Options for poverty reduction through community empowerment towards sustainable fisheries resource production and equity

The current situation is that, by any measure, most fisheries worldwide are fully over exploited. This is also true of the Uganda's fisheries where the effort needed to catch fish has increased, and the average size of fish and of stocks have both declined. A productive fisheries offers many benefits: food for local consumption; raw materials for industry; employment that generates income, which in turn encourages other industrial, commercial and service activities; export markets that can be identified and met to generate hard currency, The national economy also benefits from import substitution and��opportunities for increased taxation. But for fisheries to be productive it is not enough to produce, products must be marketed. Fishers have to learn the lesson that it is no longer enough to expect production to drive the market; success will come from producing what the market demands. It is hoped that co-management can play a big role in harnessing the various energies for sustainable development and management of the fisheries resources.

Original sin: divine and symbolic violence in the turn to the Apostle Paul

When we take a step back from the imposing figure of physical violence, it becomes possible to examine other structurally violent forces that constantly shape our cultural and political landscapes. One of the driving interests in the ���turn to Paul��� in recent continental philosophy stems from wrestling with questions about the real nature of contemporary violence. Paul is positioned as a thinker whose messianic experience began to cut through the violent masquerade of the existing order. The crucifixion and resurrection of the Messiah (a slave and a God co-existing in one body) exposed the empty grounding upon which power resided. The Christ-event signifies a moment of violent interruption in the existing order which Paul enjoins the Gentiles to participate in through a dedication of love for the neighbour. This divine violence aims to reveal and subvert the ���powers,��� epitomised in the Roman Empire, in order to fulfil the labour of the Messianic now-time which had arrived. The impetus behind this research comes from a typically enigmatic and provocative section of text by the Slovene philosopher, cultural critic, and Christian atheist Slavoj ��i��ek. He claims that 'the notion of love should be given here all its Paulinian weight: the domain of pure violence��� is the domain of love' (2008a, 173). In this move he links Paul���s idea of love to that of Walter Benjamin���s divine violence; the sublime and the cataclysmic come together in this seemingly perverse notion. At stake here is the way in which uncovering violent forces in the ���zero-level��� of our narrative worldviews aids the diagnosis of contemporary political and ethical issues. It is not enough to imagine Paul���s encounter with the Christ-event as non-violent. This Jewish apocalyptic movement was engaged in a violent struggle within an existing order that God���s wrath will soon dismantle. Paul���s weak violence, inspired by his fidelity to the Christ-event, places all responsibility over creation in the role of the individual within the collective body. The centre piece of this re-imagined construction of the Pauline narrative comes in Romans 13: the violent dedication to love understood in the radical nature of the now-time. 3 This research examines the role that narratives play in the creation and diagnosis of these violent forces. In order to construct a new genealogy of violence in Christianity it is crucial to understand the role of the slave of Christ (the revolutionary messianic subject). This turn in the Symbolic is examined through creating a literary structure in which we can approach a radical Nietzschean shift in Pauline thought. The claim here, a claim which is also central to Paul���s letters, is that when the symbolic violence which manipulates our worldviews is undone by a divine violence, if even for a moment, new possibilities are created in the opening for a transvaluation of values. Through this we uncover the nature of original sin: the consequences of the interconnected reality of our actions. The role of literature is vital in the construction of this narrative; starting with Cormac McCarthy���s No Country for Old Men, and continuing through works such as Melville���s Bartleby the Scrivener, this thesis draws upon the power of literature in the shaping of our narrative worlds. Typical of the continental philosophy at the heart of this work, a diverse range of illustrations and inspirations from fiction is pulled into its narrative to reflect the symbolic universe that this work was forged through. What this work attempts to do is give this theory a greater grounding in Paul���s letters by demonstrating this radical kenotic power at the heart of the Christ-event. Romans 13 reveals, in a way that has not yet been picked up by Critchley, ��i��ek, and others, that Paul opposed the biopolitical power of the Roman Empire through the weak violence of love that is the labour of the slaves of Christ on the ���now-time��� that had arrived.

