Generic classification for the Gasteruptiinae (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae) based on a cladistic analysis, with the description of two new Neotropical genera and the revalidation of Plutofoenus Kieffer

Gasteruptiinae is the largest Gasteruptiidae subfamily, with circa 400 species that have been grouped into the worldwide Gasteruption Latreille. Based on a cladistic analysis with 43 morphological characters, 40 ingroup taxa representing all biogeographic regions, and seven outgroups (four Hyptiogastrinae, two Aulacidae and one Evaniidae), I confirm the monophyly of Gasteruptiinae and Gasteruption and recognize three exclusively Neotropical small genera: Plutofoenus Kieffer (revalidated) (southern South America), Spinolafoenus Macedo n. gen. (Chile) and Trilobitofoenus Macedo n. gen. (Central and South America). Gasteruption, supported by four synapomorphies, remains the most speciose genus in the subfamily. The four Gasteruptiinae genera are keyed and described. Seven species are keyed and described or redescribed: Plutofoenus chaeturus (Schletterer) n. comb., P. edwardsi Turner, P. paraguayensis (Schrottky), Spinolafoenus ruficornis (Spinola) n. comb., Trilobitofoenus alvarengai Macedo n. sp., T. plaumanni Macedo n. sp. and T. sericeus (Cameron) n. comb. (lectotype designated).

Phylogeny of Grumichellini Morse, 1981 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) with the description of a new genus from southeastern Peru

Osflintia manu, new genus, new species, of long-horned caddisfly (Leptoceridae: Triplectidinae: Grumichellini) is described and illustrated from southeastern Peru. The phylogeny of Grumichellini Morse (Leptoceridae: Triplectidinae) is revisited and hypotheses of homology of some morphological characters are reconsidered. The monophyly of the tribe is corroborated and the phylogenetic relationships of its included genera are inferred to be (Triplexa (Gracilipsodes ((Grumichella, Amazonatolica) (Atanatolica, Osflintia, n. gen.)))) from adult and larval characters. Diagnostic characters of the new genus include the following: reduced tibial spur formula (2, 2, 2), loss of forewing crossvein sc-r1, hind wing discoidal cell closed, hind wing fork IV present, pair of long setae on tergum IX of the male genitalia, and pair of processes on the apex of segment X.

Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of Caulobacter subvibrioides

Determination of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of Caulobacter subvibrioides ATCC 15264(T) (T = type strain) confirmed that this species is a member of the alpha subclass of the Proteobacteria and showed that it is phylogenetically most closely related to the Caulobacter group comprising the species Caulobacter bacteroides, Caulobacter crescentus, and Brevandimonas (Pseudomonas) diminuta, for which 16S rRNA sequences of the type strains are currently available. The closest known relative of strain ATCC 15264(T) among these species is B. diminuta (level of direct pairwise sequence similarity, 95%). On the basis of its previously determined 16S rRNA sequence (accession number M83797), C. subvibrioides is most closely related to Sphingomonas adhaesiva in the alpha-4 subgroup (level of similarity, 97.7%). Analysis of the hydroxy fatty acids of C. subvibrioides ATCC 15264(T) showed that the 2-hydroxymyristic acid which is characteristic of the genus Sphingomonas was absent.

The alcohol withdrawal syndrome

The alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a set of signs and symptoms that typically develops in alcohol-dependent people within 6–24 h of their last drink. It may occur unintentionally if abstinence is enforced by illness or injury, or deliberately if the person voluntarily stops drinking because of an alcohol-related illness, or as a prelude to becoming and remaining abstinent. The signs and symptoms of the syndrome (panel) are largely, but not exclusively, those of autonomic hyperactivity, the reverse of the effects of alcohol intoxication. They represent a homoeostatic readjustment of the central nervous system (CNS) to the neuroadaptation that occurs with prolonged alcohol intoxication.1 RC Turner, PR Lichstein and JG Peden et al., Alcohol withdrawal syndromes: a review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment, J Gen Intern Med 4 (1989), pp. 432–444. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (39)1 They vary in severity from mild to severe.1

Estimation of the pore size of the large-conductance mechanosensitive ion channel of Escherichia coli

