mitral, pulmonic, and aortic valves were significantly lower than baseline values. Decreases were also observed in end-diastolic left ventricular volume index (approximately 32.1% from the awake value), stroke index (58.2%), and cardiac index (55.3%) when compared with awake measurements.Conclusions Our results indicate that 1 x MAC isoflurane caused significant myocardial depression in healthy dogs. These changes in myocardial function need to be considered carefully when isoflurane is to be used in dogs with poor cardiovascular reserve.

Ramos do arco aórtico de bubalinos

Os ramos do arco aórtico (Arcus aortae) em bubalinos foram investigados neste trabalho. Assim, foram dissecadas as artérias oriundas desse arco previamente injetadas com solução corada de látex Neoprene 650â (Du Pont do Brasil S.A.) em 20 fetos dessa espécie, machos e fêmeas com idades entre 4 e 8 meses de gestação. em 80% dos casos, observou-se que o tronco braquiocefálico (Truncus brachiocephalicus) emite a artéria subclávia (Arteria subclavia) esquerda, artérias carótidas comuns (Arteria carotis communis) esquerda e direita, sem caracterizar tronco bicarotídeo (Truncus bicaroticus), e a artéria subclávia direita. As artérias subclávias direita e esquerda originam em comum o tronco costocervical (Truncus costocervicalis), a artéria cervical superficial (Arteria cervicalis superficialis), artérias axilares (Arteria axillaris) e artéria torácica interna (Arteria thoracica interna). em 20% dos casos, o tronco braquiocefálico origina a artéria subclávia esquerda em comum ao tronco costocervical esquerdo; em seguida, emite a artéria carótida comum esquerda e termina trifurcando-se em artéria carótida comum direita, artéria subclávia direita e tronco costocervical direito, sendo que as artérias subclávias direita e esquerda têm origem comum com as artérias cervical superficial, axilar e torácica interna, com a presença do tronco bicarotídeo, característico dos bovinos.

CONTROL of THE CENTRAL CHEMOREFLEX BY A5 NORADRENERGIC NEURONS IN RATS

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cardiovascular changes under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in the air-breathing teleost Synbranchus marmoratus: importance of the venous system

Synbranchus marmoratus is a facultative air-breathing fish, which uses its buccal cavity as well as its gills for air-breathing. S. marmoratus shows a very pronounced tachycardia when it surfaces to air-breathe. An elevation of heart rate decreases cardiac filling time and therefore may cause a decline in stroke volume (VS), but this can be compensated for by an increase in venous tone to maintain stroke volume. Thus, the study on S. marmoratus was undertaken to investigate how stroke volume and venous function are affected during air-breathing. To this end we measured cardiac output (Q), heart rate (fH), central venous blood pressure (PCV), mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP), and dorsal aortic blood pressures (PDA) in S. marmoratus. Measurements were performed in aerated water (P-O2 > 130 mmHg), when the fish alternated between gill ventilation and prolonged periods of apnoeas, as well as during hypoxia (P-O2 <= 50 mmHg), when the fish changed from gill ventilation to air-breathing. Q increased significantly during gill ventilation compared to apnoea in aerated water through a significant increase in both fH and VS. PCV and MCFP also increased significantly. During hypoxia, when the animals surface to ventilate air, we found a marked rise in fH, PCV, MCFP, Q and VS, whereas PDA decreased significantly. Simultaneous increases in PCV and MCFP in aerated, as well as in hypoxic water, suggests that the venous system plays an important regulatory role for cardiac filling and VS in this species. In addition, we investigated adrenergic regulation of the venous system through bolus infusions of adrenergic agonists (adrenaline, phenylephrine and isoproterenol; 2 mu g kg(-1)). Adrenaline and phenylephrine caused a marked rise in PCV and MCFP, whereas isoproterenol led to a marked decrease in PCV, and tended to decrease MCFP. Thus, it is evident that stimulation of both alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors affects venous tone in S. marmoratus.

Effects of probiotic bacteria, isoflavones and simvastatin on lipid profile and atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits: a randomized double-blind study

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The semi-synthetic kaurane ent-16 alpha-methoxykauran-19-oic acid induces vascular relaxation and hypotension in rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comportamento de mergulho do boto-cinza, Sotalia guianensis, na enseada do Curral, Praia de Pipa-RN, Brasil :possíveis adaptações cardíacas ao mergulho

The marine tucuxi, Sotalia guianensis, is one of the smallest known cetaceans, has coastal habits, and occurs from Hondures to Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil. The objective of this dissertation was to describe diving behavior of the marine tucuxi in three age classes and to analyze the cardiac capacity to dive through the examination of hearts of stranded specimens. Observations were made from October 2004 to November 2005 from a vantage point, in Curral Bay at Pipa beach-RN. We used Ad Libitum sampling and All occurrences to record the behaviors. The diving was characterized by the total exposition of the tail fluke for a few seconds, in 90° or 45° angles. Were recorded 131 dives in three behavioral contexts: foraging, traveling and socialization. The difference between juveniles and adults in dive time and fluke out at 45° or 90° to search and/or capture prey is probably influenced by the strategy used and ability to capture the prey. The frequency of fluke out at 90° for foraging in adults may be related to increased physiological efficiency of adults in comparison to juveniles. However, in the context of travel and socialization the dive time and fluke out were independent between the age classes. Dive in calves were frequent during socialization (play behavior) and traveling. This, associated with synchronic calve-adult diving suggests that a relationship of these behaviors and the acquisition of experience and foraging skills. As observed in other cetaceans, the heart (n=12) of the estuarine dolphin is broad and presents long ventricles which form a round apex. The right ventricle is long and narrow. The degree of dilatation of the aortic bulb may support the heart during diastole. The characteristic morphology of the heart and short dive duration < 2 min and depth ranged from 10m in the estuarine dolphin, can be likely at physiological adaptation for diving, typical de dolphins with coastal habits. The limitation of diving time in this specie may be influenced by anatomical and physiological restrictions