DETERMINAÇÃO DE Cd E Pb EM AMOSTRAS DE GOMA XANTANA POR GF AAS

This paper describes the evaluation of a method for determination of Cd and Pb in xanthan gum samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF AAS) using NH4H2PO4 as the chemical modifier. The sample preparation was performed using a reflux system adapted in the digestion tubes. With this system it was possible to increase the temperature of the digester block above the boiling point of the reaction medium, preventing loss of analyte and excessive evaporation of acids during heating. Samples were digested with HNO3 for 3 h in a digester block at 220 ºC. The limits of detection for Cd and Pb were 2.2 and 33.8 ng g-1, respectively. The RSDs for both analytes were, on average, lower than 5.0% and accuracy was verified by recovery tests, yielding values in the 83-100% range.

ASYMMETRIC SULFOXIDATION OF ALBENDAZOLE TO RICOBENDAZOLE BY FUNGI: EFFECT OF pH

Albendazole (ABZ) is an anthelmintic drug used for the treatment of infectious diseases in veterinary and human medicine. This drug is a prochiral drug that after administration, is rapidly oxidized in the pharmacologically active sulfoxide metabolite, which is also known as ricobendazole (ABZSOX). ABZSOX has a stereogenic center and possibly two enantiomers, (+)-ABZSOX and (-)-ABZSOX. In the present work, we investigate the pH effect on the asymmetric stereoselective sulfoxidation of ABZ into ABZSOX by employing the fungi Nigrospora sphaerica, Papulaspora immera Hotson, and Mucor rouxii. The results show a possibility of obtaining the pure enantiomers of the ricobendazole drug using fungi as biocatalytic agents. The three fungi showed a high degree of enantioselectivity expressed by enantiomeric excess. In addition, M. rouxii can be used as an alternative to obtain the (+)-ABZSOX enantiomer (ee 89.8%).

Kuvitellut yhteisöt käsitteenä ja kansakuntien ymmärtämisen apuneuvona

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Ocorrência de Pratylenchus brachyurus e Meloidogyne incognita na cultura do algodoeiro no Estado do Mato Grosso

In a survey carried out in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, were found, respectively, in 94% and 3.7% of a total of 623 root and soil samples representing 21,793 ha. No visible aboveground symptoms in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants infected by P. brachyurus were observed, except for typical root lesions. In contrast, plants with M. incognita usually exhibited pronounced symptoms of damage. The high frequency (94%) of P. brachyurus was unexpected and is of concern considering the fact that soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays), are both susceptible to this nematode and are used in crop rotation programs.

Comportamento térmico de composto ciclopaladados binucleares contendo azo-ligantes aniônicos

No presente trabalho é descrita a investigação do comportamento térmico de uma nova série de complexos ciclopaladados, obtidos a partir de reações do azido-complexo [Pd(dmba)(mi-N3)]2 (1) (dmba = N,N-dimetilbenzilamina) com os azo-ligantes aniônicos pirazolato (pz), imidazolato (imz) e 3,5-dimetil-pirazolato (3,5-dmpz). Os compostos binucleares [Pd(dmba)(mi-pz)]2 (2), [Pd(dmba)(mi-imz)]2 (3) e [Pd(dmba)(mi-3,5-dmpz)]2 (4) foram caracterizados por análise elementar, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia de RMN de 13C{¹H} e ¹H e análise termogravimétrica. O produto final de decomposição térmica, paládio metálico, foi caracterizado pela difratometria de raios-X, método do pó.

Pour l'Amour, Op. 4 N:o 2

Omistus: To Marian Anderson.

Kulttuurista maantiedettä jäljittämässä

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Fungicides, seed dresser adjuvants and storage time in the control of Drechslera teres in barley seeds

In experiments conducted in laboratory, the effect of fungicides, seed dresser adjuvants and storage time in the control of Drechslera teres in seeds of barley cultivar BRS Elis, with 58% incidence, was quantified. Fungicides indicated by barley research (carboxin + thiram, difenoconazole and triadimenol) compared with the mixture carbendazim + iprodione were tested. As seed dresser adjuvants, water (500m mL/100 Kg) and a polymer (150 mL/100 Kg) were used. Treated seeds were stored in paper bags and kept in the refrigerator at 5ºC. At 30-day intervals during six months, seeds were plated on semi-selective Reis's medium (1983). The best control was obtained by the mixtures carboxin + thiram and carbendazim + iprodione and the polymer as seed dresser. The control efficiency was improved by the storage time without negatively affecting seed germination. Due to the transmission efficiency, the fungus eradication in seeds should be pursued.

Etiologia e quantificação dos agentes causais de manchas foliares na cultura do trigo nas safras 2008 a 2011

A cultura do trigo é uma das opções mais importantes para cultivo na safra de inverno. Entre as doenças foliares a mancha-amarela da folha, a mancha marrom e a septoriose são citadas como as mais frequentes em trigo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar os fungos fitopatogênicos associados a sintomas de manchas foliares em cultivares de trigo, nas Regiões tritícolas de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU). Foram analisadas 162 amostras coletadas nas safras 2008 a 2011, oriundas dos Estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul. Discos foliares assépticos, 25 por amostra, foram distribuídos em gerbox, constituindo uma câmara úmida e incubados a temperatura de 25ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Após um período de incubação de oito dias, foi realizada a avaliação, identificando e quantificando a incidência dos fungos presentes nos discos foliares. Constatou-se a ocorrência de Bipolaris sorokiniana, Drechslera tritici-repentis, D. siccans e Stagonospora nodorum associados às lesões foliares em trigo. Verificou-se na safra 2008, a predominância de D. siccans com incidência de 0 a 75 % nas amostras avaliadas, sendo o primeiro relato desta espécie, em trigo, no Brasil. Na média das safras avaliadas B. sorokiniana apresentou incidência de 7,6 % e frequência de 53,1%, D. tritici-repentis apresentou incidência de 59,2 % e frequência de 90,6 %, D. siccans incidência de 11,0 % e freqüência de 48,1 % e S. nodorum com incidência e frequência de 1,55 % e de 2,2 %, respectivamente.