The open channel diameter of Escherichia coli recombinant large-conductance mechanosensitive ion channels (MscL) was estimated using the model of Hille (Hille, B. 1968. Pharmacological modifications of the sodium channels of frog nerve. J. Gen. Physiol. 51:199-219)that relates the pore size to conductance. Based on the MscL conductance of 3.8 nS, and assumed pore lengths, a channel diameter of 34 to 46 Angstrom was calculated. To estimate the pore size experimentally, the effect of large organic ions on the conductance of MscL was examined. Poly-L-lysines (PLLs) with a diameter of 37 Angstrom or larger significantly reduced channel conductance, whereas spermine (similar to 15 Angstrom), PLL19 (similar to 25 Angstrom) and 1,1'-bis-(3-(1'-methyl-(4,4'-bipyridinium)-1-yl)-propyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium (similar to 30 Angstrom) had no effect. The smaller organic ions putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, and succinate all permeated the channel. We conclude that the open pore diameter of the MscL is similar to 40 Angstrom, indicating that the MscL has one of the largest channel pores yet described. This channel diameter is consistent with the proposed homohexameric model of the MscL.

Bone defect repair on the alveolar wall of the maxillary sinus using collagen membranes and temporal fascia. An experimental study in monkeys

Few studies has been done using guided bone regeneration in maxillary sinus defects. Aim: To assess the bone repair process in surgical defects on the alveolar wall of the monkey maxillary sinus, which communicates with the sinus cavity, by using collagen membranes: Gen-derm - Genius Baumer, Pro-tape - Proline and autologous temporal fascia. Materials and Methods: In this prospective and experimental study, orosinusal communications were performed in four tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and histologic analysis was carried out 180 days after. Results: In the defects without a cover (control), bone proliferation predominated in two animals and fibrous connective tissue predominated in the other two. In defects repaired with a temporal fascia flap, fibrous connective tissue predominated in three animals and bone proliferation predominated in one. In the defects repaired with Gen-derm or Pro-tape collagen membranes there was complete bone proliferation in three animals and fibrous connective tissue in one. Conclusions: Surgical defect can be repaired with both bone tissue and fibrous connective tissue in all study groups; collagen membranes was more beneficial in the bone repair process than temporal fascia or absence of a barrier.

MMP-9 and CD68(+) cells are required for tissue remodeling in response to natural hydroxyapatite

Large bone defects represent major clinical problems in the practice of reconstructive orthopedic and craniofacial surgery. The aim of this study was to examine, through immunohistochemistry approach, the involvement of MMP-9 and CD68(+) cells during tissue remodeling in response to natural hydroxyapatite (HA) implanted in rat subcutaneous tissue. Before experimentation, forty animals were randomly distributed into two experimental groups: Group-I (Gen-Ox (TM) micro-granules) and Group-II (Gen-Ox (TM) macro-granules). Afterwards, the biopsies were collected after 10, 20, 30, and 60 days post-implantation. Our results showed that at 10 days, a low-renewal foreign body type granuloma formation was observed in most of the cases. Macrophage- and fibroblast-like cells were the predominant type of cells positively stained for MMP-9 in both groups. Once macrophage-like cells seemed to be the major source of MMP9, antibody against pan-CD68 epitope was used to correlate these findings. In agreement, MMP-9 and CD68(+) cells were distributed at the periphery and the central region of the granuloma in all experimental periods, however no staining was observed in cell contacting to material. Besides macrophages, the lysosomal glycoprotein epitope recognized by CD68 antibodies can be expressed by mast cell granules and sometimes by fibroblasts. Taken together, our results suggest that xenogenic HA promotes extracellular matrix remodeling through induction of MMP-9 activity and presence of CD68(+) cells.

A new genus of viviparous gyrodactylid (Monogenea) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia with descriptions of seven new species