Managing university records and documents in the world of governance, audit and risk: Case studies from South Africa and Malawi

There are enormous benefits for any organisation from practising sound records management. In the context of a public university, the importance of good records management includes: facilitating the achievement the university���s mandate; enhancing efficiency of the university; maintaining a reliable institutional memory; promoting trust; responding to an audit culture; enhancing university competitiveness; supporting the university���s fiduciary duty; demonstrating transparency and accountability; and fighting corruption. Records scholars and commentators posit that effective recordkeeping is an essential underpinning of good governance. Although there is a portrayal of positive correlation, recordkeeping struggles to get the same attention as that given to the governance. Evidence abounds of cases of neglect of recordkeeping in universities and other institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The apparent absence of sound recordkeeping provided a rationale for revisiting some universities in South Africa and Malawi in order to critically explore the place of recordkeeping in an organisation���s strategy in order to develop an alternative framework for managing records and documents in an era where good governance is a global agenda. The research is a collective case study in which multiple cases are used to critically explore the relationship between recordkeeping and governance. As qualitative research that belongs in the interpretive tradition of enquiry, it is not meant to suggest prescriptive solutions to general recordkeeping problems but rather to provide an understanding of the challenges and opportunities that arise in managing records and documents in the world of governance, audit and risk. That is: what goes on in the workplace; what are the problems; and what alternative approaches might address any existing problem situations. Research findings show that some institutions are making good use of their governance structures and other drivers for recordkeeping to put in place sound recordkeeping systems. Key governance structures and other drivers for recordkeeping identified include: laws and regulations; governing bodies; audit; risk; technology; reforms; and workplace culture. Other institutions are not managing their records and documents well despite efforts to improve their governance systems. They lack recordkeeping capacity. Areas that determine recordkeeping capacity include: availability of records management policy; capacity for digital records; availability of a records management unit; senior management support; level of education and training of records management staff; and systems and procedures for storage, retrieval and dispositions of records. Although this research reveals that the overall recordkeeping in the selected countries has slightly improved compared with the situation other researchers found a decade ago, it remains unsatisfactory and disjointed from governance. The study therefore proposes governance recordkeeping as an approach to managing records and documents in the world of governance, audit and risk. The governance recordkeeping viewpoint considers recordkeeping as a governance function that should be treated in the same manner as other governance functions such as audit and risk management. Additionally, recordkeeping and governance should be considered as symbiotic elements of a strategy. A strategy that neglects recordkeeping may not fulfil the organisation���s objectives effectively.

Transforming Growth Factor-b1 polymorphism is not associated with chronic graft disease: evidence from a meta-analysis

Kidney transplantation has been recognised as the optimal treatment choice for most end stage renal disease patients and the increase of allograft survival rates is achieved through the refinement of novel immunosuppressive agents. Chronic Graft Disease (CGD) is a multifactorial process that likely includes a combination of immunological, apoptotic and inflammatory factors. The application of individualised immunosuppressive therapies will also depend on the identification of risk factors that can influence chronic disease. Despite being the subject of several independent studies, investigations of the relationship between transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-b1) polymorphisms and kidney graft outcome continue to be plagued by contradictory conclusions.

Oligomerization of Cry9Aa in solution without receptor binding, is not related with insecticidal activity

Background: Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins bind with different insect midgut proteins leading to toxin oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation. However, different Cry toxins had been shown to readily form high molecular weight oligomers or aggregates in solution in the absence of receptor interaction. The role of Cry oligomers formed in solution remains uncertain. The Cry9A proteins show high toxicity against different Lepidoptera, and no-cross resistance with Cry1A. Results: Cry9Aa655 protein formed oligomers easily in solution mediated by disulfide bonds, according to SDS-PAGE analysis under non-reducing and reducing conditions. However, oligomerization is not observed if Cry9Aa655 is activated with trypsin, suggesting that cysteine residues, C14 and C16, located in the N-terminal end that is processed during activation participate in this oligomerization. To determine the role of these residues on oligomerization and in toxicity single and double alanine substitution were constructed. In contrast to single C14A and C16A mutants, the double C14A���C16A mutant did not form oligomers in solution. Toxicity assays against Plutella xylostella showed that the C14A���C16A mutant had a similar insecticidal activity as the Cry9Aa655 protein indicating the oligomers of Cry9Aa formed in solution in the absence of receptor binding are not related with toxicity. Conclusions: The aggregation of Cry9Aa655 polypeptides was mediated by disulfide bonds. Cry9Aa655 C14 and C16C are involved in oligomerization in solution. These aggregate forms are not related to the mode of action of Cry9Aa leading to toxicity.