Diagrammatic scale for the assessment of blast on wheat spikes

The correct quantification of blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae on wheat (Triticum aestivum) spikes is an important component to understand the development of this disease aimed at its control. Visual quantification based on a diagrammatic scale can be a practical and efficient strategy that has already proven to be useful against several plant pathosystems, including diseases affecting wheat spikes like glume blotch and fusarium head blight. Spikes showing different disease severity values were collected from a wheat field with the aim of elaborating a diagrammatic scale to quantify blast severity on wheat spikes. The spikes were photographed and blast severity was determined by using resources of the software ImageJ. A diagrammatic scale was developed with the following disease severity values: 3.7, 7.5, 21.4, 30.5, 43.8, 57.3, 68.1, 86.0, and 100.0%. An asymptomatic spike was added to the scale. Scale validation was performed by eight people who estimated blast severity by using digitalized images of 40 wheat spikes. The precision and the accuracy of the evaluations varied according to the rater (0.82

Sensitivity reduction in Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei to triadimenol fungicide applied as barley seed treatment

Experiments were carried out in a growth chamber with controlled temperature and photoperiod to test two populations of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei from Guarapuava, Paraná State, and Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Treatments consisted in application of the fungicide triadimenol (Baytan 150 SC®) at three rates of its commercial formulation: 150, 250, 350 mL/100 Kg barley seeds. The experiments were conducted separately in a growth chamber for each population, adopting the same temperature and photoperiod. For inoculation, pots containing barley seedlings colonized by the fungus were placed among the plots. After emergence of the first symptoms, the disease severity was assessed at two-day intervals. The experiments were repeated twice for each fungus population. Data were expressed as area under the disease progress curve and as powdery mildew control by comparing the severity after the fungicide treatments to that of control. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis; the area under the disease progress curve was also calculated. Comparing the data obtained in the present study with those reported in the literature and the control, the maximum value of 26.1% is considered insufficient to prevent the damages caused by the disease. The control response to the fungicide rate was significant. We can conclude that there was a reduction in the sensitivity of both B. graminis f.sp. hordei populations to the fungicide triadimenol, which explains the control failure observed in barley farms.

Macrophomina phaseolina: density and longevity of microsclerotia in soybean root tissues and free on the soil, and competitive saprophytic ability

In field experiments, the density of Macrophomina phaseolina microsclerotia in root tissues of naturally colonized soybean cultivars was quantified. The density of free sclerotia on the soil was determined for plots of crop rotation (soybean-corn) and soybean monoculture soon after soybean harvest. M. phaseolina natural infection was also determined for the roots of weeds grown in the experimental area. To verify the ability of M. phaseolina to colonize dead substrates, senesced stem segments from the main plant species representing the agricultural system of southern Brazil were exposed on naturally infested soil for 30 and 60 days. To quantify the sclerotia, the methodology of Cloud and Rupe (1991) and Mengistu et al. (2007) was employed. Sclerotium density, assessed based on colony forming units (CFU), ranged from 156 to 1,108/g root tissue. Sclerotium longevity, also assessed according to CFU, was 157 days for the rotation and 163 days for the monoculture system. M. phaseolina did not colonize saprophytically any dead stem segment of Avena strigosa,Avena sativa,Hordeum vulgare,Brassica napus,Gossypium hirsutum,Secale cereale,Helianthus annus,Triticosecalerimpaui, and Triticum aestivum. Mp was isolated from infected root tissues of Amaranthus viridis,Bidens pilosa,Cardiospermum halicacabum,Euphorbia heterophylla,Ipomoea sp., and Richardia brasiliensis. The survival mechanisms of M. phaseolina studied in this paper met the microsclerotium longevity in soybean root tissues, free on the soil, as well as asymptomatic colonization of weeds.

Identificação e quantificação de fungos associados a sementes de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

O trabalho teve como objetivos, identificar e quantificar os fungos associados a sementes de azevém, comparar a incidência em diferentes meios de cultura, e determinar o número de escleródios de Claviceps purpurea presentes em amostras de sementes. Foram analisadas 37 amostras de sementes de azevém provenientes de municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná. As sementes foram plaqueadas em três meios de cultura: BDA, semi-seletivo de Reis e semi-seletivo de Segalin & Reis, analisando-se a incidência dos fungos. Para detecção de C. purpurea, foram pesados 100g de sementes por amostra e, através de exame visual, foi determinado o número de escleródios. Os fungos detectados foram Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Drechslera spp., D. siccans, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium sp. A incidência de A. alternata variou de 0,0% a 33,7% e freqüência de 89,2% nas amostras analisadas. Para B. sorokiniana a incidência foi de 0,0% a 2,2% e frequência de 62,2%, Drechslera spp., apresentou incidência de 0,0% a 40,3% e frequência de 78,4%. D. siccans a incidência foi de 0,1% a 20,0% e frequência de 100%.Para Fusarium spp., e F. graminearum a incidência foi de 0,0% a 31,0% e 0,0% a 11,3% e frequência de 81,1% e 64,9%, de 0,0% a 43,7% de incidência e 94,6% de frequência para Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium sp. com incidência entre 0,0% a 51,7% e frequência de 91,9%, respectivamente. O fungo C. purpurea foi encontrado em 81,1% das amostras em estudo.