Acanthoplacatus gen. nov., a new genus of viviparous gyrodactylid, is described from the rns and skin of siganid fishes from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The genus is characterized by a muscular, tube-like haptor with 16 marginal hooks on the posterior margin. The ventral lobe of the haptor is located anteriorly relative to the dorsal lobe and contains a pair of hamuli and a ventral bar with posteriorly-projecting ventral bar membrane. A dorsal bar is absent. Five pairs of posterior gland cells surround the posterior terminations of the gut. The male copulatory organ is a muscular, non-eversible bulb with several spines around the distal opening. Species of Acanthoplacatus have a bilateral excretory system consisting of six pairs of flame cells and a pair of excretory bladders. Seven new species are described: Acanthoplacatus adlardi sp. nov. and A. amplihamus sp. nov. from Siganus punctatus (Forster, 1801), A. brauni sp. nov. from S. corallinus (Valenciennes, 1835), A. parvihamus sp. nov. from S. vulpinus (Schlegel and Mueller, 1845), A. puelli sp. nov. from S. puellus Schlegel, 1852, A. shieldsi sp. nov. from S. lineatus (Valenciennes, 1835) and A. sigani sp. nov. from S. fuscescens (Houttuyn, 1782). Species can be discriminated by shape and size of the hamuli, marginal hooks and ventral bar and by male copulatory organ sclerite morphology. Three species (A. brauni sp. nov., A. shieldsi sp. nov. and A. sigani sp. nov.) were assessed for seasonal variation of sclerite size. Ten of thirteen morphological characters showed seasonal variation in size for at least one of the species. The characters were longer in winter except dorsal root tissue cap width. Only one character, marginal hook length, showed significant seasonal variation for all three species. Species of Acanthoplacatus were observed to attach using only the marginal hooks and the role of hamuli in attachment is unclear. The dorsal rn of the host is the preferred site for most species but the anal fin, caudal fin and body surfaces are preferred by some species. Prevalences for species range from 57 to 100%.

The status of the Diplosentidae (Acanthocephala : Palaeacanthocephala) and a new family of acanthocephalans from Australian wrasses (Pisces : Labridae)

The status and composition of the Diplosentidae Tubangui et Masilungan, 1937 are reviewed. The type species of the type genus, Diplosentis amphacanthi Tubangui et Masilungan, 1937 from Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) in the Philippines, is concluded to have been described inaccurately,in supposedly possessing, only two cement glands and lemnisci enclosed in a membranous sac. The species is almost certainly very close to species of Neorhadinorhynchus yamaguti, 1939 and Sclerocollum Schmidt of Paperna, 1978 which have also been reported from siganids from the tropical Indo-Pacific. Species of these genera have four cement glands and unexceptional lemnisci. As a result, Diplosentis Tubangui et Masilungan, 1937 is best considered to have affinities with the Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932. The Cavisomidae has priority over the Diplosentidae; thus the Diplosentidae becomes a synonym of the Cavisomidae. Neorhadinorhynchus and Sclerocollum are considered synonyms of Diplosentis. The affinities of the other species and genera formerly included in the Diplosentidae (other species of Diplosentis, Allorhadinorhynchus Yamaguti, 1959, Amapacanthus Salgado-Maldonado et Santos, 2000, Pararhadinorhynchus Johnston et Edmonds, 1947, Golvanorhynchus Noronha, do Fabio et Pinto, 1978 and Slendrorhynchus Amin et Soy, 1996) are discussed. It is concluded that all but Pararhadinorhynchus, two species of Diplosentis and Amapacanthus can be accommodated elsewhere satisfactorily. A new family, Transvenidae, is proposed for a small group of acanthocephalans that genuinely possess only two cement glands. Transvena annulospinosa gen. n., sp. n. is described from the labrids Anampses neoguinaicus Bleeker, 1878 (type host), A. geographicus Valenciennes, 1840, A. caeruleopunctatus Ruppell, 1829, Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch, 1792), and H. melapterus (Bloch, 1791) from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Transvena gen. n. is distinguished from all other acanthocephalan genera by having a combination of a single ring of small spines on its trunk near or at the junction between the neck and trunk, two cement glands, a double-walled proboscis receptacle and hooks which decrease in length from the apex to the base of the proboscis. A second new genus within the Transvenidae, Trajectura, is proposed for T. perinsolens sp. n. from Anampses neoguinaicus, also from the Great Barrier Reef. Trajectura gen. n. is distinguished by the possession of only two cement glands and an anterior conical projection (function unknown) on the females. Diplosentis ikedai Machida, 1992 shares these characters and is recombined as Trajectura ikedai comb. n. Pararhadinorhynchus is transferred to the Transvenidae and Diplosentis manteri Gupta et Fatma, 1979 is recombined as Pararhadinorhynchus manteri comb. n.

