Grafting acrylic acid onto polypropylene by reactive extrusion with pre-irradiated PP as initiator

In this paper, the modification of polypropylene (PP) with acrylic acid (AA) by reactive extrusion using pre-irradiated PP (rPP) as initiator was investigated. It was found the relatively high graft degree (Gd) and slight degradation of modified PP was obtained when 20 wt% rPP was used. This result can be explained in terms of effective concentration of free radicals.

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid using palladium nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofibers modified electrode

Palladium nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofibers (Pd/CNFs) were prepared by electrospinning and subsequent thermal treatment processes. Pd/CNFs modified carbon paste electrode (Pd/CNF-CPE) displayed excellent electrochemical catalytic activities towards dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). The oxidation overpotentials of DA, UA and AA were decreased significantly compared with those obtained at the bare CPE. Differential pulse voltammetry was used for the simultaneous determination of DA, UA and AA in their ternary mixture.

Simultaneous determination of dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid with electrospun carbon nanofibers modified electrode

A novel carbon-nanofiber-modified carbon-paste electrode (CNF-CPE) was employed for the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) with good selectivity and high sensitivity. The CNFs were prepared by combination of electrospinning technique with thermal treatment method and were used without any pretreatment. In application to determination of DA, AA and UA in the ternary mixture, the pristine CNF-CPE exhibited well-separated differential pulse voltammetric peaks with high catalytic current. Low detection limits of 0.04 mu M, 2 mu M and 0.2 mu M for DA, AA and UA were obtained, with the linear calibration curves over the concentration range 0.04-5.6 mu M, 2-64 mu M and 0.8-16.8 mu M, respectively.

丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸共聚物的合成和吸湿性能

采用甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、丙烯酸(AA)为聚合单体,以亚硫酸氢钠-过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法制备了聚丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸P(AA-MAA)。系统地研究了单体浓度、单体配比、反应温度等各项聚合条件对聚合物吸湿性能的影响。

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid, dopamine, and ascorbic acid at single-walled carbon nanohorn modified glassy carbon electrode

Single-walled carbon nanohorn modified glassy carbon electrode (SWCNH-modified GCE) was first employed for the simultaneous determination of uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA), and ascorbic acid (AA). The SWCNH-modified GCE displayed excellent electrochemical catalytic activities. The oxidation overpotentials of UA, DA, and AA decrease significantly and their oxidation peak currents increase dramatically at SWCNH-modified GCE. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was used for the simultaneous determination of UA, DA, and AA in their ternary mixture. The peak separations between UA and DA, and DA and AA are large up to 152 mV and 221 mV, respectively.

Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing Platform Based on Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide

In this paper, the characterization and application of a chemically reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon (CR-GO/GC) electrode, a novel electrode system, for the preparation of electrochemical sensing and biosensing platform are proposed. Different kinds of important inorganic and organic electroactive compounds (i.e., probe molecule (potassium ferricyanide), free bases of DNA (guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine (C)), oxidase/dehydrogenase-related molecules (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)), neurotransmitters (dopamine (DA)), and other biological molecules (ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), and acetaminophen (APAP)) were employed to study their electrochemical responses at the CR-GO/GC electrode, which shows more favorable electron transfer kinetics than graphite modified glassy carbon (graphite/GC) and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes.

Fabrication and characterization of microstructured and pH sensitive interpenetrating networks hydrogel films and application in drug delivery field

Novel microstructured and pH sensitive poly(acryliac acid-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (P(AA-co-HEMA)/PVA) interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel films were prepared by radical precipitation copolymerization and sequential IPN technology. The first P(AA-co-HEMA) network was synthesized in the present of IPN aqueous solution by radical initiating, then followed by condensation reaction (Glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent) within the resultant latex, it formed multiple IPN microstructured hydrogel film. The film samples were characterized by IR, SEM and DSC. Swelling and deswelling behaviors and mechanical property showed the novel multiple IPN nanostuctured film had rapid response and good mechanical property. The IPN films were studied as controlled drug delivery material in different pH buffer solution using cationic compound, crystal violet as a model drug.

聚丙烯酸钠/尿素多孔材料的制备与吸湿性能

首次以丙烯酸(AA)和尿素(U)为原料,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为交联剂,亚硫酸氢钠-过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法制备聚丙烯酸钠/尿素多孔材料(PAA/U)。研究了中和度、尿素含量等聚合条件对其吸湿性能的影响。由正交实验确定了最佳反应条件,其吸湿率最高达0.975 g/g。应用SigmaStat3.5进行多元线性回归分析得到各因素与吸湿率的数学关联式。红外光谱(FT-IR)和热重(TGA)分析表明,添加尿素后,形成了新的吸湿基团异氰酸根。扫描电镜(SEM)观察到PAA/U表面出现孔洞,增加了有效吸湿比表面积,其吸湿性能明显提高。

Preparation of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) aqueous latex dispersions using anionic polyelectrolyte as stabilizer

High-solids, low-viscosity, stable poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) aqueous latex dispersions were prepared by the dispersion polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA) in an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate (AS) medium using anionic polyelectrolytes as stabilizers. The anionic polyelectrolytes employed include poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid sodium) (PAMPSNa) homopolymer and random copolymers of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid sodium (AMPSNa) with methacrylic acid sodium (MAANa), acrylic acid sodium (AANa) or acrylamide (AM). The influences of stabilizer's structure, composition, molecular weight and concentration, AA/AM molar feed ratio, total monomer, initiator and aqueous solution of AS concentration, and stirring speed on the monomer conversion, the particle size and distribution, the bulk viscosity and stability of the dispersions, and the intrinsic viscosity of the resulting copolymer were systematically investigated. Polydisperse spherical as well as ellipsoidal particles were formed in the system. The broad particle size distributions indicated that coalescence of the particles takes place to a greater extent.