Improving photofermentative hydrogen production through metabolic engineering and DOE (Design of Experiments)

A l���heure actuelle, les biocarburants renouvelables et qui ne nuit pas �� l'environnement sont �� l'��tude intensive en raison de l'augmentation des probl��mes de sant�� et de la diminution des combustibles fossiles. H2 est l'un des candidats les plus prometteurs en raison de ses caract��ristiques uniques, telles que la densit�� d'��nergie ��lev��e et la g��n��ration faible ou inexistante de polluants. Une fa��on attrayante pour produire la H2 est par les bact��ries photosynth��tiques qui peuvent capter l'��nergie lumineuse pour actionner la production H2 avec leur syst��me de nitrog��nase. L'objectif principal de cette ��tude ��tait d'am��liorer le rendement de H2 des bact��ries photosynth��tiques pourpres non sulfureuses utilisant une combinaison de g��nie m��tabolique et le plan des exp��riences. Une hypoth��se est que le rendement en H2 pourrait ��tre am��lior��e par la redirection de flux de cycle du Calvin-Benson-Bassham envers du syst��me de nitrog��nase qui catalyse la r��duction des protons en H2. Ainsi, un PRK, phosphoribulose kinase, mutant �� knock-out �� de Rhodobacter capsulatus JP91 a ��t�� cr����. L���analyse de la croissance sur des diff��rentes sources de carbone a montr�� que ce mutant ne peut cro��tre qu���avec l���ac��tate, sans toutefois produire d' H2. Un mutant spontan��, YL1, a ��t�� r��cup��r�� qui a retenu l'cbbP (codant pour PRK) mutation d'origine, mais qui avait acquis la capacit�� de se d��velopper sur le glucose et produire H2. Une ��tude de la production H2 sous diff��rents niveaux d'��clairage a montr�� que le rendement d���YL1 ��tait de 20-40% sup��rieure �� la souche type sauvage JP91. Cependant, il n'y avait pas d'am��lioration notable du taux de production de H2. Une ��tude cin��tique a montr�� que la croissance et la production d'hydrog��ne sont fortement li��es avec des ��lectrons �� partir du glucose principalement dirig��s vers la production de H2 et la formation de la biomasse. Sous des intensit��s lumineuses faibles �� interm��diaires, la production d'acides organiques est importante, ce qui sugg��re une nouvelle am��lioration additionnel du rendement H2 pourrait ��tre possible gr��ce �� l'optimisation des processus. Dans une s��rie d'exp��riences associ��es, un autre mutant spontan��, YL2, qui a un ph��notype similaire �� YL1, a ��t�� test�� pour la croissance dans un milieu contenant de l'ammonium. Les r��sultats ont montr�� que YL2 ne peut cro��tre que avec de l'ac��tate comme source de carbone, encore une fois, sans produire de H2. Une incubation prolong��e dans les milieux qui ne supportent pas la croissance de YL2 a permis l'isolement de deux mutants spontan��s secondaires int��ressants, YL3 et YL4. L'analyse par empreint du pied Western a montr�� que les deux souches ont, dans une gamme de concentrations d'ammonium, l'expression constitutive de la nitrog��nase. Les g��nomes d���YL2, YL3 et YL4 ont ��t�� s��quenc��s afin de trouver les mutations responsables de ce ph��nom��ne. Fait int��ressant, les mutations de nifA1 et nifA2 ont ��t�� trouv��s dans les deux YL3 et YL4. Il est probable qu'un changement conformationnel de NifA modifie l'interaction prot��ine-prot��ine entre NifA et PII prot��ines (telles que GlnB ou GlnK), lui permettant d'��chapper �� la r��gulation par l'ammonium, et donc d'��tre capable d'activer la transcription de la nitrog��nase en pr��sence d'ammonium. On ignore comment le nitrog��nase synth��tis�� est capable de maintenir son activit�� parce qu���en th��orie, il devrait ��galement ��tre soumis �� une r��gulation post-traductionnelle par ammonium. Une autre preuve pourrait ��tre obtenue par l'��tude du transcriptome d���YL3 et YL4. Une premi��re ��tude sur la production d��� H2 par YL3 et YL4 ont montr�� qu'ils sont capables d���une beaucoup plus grande production d'hydrog��ne que JP91 en milieu d'ammonium, qui ouvre la porte pour les ��tudes futures avec ces souches en utilisant des d��chets contenant de l'ammonium en tant que substrats. Enfin, le reformage biologique de l'��thanol �� H2 avec la bact��rie photosynth��tique, Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 a ��t�� examin��. La production d'��thanol avec fermentation utilisant des ressources renouvelables microbiennes a ��t�� trait��e comme une technique mature. Cependant, la plupart des ��tudes du reformage de l'��thanol �� H2 se sont concentr��s sur le reformage chimique �� la vapeur, ce qui n��cessite g��n��ralement une haute charge ��nergetique et r��sultats dans les ��missions de gaz toxiques. Ainsi le reformage biologique de l'��thanol �� H2 avec des bact��ries photosynth��tiques, qui peuvent capturer la lumi��re pour r��pondre aux besoins ��nerg��tiques de cette r��action, semble d�����tre plus prometteuse. Une ��tude pr��c��dente a d��montr�� la production d'hydrog��ne �� partir d'��thanol, toutefois, le rendement ou la dur��e de cette r��action n'a pas ��t�� examin��. Une analyse RSM (m��thode de surface de r��ponse) a ��t�� r��alis��e dans laquelle les concentrations de trois facteurs principaux, l'intensit�� lumineuse, de l'��thanol et du glutamate ont ��t�� vari��s. Nos r��sultats ont montr�� que pr��s de 2 moles de H2 peuvent ��tre obtenus �� partir d'une mole d'��thanol, 33% de ce qui est th��oriquement possible.

