991 resultados para African Americans - statistics
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA School of Business and Economics
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We compare the performance of Cape Verde and Mozambique concerning financial credibility as measured by Exchange Market Pressure, an institutional feature that has often been overlooked in the literature as a relevant institution for economies. Drawing on previous research by Macedo et al. (2009), we expand their analysis and, using several definitions of financial credibility, all related to different angles on Exchange Market Pressure indices, we conclude that - against reasonable benchmarks in their respective regions - financial credibility has been very good for Cape Verde and fairly good for Mozambique.
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RESUMO - Enquadramento: A Brucelose uma antropozoonose prevalente no Mundo e uma das mais negligenciadas. A sua transmisso ao ser humano directa e indirecta, e acontece por via de contacto com animal infectado, o consumo de leite e seus derivados no pasteurizados e a no observncia de uso de equipamentos de proteco individual e colectiva, entre outros factores. O conhecimento da prevalncia e incidncia da brucelose animal e humana no Namibe, uma provncia de Angola, muito escasso sendo poucos os estudos que evidenciam esta doena no seio dos profissionais da pecuria expostos: trabalhadores de matadouros, veterinrios e criadores de gado. assim pertinente, com base em estudos cientficos especficos, caracterizar esta situao. Objectivos: Caracterizar os ambientes dos profissionais (matadouro, talhos e salas municipais de abate e exploraes); estimar a seroprevalncia da brucelose humana em profissionais da pecuria (trabalhadores de matadouros e criadores de gado bovino) na provncia do Namibe, Angola em 2012; determinar a associao da presena da brucelose humana com variveis scio-demogrficas, de conhecimento, de prticas e de caractersticas das exploraes; determinar a prevalncia da Brucelose em animais e em exploraes; caracterizar os factores associados presena da Brucelose em exploraes bovinas; caracterizar o conhecimento e prticas sobre a Brucelose dos profissionais da pecuria e analisar a relao entre as prevalncias nas exploraes (infectadas versus no infectadas) e nos criadores (infectados versus no infectados). Mtodos e materiais: estudos observacional e transversal seroepidemiolgico em 131 trabalhadores de talhos, salas de abate e matadouro e 192 criadores amostrados aleatoriamente em toda provncia do Namibe. Os dados foram obtidos atravs da colheita de sangue e da aplicao de um questionrio. Os testes laboratoriais utilizados foram o Rosa de Bengala (RBT) e a Aglutinao Lenta em Tubos (SAT). O estudo de conhecimento foi principalmente centrado na pergunta J ouviu falar de Brucelose e nas questes relativas ao nvel de conhecimento e prticas (indicadores baseados nas percentagens de respostas correctas ou prticas adequadas) dos factores de risco da Brucelose. Tambm foram investigados 1344 animais (em 192 exploraes) com recurso ao mtodo de diagnstico laboratorial RBT para anlise de soro sanguneo e, complementarmente, foi aplicado um questionrio aos respectivos criadores. Em termos de anlise estatstica, para alm da abordagem descritiva, foram utilizados os testes de Independncia do Quiquadrado, Fisher, Teste no paramtrico de Mann-Whitney, Teste de correlao de Spearman. Adicionalmente, com base em modelos de regresso logstica, foram determinados odds ratio e os respectivos intervalos de confiana utilizando um nvel de significncia de 5%. Resultados: os ambientes dos profissionais (matadouro, talhos e salas municipais de abate e exploraes) no reuniram as condies higio-sanitrias definidas internacionalmente como adequadas. Nos profissionais a infeco geral ponderada da Brucelose foi de 15.56% (IC95% : 13.61-17.50), sendo 5.34% em trabalhadores e 16.66% (IC95% : 11.39-21.93) em criadores. A significncia estatstica foi observada entre a seroprevalncia humana e a categoria (trabalhador e criador) (p< 0.001) e o nvel de instruo (p= 0.032), incio de actividade (p= 0.079) e local de servio (p= 0.055). Num contexto multivariado o factor positivamente associado brucelose em profissionais foi a categoria profissional (OR = 3.54, IC95%: 1.57-8.30, relativo aos criadores em relao a trabalhadores). As taxas gerais aparentes de prevalncia em animais e exploraes foram respectivamente de 14.96% (IC 95%, 12.97-17.19) e de 40.10% (IC 95%, 32.75-47.93). Encontrou-se uma correlao positiva moderada entre o nmero de animais infectados por explorao com a mdia do nmero de abortos na explorao = 0.531, p< 0.001). Em mdia os profissionais tiveram um conhecimento global muito insuficiente (16.1%), tendo os trabalhadores apresentado valores mais elevados que os criadores (20.2% e 13.8%), diferena no estatisticamente significativa (p= 0.170). As perguntas o leite in natura fervido antes do consumo humano?, contacto com