A review of Australian Neoseiulus Hughes and Typhlodromips de Leon (Acari : Phytoseiidae : Amblyseiinae)

The Australian Neoseiulus Hughes and Typhlodromips de Leon (Acari: Phytoseiidae: Amblyseiinae) are revised and diagnosed, and three new related genera, Knopkirie, gen. nov., Olpiseius, gen. nov. and Pholaseius, gen. nov. are proposed and diagnosed. In Australia, Neoseiulus contains at least 44 species, 18 of which are newly described here, in six species-groups: the barkeri-group, womersleyi-group, cucumeris-group, cangaro-group, paloratus-group, and the paspalivorus-group. Typhlodromips contains six species, two previously described and four new species. Knopkirie contains four species, three of which are newly described here, in two species-groups: the petri-group and the banksiae-group. Olpiseius contains three species, one of which is newly described, all placed in the noncollyerae-group, and Pholaseius is monotypic, with one newly described species. Diagnoses and keys are provided for all Australian species in each of the above genera, as are keys to the amblyseiine genera currently recognised in Australia.

Phylogenetic revision of Agapophytinae subf.n. (Diptera : Therevidae) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Agapophytinae subf.n. is a highly diverse lineage of Australasian Therevidae, comprising eight described and two new genera: Agapophytus Guerin-Meneville, Acupalpa Krober, Acraspisa Krober, Belonalys Krober, Bonjeania Irwin & Lyneborg, Parapsilocephala Krober, Acatopygia Krober, Laxotela Winterton & Irwin, Pipinnipons gen.n. and Patanothrix gen.n. A genus-level cladistic analysis of the subfamily was undertaken using sixty-eight adult morphological characters and c. 1000 base pairs of the elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) protein coding gene. The morphological data partition produced three most parsimonious cladograms, whereas the molecular data partition gave a single most parsimonious cladogram, which did not match any of the cladograms found in the morphological analysis. The level of congruence between the data partitions was determined using the partition homogeneity test (HTF) and Wilcoxon signed ranks rest. Despite being significantly incongruent in at least one of the incongruence tests, the partitions were combined in a simultaneous analysis. The combined data yielded a single cladogram that was better supported than that of the individual partitions analysed separately. The relative contributions of the data partitions to support for individual nodes on the combined cladogram were investigated using Partitioned Bremer Support. The level of support for many nodes on the combined cladogram was non-additive and often greater than the sum of support for the respective nodes on individual partitions. This synergistic interaction between incongruent data partitions indicates a common phylogenetic signal in both partitions. It also suggests that criteria for partition combination based solely on incongruence may be misleading. The phylogenetic relationships of the genera are discussed using the combined data. A key to genera of Agapophytinae is presented, with genera diagnosed and figured. Two new genera are described: Patanothrix with a new species (Pat. skevingtoni) and Pat. wilsoni (Mann) transferred from Parapsilocephala, and Pipinnipons with a new species (Pip. kroeberi). Pipinnipons fascipennis (Krober) is transferred from Squamopygin Krober and Pip. imitans (Mann) is transferred from Agapophytus. Agapophytus bicolor (Krober) is transferred from Parapsilocephala. Agapophytus varipennis Mann is synonymised with Aga, queenslandi Krober and Aga. flavicornis Mann is synonymised with Aga. pallidicornis (Krober).

Relat??rio da IV reuni??o do comit?? gestor do projeto apoio ao desenvolvimento do setor algodoeiro dos pa??ses do C4

O projeto ???Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Setor Algodoeiro dos Pa??ses do Cotton-4??? objetiva aumentar a produtividade, gerar diversidade gen??tica e aprimorar a qualidade do algod??o cultivado em Benin, Burkina Faso, Chade e Mali, de forma a contribuir para o desenvolvimento e o fortalecimento econ??mico. A IV Reuni??o do Comit?? Gestor do Projeto teve como um de seus objetivos refletir sobre as pr??ticas de implementa????o das a????es previstas no documento do projeto Cotton-4, bem como registrar percep????es e opini??es das equipes dos pa??ses africanos, com o prop??sito de reunir os elementos cr??ticos essenciais para sua posterior avalia????o

Termo de coopera????o para a constru????o do marco anal??tico de avalia????o do projeto Cotton 4

O termo de coopera????o assinado entre a Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica (ENAP) e a Ag??ncia Brasileira de Coopera????o (ABC) tem como objetivo elaborar termo de refer??ncia, o qual especificar?? o perfil de um avaliador externo a ser posteriormente contratado para avaliar o projeto ???Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Setor Algodoeiro dos Pa??ses do Cotton-4???. Esse projeto busca aumentar a produtividade, gerar diversidade gen??tica e aprimorar a qualidade do algod??o cultivado em Benin, Burkina Faso, Chade e Mali, de forma a contribuir para o desenvolvimento e o fortalecimento econ??mico