Biomechanical and morphological adaptations in women during pregnancy and the postpartum period in walking

A gravidez �� uma fase especial da vida, com diversas altera����es nos sistemas hormonais, anat��micos, e na composi����o corporal da mulher. No entanto, n��o �� claro que altera����es biomec��nicas tridimensionais ocorrerem. Atrav��s do acompanhamento da mulher na gravidez e p��s-parto, os objetivos da presente tese foram: 1) determinar os par��metros temporais e espaciais do ciclo da marcha; 2) descrever a cinem��tica angular do membro inferior; 3) calcular os momentos e pot��ncias articulares do tornozelo, joelho e coxofemoral, utilizando o c��lculo por din��mica inversa; 4) descrever as magnitudes dos picos dos momentos e pot��ncias articulares dos membros inferiores; 5) identificar poss��veis diferen��as entre as fases de recolha relativamente aos par��metros biomec��nicos; 6) descrever longitudinalmente a composi����o corporal as altera����es morfol��gicas; 7) analisar a influ��ncia das altera����es antropom��tricas na cin��tica articular. Os resultados mostram que as mulheres mant��m os par��metros temporais e espaciais da marcha. A cinem��tica angular do membro inferior tem o mesmo padr��o, no entanto, a magnitude de alguns picos, especialmente na bacia e coxofemoral durante a fase terminal do apoio, pr��-balan��o e de balan��o, apresentam altera����es significativas. A coxofemoral �� a articula����o com mais altera����es na cin��tica articular, com um aumento da carga interna associada aos momentos articulares da coxofemoral no plano transversal. No entanto, diversos momentos e pot��ncias articulares revelam uma diminui����o significativa para o final da gravidez e/ou um aumento entre alguns trimestres da gravidez e o p��s-parto. Como esperado, a maioria das vari��veis associadas �� composi����o corporal e ��s dimens��es corporais tem um aumento significativo durante a gravidez e uma diminui����o no p��s-parto. Os modelos desenvolvidos para prever a carga interna aplicada ao membro inferior da gr��vida atrav��s de vari��veis antropom��tricas, incluem quatro modelos com vari��veis associadas �� quantidade de gordura, quatro modelos com vari��veis associadas �� massa corporal global, tr��s modelos que incluem a massa livre de gordura, e um modelo que inclui a forma do tronco. Os altos valores do R2 ajustado, mostram que as altera����es na composi����o corporal e morfologia, determinam em grande parte a cin��tica articular da mulher nesta fase particular da vida.

All Is not English that Glitters: False Anglicisms in the Spanish Language of Sports

Over the past decades, many studies have dealt with Anglicisms in Spanish, not only in science and technology, but also in other areas such as business, fashion and even sports. However, in spite of the large number of works on Spanish Anglicisms in sports, these have often disregarded the distinction between Anglicisms and false Anglicisms. Given their importance as evidence of the particular relationships between languages, this article focuses on the use of false Anglicisms in the Spanish language of sports, which has not only adopted English words giving them new meanings and usage, but has also either imported items with an English appearance from other languages or created its own forms based on English patterns. Although these false Anglicisms, which have proven extremely popular in various European languages (not only Spanish), have frequently been used and disseminated, as some examples will prove, little attention has been paid to their differences with the English term or their non-English origin.