materiais fetais animais?, contacto com aerossis no local de trabalho? e j fez alguma vez o teste de Brucelose humana? (relacionadas com prticas) e as perguntas j ouviu falar da Brucelose?, Brucelose doena zoontica/s animal/s humana? e como a Brucelose se transmite aos humanos? apresentaram nveis mdios de prticas adequadas e conhecimentos correctos inferiores a 20%. Nas exploraes infectadas, 39% dos criadores foram positivos (infectados) e nas no infectadas apenas 1.7%. O risco de um criador ser infectado estando numa explorao infectada foi significativamente mais elevado (OR= 36, IC95%: 8.28-157.04). Concluses: os ambientes dos profissionais (matadouros, salas municipais de abate e talhos e exploraes) propiciam o risco brucelose. O estudo permite aferir que a Brucelose humana em profissionais da pecuria e a Brucelose animal so prevalentes na provncia do Namibe. Os nveis de seroprevalncia detectados so elevados comparandoos com outros encontrados em algumas localidades africanas que possuem condies similares s do Namibe. Perto de duas em cada cinco (40.10%) exploraes esto infectadas por esta doena. O nmero de abortos (mdia) est claramente relacionado com as exploraes infectadas. O conhecimento geral dos profissionais da pecuria sobre a Brucelose muito insuficiente, tendo os trabalhadores mostrado um maior conhecimento em relao aos criadores, mas ambos com nveis alarmantes. Os criadores infectados esto relacionados com as exploraes infectadas. H necessidade de controlar a doena e de informar e educar os profissionais sobre a brucelose, sendo fundamental que os servios provinciais de veterinria reforcem aces de divulgao e de fiscalizao.
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The 21st century bodes an interesting time for companies and individuals alike with an increased focus on using creativity as a way to stimulate innovation to create competitive advantage. Several studies have looked at how creativity is stimulated within a corporate environment or how creativity is stimulated by people in a specific place. This study aimed to look at how the contextual environment fosters creativity in individuals and groups. With the increase in popularity of African and world music In Europe over the last ten years it was decided that the context of Lisbon, Portugal be used with a specific focus on African musicians living there and working in the Lisbon music scene. It became apparent themes of Creative crossovers, Geographical Location, a dynamic environment, Entrepreneurial encouragement and the presence of open-minded and flexible individual were involved in Lisbons ability to foster and empower creative individuals.
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The European Court of Justice has held that as from 21 December 2012 insurers may no longer charge men and women differently on the basis of scientific evidence that is statistically linked to their sex, effectively prohibiting the use of sex as a factor in the calculation of premiums and benefits for the purposes of insurance and related financial services throughout the European Union. This ruling marks a sharp turn away from the traditional view that insurers should be allowed to apply just about any risk assessment criterion, so long as it is sustained by the findings of actuarial science. The navet behind the assumption that insurers recourse to statistical data and probabilistic analysis, given their scientific nature, would suffice to keep them out of harms way was exposed. In this article I look at the flaws of this assumption and question whether this judicial decision, whilst constituting a most welcome landmark in the pursuit of equality between men and women, has nonetheless gone too far by saying too little on the million dollar question of what separates admissible criteria of differentiation from inadmissible forms of discrimination.
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Equity research report
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The geographical distribution of the African Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicusin Suriname is restricted to a narrow strip of land along the Atlantic coast. Within the coastal plain, O. mossambicusoccurs in brackish lagoons, oligohaline canals, and shell-sand pit lakes. Physico-chemical characteristics and phytoplankton composition of representative Tilapia water bodies are described. Blue-green algae and fine flocculent detritus are dominant food items in the diet of the Tilapia, while Rotifera and microcrustacea are also important in the diet of larvae and juveniles. Intraspecific diet overlap among ontogenetic stages of the Tilapia did not differ significantly from 1, which means that these diets showed complete overlap. Interspecific diet overlap between the Tilapia and the indigenous armoured catfish Hoplosternum littoralewere moderate or low. The results are discussed in relation to recent developments in the Surinamese fisheries and aquaculture sector.