盐水介质中分散聚合法制备两性聚电解质的研究

利用聚丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(PDAC)作为分散稳定剂,阴离子单体丙烯酸(AA)、阳离子单体甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)和非离子单体丙烯酰胺(AM)在硫酸铵水溶液中通过分散共聚合,制备了稳定分散在盐水中的聚合物微球。考察了无机盐浓度、分散剂用量对分散共聚合的影响。研究结果表明:体系内无机盐浓度的增加导致聚合物分子量降低;而随分散剂浓度的增加,微球粒径先减小后增加。制备的两性聚电解质溶液在等电点附近时,聚合物的特性黏度随盐浓度的增加而增加,显示明显的反聚电解质效应。

A third-generation H2O2 biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase-labeled Au nanoparticles self-assembled to hollow porous polymeric nanopheres

A novel third-generation biosensor for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was developed by self-assembling gold nanoparticles to hollow porous thiol-functionalized poly(divinylbenzene-co-acrylic acid) (DVB-co-AA) nanospheres. At first, a cleaned gold electrode was immersed in hollow porous thiol-functionalized poly(DVB-co-AA) nanosphere latex to assemble the nanospheres, then gold nanoparticles were chemisorbed onto the thiol groups of the nanospheres. Finally, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized on the surface of the gold nanoparticles. The immobilized horseradish peroxidase exhibited direct electrochemical behavior toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The resulting biosensor showed a wide linear range of 1.0 mu M-8.0 mM and a detection limit of 0.5 mu M estimated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Moreover, the studied biosensor exhibited high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and long-term stability.

Chain propagation kinetics on melt grafting reaction

Graft copolymerization in the molten state is of fundamental importance as a probe of chemical modification and reactive compatibilization. However, few grafting kinetic studies on reactive extrusion have been carried out because of the inherent difficulties, as expected. In this work, we have studied chain propagation kinetics on melt grafting using pre-irradiated linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and three monomers, acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), and methyl methacrylate (MMA), as the model system. We measured the apparent chain propagation rate coefficients of grafting (k(p,g)) and homopolymerization (k(p,h)) at an initial stage for the melt grafting by FT-IR spectroscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. It was observed that the convective mixing affected the rate coefficients. The magnitude of k(p,h) and k(p,g) were in the same order, but k(p,h) was slightly larger than k(p,g) The k(p,g) of the three grafting systems increased in the order: LLDPE/MMA < LLDPE/MAA < LLDPE/AA. These results are explained in terms of phase separation, solubility, and inherent reactivity of the monomer.

反应型非离子表面活性剂的制备及其组成和结构

以丙烯酸(AA)与硬脂酸单甘油酯(GMS)、油酸单甘油酯(A300)或油酸单山梨糖醇酐酯(Span80)为起始物,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,对苯二酚为阻聚剂,制备了三类含有1-烯键的反应型表面活性剂.通过反应体系中AA的加料量及其残留量,计算得到丙烯酸的转化率为91%以上,制备的反应型非离子表面活性剂的收率达到80%以上.用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(1HNMR)和质谱对反应产物的组成和结构进行了表征,确认获得了三类目标产物.将这三类表面活性剂作为流滴剂与聚乙烯发生接枝反应后,提高了聚乙烯的结晶温度,降低了水在聚烯烃膜表面的接触角,解决了聚乙烯农用棚膜的流滴期短的问题.

Manipulations of atoms and molecules by scanning probe microscopyk

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM), including scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), has become a powerful tool in building nanoscale structures required by modern industry. In this article, the use of SPM for the manipulation of atoms and molecules for patterning nanostructures for opt-electronic and biomedical applications is reviewed. The principles and procedures of manipulation using STM and AFM-based technologies are presented with an emphasis on their ability to create a wide variety of nanostructures for different applications. The interaction among the atoms/molecules, surface, and tip are discussed. The approaches for positioning the atom/molecule from and to the desired locations and for precisely controlling its movement are elaborated for each specific manipulation technique. As an AFM-based technique, the dip-pen nanolithography is also included. Finally, concluding remarks on technological improvement and future research is provided.

The electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid on polyaniline film synthesized in the presence of camphorsulfonic acid

Polyaniline-camphorsulfonic acid (PAN-CSA) composite film on platinum electrode surface has been synthesized via the electrochemical polymerization of aniline in the presence of camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). It was found that the doping of polyaniline (PAN) with CSA extends the electroactivity of PAN in neutral and even in alkaline media. The PAN-CSA composite film coated platinum electrodes are shown to be good electrocatalytic surfaces for the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7.0. The anodic peak potential of AA shifts from 0.63 V at the bare platinum electrode to 0.34 V at the PAN-CSA composite modified platinum electrode with a greatly enhanced current response. A linear calibration graph is obtained over the AA concentration range of 5-50 mM using cyclic voltammetry. The kinetics of the catalytic reaction are investigated using rotating disk electrode voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results are explained using the theory of electrocatalytic reactions at chemically modified electrodes. The PAN-CSA composite on the electrode surface shows good reproducibility and stability.