Estratégias de cálculo mental de alunos da 5ª série/6º ano do ensino fundamental

Esta pesquisa de mestrado teve como principal objetivo investigar estratégias de cálculo mental, utilizadas por alunos de uma 5ª série/6º ano do ensino fundamental ao resolver cálculos de adição e subtração. Para atingir este objetivo procuramos responder aos questionamentos: Quais estratégias de cálculo mental, alunos da 5ª série/6º ano empregam na resolução de cálculos de adição e subtração? Que relações existem entre o tipo de cálculo envolvido e a estratégia adotada para resolvê-lo? Para respondermos a essas questões, seguimos uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa, configurada como estudo de caso do tipo etnográfico. O trabalho de campo foi desenvolvido em uma turma de 5ª série/6º ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública da rede estadual de ensino do município de Serra. A pesquisa aconteceu de maio a dezembro de 2013. Oito alunos resolveram uma atividade diagnóstica composta de quatro sequências de cálculos mentais, a saber, fatos fundamentais do número 5, do número 10, do número 20 e do número 100, dentre adições e subtrações próximas a esses resultados. Todos alunos participaram da etapa de entrevistas. Dos oito alunos, foram escolhidos dados de três que participaram de outras etapas da pesquisa. Os registros realizados pelos alunos na etapa de observação da turma, na etapa diagnóstica e na etapa de intervenção didática, as anotações no caderno de campo e algumas gravações em áudio serviram como fontes de coleta de dados. Utilizamos as estratégias identificadas por Beishuizen (1997), Klein e Beishuizen (1998), Thompson (1999, 2000) e Lucangeli et al. (2003), como categorias de análise. Através da análise de dados, constatamos que as escolhas das estratégias de cálculo mental pelos alunos variaram de acordo com o tipo de sequência de cálculos, a operação aritmética (adição ou subtração) e o estado emocional deles durante a atividade. Foi possível identificar o uso de duas estratégias combinadas, o algoritmo mental e estratégias de contagens nos dedos para grande parte dos cálculos. O uso do algoritmo mental mostrou-se um procedimento de grande sobrecarga mental e, em alguns cálculos de adição sem reserva, serviu apenas como apoio à visualização numérica, sendo executado pelo aluno da esquerda para a direita, semelhantemente à estratégia de decomposição numérica. Os dados deste estudo apontam para: (i) a necessidade de se trabalhar fatos numéricos fundamentais de adição e subtração via cálculo mental de maneira sistemática em sala de aula; (ii) a necessidade de se ensinar estratégias autênticas de cálculo mental para que os alunos não se tornem dependentes de estratégias como contagens e algoritmo mental, que são mais difíceis de serem executadas com êxito; (iii) a importância de entrevistar, individualmente, os alunos a fim de compreender e avaliar o desenvolvimento destes em tarefas de cálculo mental.

Aproximação numérica – analítica para a modelagem da conversão termoquímica de combustíveis sólidos

Um algoritmo numérico foi criado para apresentar a solução da conversão termoquímica de um combustível sólido. O mesmo foi criado de forma a ser flexível e dependente do mecanismo de reação a ser representado. Para tanto, um sistema das equações características desse tipo de problema foi resolvido através de um método iterativo unido a matemática simbólica. Em função de não linearidades nas equações e por se tratar de pequenas partículas, será aplicado o método de Newton para reduzir o sistema de equações diferenciais parciais (EDP’s) para um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias (EDO’s). Tal processo redução é baseado na união desse método iterativo à diferenciação numérica, pois consegue incorporar nas EDO’s resultantes funções analíticas. O modelo reduzido será solucionado numericamente usando-se a técnica do gradiente bi-conjugado (BCG). Tal modelo promete ter taxa de convergência alta, se utilizando de um número baixo de iterações, além de apresentar alta velocidade na apresentação das soluções do novo sistema linear gerado. Além disso, o algoritmo se mostra independente do tamanho da malha constituidora. Para a validação, a massa normalizada será calculada e comparada com valores experimentais de termogravimetria encontrados na literatura, , e um teste com um mecanismo simplificado de reação será realizado.