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup L2 originated in Western Africa but is nowadays spread across the entire continent. L2 movements were previously postulated to be related to the Bantu expansion, but L2 expansions eastwards probably occurred much earlier. By reconstructing the phylogeny of L2 (44 new complete sequences) we provide insights on the complex net of within-African migrations in the last 60 thousand years (ka). Results show that lineages in Southern Africa cluster with Western/Central African lineages at a recent time scale, whereas, eastern lineages seem to be substantially more ancient. Three moments of expansion from a Central African source are associated to L2: (1) one migration at 70-50ka into Eastern or Southern Africa, (2) postglacial movements (15-10ka) into Eastern Africa; and (3) the southward Bantu Expansion in the last 5ka. The complementary population and L0a phylogeography analyses indicate no strong evidence of mtDNA gene flow between eastern and southern populations during the later movement, suggesting low admixture between Eastern African populations and the Bantu migrants. This implies that, at least in the early stages, the Bantu expansion was mainly a demic diffusion with little incorporation of local populations.
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Determining the timing, identity and direction of migrations in the Mediterranean Basin, the role of "migratory routes" in and among regions of Africa, Europe and Asia, and the effects of sex-specific behaviors of population movements have important implications for our understanding of the present human genetic diversity. A crucial component of the Mediterranean world is its westernmost region. Clear features of transcontinental ancient contacts between North African and Iberian populations surrounding the maritime region of Gibraltar Strait have been identified from archeological data. The attempt to discern origin and dates of migration between close geographically related regions has been a challenge in the field of uniparental-based population genetics. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies have been focused on surveying the H1, H3 and V lineages when trying to ascertain north-south migrations, and U6 and L in the opposite direction, assuming that those lineages are good proxies for the ancestry of each side of the Mediterranean. To this end, in the present work we have screened entire mtDNA sequences belonging to U6, M1 and L haplogroups in Andalusians--from Huelva and Granada provinces--and Moroccan Berbers. We present here pioneer data and interpretations on the role of NW Africa and the Iberian Peninsula regarding the time of origin, number of founders and expansion directions of these specific markers. The estimated entrance of the North African U6 lineages into Iberia at 10 ky correlates well with other L African clades, indicating that U6 and some L lineages moved together from Africa to Iberia in the Early Holocene. Still, founder analysis highlights that the high sharing of lineages between North Africa and Iberia results from a complex process continued through time, impairing simplistic interpretations. In particular, our work supports the existence of an ancient, frequently denied, bridge connecting the Maghreb and Andalusia.
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Background: It is expected that, by 2020, 15 million new cases of cancer will occur every year in the world, one million of them in Africa. Knowledge of cancer trends in African countries is far from adequate, and improvements in cancer prevention efforts are urgently needed. The aim of this study was to characterize breast cancer clinically and pathologically at presentation in Luanda, Angola; we additionally provide quality information that will be useful for breast cancer care planning in the country. Methods: Data on breast cancer cases were retrieved from the Angolan Institute of Cancer Control, from 2006 to 2014. For women diagnosed in 2009 (5-years of follow-up), demographic, clinical and pathological information, at presentation, was collected, namely age at diagnosis, parity, methods used for pathological diagnoses, tumor pathological characteristics, stage of disease and treatment. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results: The median age of women diagnosed with breast cancer in 2009 was 47 years old (range 2589). The most frequent clinical presentation was breast swelling with axillary lymph nodes metastasis (44.9 %), followed by a mass larger than 5 cm (14.2 %) and lump (12.9 %). Invasive ductal carcinoma was the main histologic type (81.8 %). Only 10.1 % of cancer cases had a well differentiated histological grade. Cancers were diagnosed mostly at advanced stages (66.7 % in stage III and 11.1 % in stage IV). Discussion: In this study, breast cancer was diagnosed at a very advanced stage. Although it reports data from a single cancer center in Luanda, Angola it reinforces the need for early diagnosis and increasing awareness. According to the main challenges related to breast cancer diagnosis and treatment herein presented, we propose a realistic framework that would allow for the implementation of a breast cancer care program, built under a strong network based on cooperation, teaching, audit, good practices and the organization of health services. Conclusion: Angola needs urgently a program for early diagnosis of breast cancer.
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The various genetic systems (mitochondrial DNA, the Y-chromosome and the genome-wide autosomes) indicate that Africa is the most genetically diverse continent in the world and the most likely place of origin for anatomically modern humans. However, where in Africa modern humans arose and how the current genetic makeup within the continent was shaped is still open to debate. Here, we summarize the debate and focus especially on the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and a recently revised chronology for the African mtDNA tree. We discuss the possible origin of modern humans in southern, eastern or Central Africa; the possibility of a migration from southern to eastern Africa more than 100 ka, carrying lineages within mtDNA haplogroup L0; the evidence for a climate-change-mediated population expansion in eastern Africa involving mtDNA haplogroup L3, leading to the out-of-Africa migration around 7060 ka; the re-population of North Africa from the Near East around 4030 ka suggested by mtDNA haplogroups U6 and M1; the evidence for population expansions and dispersals across the continent at the onset of the Holocene ; and the impact of the Bantu dispersals in Central, eastern and southern Africa within the last few millennia.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Estudos da Criana (rea de especializao em Sociologia da Infncia).
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Este trabajo parte de la inquietud de cmo organizar y articular los recursos diplomticos, econmicos, tecnolgicos y culturales que cuenta la Argentina en frica, para incentivar e incrementar las vinculaciones entre ambas regiones. Teniendo en cuenta los nuevos escenarios emergentes del espacio africano y los lineamientos de poltica exterior ensayados por nuestro pas en los ltimos aos, nuestro perodo de anlisis se concentrar entre los aos 2002 y 2007. Sostenemos que el desarrollo de una estrategia articulada y permanente hacia el frica requiere un aprovechamiento ms eficaz y eficiente de los recursos humanos, financieros y tecnolgicos existentes. De esto modo, la Argentina podra posicionarse como un socio relevante en la agenda de los pases africanos, proveyendo productos, tecnologa y servicios a mercados complementarios y en expansin. El objetivo general del proyecto es reconocer las transformaciones recientes del diseo exterior argentino hacia los mercados emergentes, en particular hacia frica.El abordaje de esta investigacin tiene caractersticas tanto cualitativas como cuantitativas, al tiempo que pretende alcanzar un nivel de explicacin debido al tipo de propuesta. Nuestras unidades de observacin son aquellas instituciones y personalidades vinculadas a la elaboracin e implementacin de la poltica exterior de Argentina hacia los estados africanos en su conjunto (tanto de frica Subsahariana como de frica del Norte). En cuanto a las tcnicas aplicadas se pueden reconocer diversas fases. En primera instancia se llevar adelante una exploracin documental en la Cancillera argentina destinada a cubrir los principales lineamientos respecto al tema. Luego se revisarn documentos producidos por organismos privados y por investigadores cientficos. Al mismo tiempo se realizarn entrevistas semiestructuradas a los actores claves que participaron en el proceso de toma de decisiones.Con este trabajo nos proponemos concretar un manual que contenga de forma sistemtica las normativas y las prcticas que ejercen cada uno de los actores, tanto pblicos como privados, en torno a las vinculaciones entre Argentina y los pases de frica. Este ordenamiento nos permitir ofrecer a los responsables de tomas de decisiones un marco articulado, accesible y didctico para el diseo y la ejecucin de futuras polticas hacia la regin. Actualmente, los lazos polticos, culturales y de cooperacin entre los pases de ambas regiones manifiestan un creciente dinamismo, poniendo en juego nuevos terrenos de colaboracin como las Cumbres Amrica del Sur-frica, las reuniones inter-ministeriales, la firma de acuerdos de comercio entre el Mercosur y algunos estados africanos, entre otros. Sin embargo a pesar de estas seales auspiciosas, los mercados africanos no han sido explorados con la suficiente constancia y profundidad. El desarrollo de este proyecto permitir, en primer lugar, constituir un corpus de informacin sobre las normativas y las prcticas en torno los vnculos argentino-africanos. Por otro lado, ser una herramienta indispensable para la planificacin y concrecin de futuras polticas en torno al rea. Cabe aclarar que no se limita a organismos del Estado sino tambin involucrara a actores privados implicados o interesados con los mercados emergentes africanos.
