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本文研究了冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L)在生长发育过程中,穗、小穗及子粒等产量构成因素不均衡性的生理原因。主要是从碳氮营养角度及维管系统分布等方面对造成主茎德及分蘖穗,穗中不同部位小穗、不同粒位子粒分化发育差异的生理原因进行了探讨,得到了下主要结果。 1、主茎及一蘖、二蘖的穗下节间及穗下第二节间横切面的各性状有明显的差异。穗下节间及穗下第二节间的直径,基本组织面积、中央维管束总面积及韧皮部总面积均以主茎为最大,一蘖次之,二蘖再次之。维管束数目以主茎为最多,一蘖、二蘖顺次减少。 2、从返青到拔节期。主茎叶鞘及叶片中可浴性糖含量最高,一蘖次之,二蘖再次之。尤为叶鞘中可溶性糖含量明显高于一蘖和二蘖。拔节期后,主茎叶鞘中可溶性含量较低,分蘖中含量较高。在此时期内,主茎叶鞘及叶片中可溶性氨基酸含量较低,而分蘖中氨基酸含量较高。 3、在小花两极分化期,即从药隔形成期至抽穗期,穗不同位小穗中可溶性糖及可浴性氨基酸含量不同,基本小穗中氨基酸含量最高,但可浴性糖含量最低。上部小穗中可浴性糖含量最高,但氨基酸含量最低。中都小穗中,碳氮含量较为平衡。 4。在子粒形成期,中部小穗各子粒中可溶性糖及氨基酸含量不同。第一粒位子粒中可溶性糖含量最高,二、三、四子粒顺次减少。尤其是第四子粒中可溶性糖含量极低。第二及第四子粒中氨基酸含量较高,第一及第三子粒中氨基酸含量较低。 5、在子粒形成期,不同部位小穗同一粒位子粒中可溶性糖及氨基酸含量不同,顶部小穗子粒中可溶性糖含量最高,中部小穗子粒次之,基部小穗子粒再次之。各子粒中氨基酸含量无明显差别,子粒形成初期,中部小穗子粒中氨基酸含量较高。 6、在子粒灌浆期,初期中部结实三粒的小穗第一子粒中可溶性糖含量最高,第二子粒次子,第三子粒最少。以后各子粒中可溶性糖含量无明显差别。灌浆始期,第一子粒的干重最重。第二粒次之,第三粒最轻。从灌浆中期开始,第二粒干重逐渐赶上并超过第一粒,最终子粒干重表现为II>I>Ⅲ。 7、在子粒灌浆初期,不同穗位小穗同一粒位子粒中可溶性糖含量有明显差别。中部小穗子粒中可溶性糖含量最高,上部小穗子粒次之,下部小穗子粒含量最低。以后各子粒中可溶性糖含量无明显差别。在整个灌浆过程中,中部小穗子粒的干重始终保持最高,上部及下部小穗子粒干重明显地低于中部小穗子粒干重。 8、穗内部维管束分布是不均衡的,中部小穗的小穗轴中维管数目多,面积大。而顶部及基部小穗的小穗轴中维管束数量较少,面积也较小。在同一小穗中,通向小花的维管束随着花位的升高,数量越来越少,面积越来越小。但通向一、二花的维管束数量及面积较为接近,差别不明显,通向三花、四花的维管束数目明显减少,面积明显减小。通入第一、二花的维管束是独立的,均直接来自小穗轴,第三花以上的小花和二花构成串联关系。 本文最后对小麦体内碳氮营养、维管束的分布和小麦主茎、分蘖及穗内部发育不均衡的关系进行了讨论。

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Our analyses of observer records reveal that abundance estimates are strongly influenced by the timing of longline operations in relation to dawn and dusk and soak time— the amount of time that baited hooks are available in the water. Catch data will underestimate the total mortality of several species because hooked animals are “lost at sea.” They fall off, are removed, or escape from the hook before the longline is retrieved. For example, longline segments with soak times of 20 hours were retrieved with fewer skipjack tuna and seabirds than segments with soak times of 5 hours. The mortality of some seabird species is up to 45% higher than previously estimated. The effects of soak time and timing vary considerably between species. Soak time and exposure to dusk periods have strong positive effects on the catch rates of many species. In particular, the catch rates of most shark and billfish species increase with soak time. At the end of longline retrieval, for example, expected catch rates for broadbill swordfish are four times those at the beginning of retrieval. Survival of the animal while it is hooked on the longline appears to be an important factor determining whether it is eventually brought on board the vessel. Catch rates of species that survive being hooked (e.g. blue shark) increase with soak time. In contrast, skipjack tuna and seabirds are usually dead at the time of retrieval. Their catch rates decline with time, perhaps because scavengers can easily remove hooked animals that are dead. The results of our study have important implications for fishery management and assessments that rely on longline catch data. A reduction in soak time since longlining commenced in the 1950s has introduced a systematic bias in estimates of mortality levels and abundance. The abundance of species like seabirds has been over-estimated in recent years. Simple modifications to procedures for data collection, such as recording the number of hooks retrieved without baits, would greatly improve mortality estimates.

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本研究应用数字地球技术,基于1950年~1980年的全国958个气象站的基本气象数据(包括气象站的经纬度,海拔,月均温,月降水,年均温, 年降水,日照时数,日照百分率,风速等),比较了四个不同的根据水、热平衡原理设计的气候一植被关系模型(Penman模型、Holdridge生命地带系统、和Kira方法Thomthwaite模型)在中国应用的一致性和适用性。结果表明:(1) Penman模型在温带草原区和青藏高原地区的一致性指数超过50%,在青藏高原最出色,最有发展潜力。(2) Thornthwaite模型在热带雨林、季雨林区达到39. 72%,可以弥补Holdridg模型在热带地区分类精度的不足。(3) Holdridg生命地带系统在不同地带间适用性最广;只在热带地区,例如西部季雨林、雨林区域(52)、西部草原亚区域(63)和青藏高原温性荒漠地带(86)以及青藏高原温性草原地带(84)不理想。(4)吉良(Kira)方法在亚热带常绿阔叶林区可与Holdridg模型相媲美;在低海拔和湿润、半湿润地区效果尚可,但在温带荒漠区与青藏高原区的模拟效果与实际相差较远。 这四个传统的分类方法在中国植被区划一级分类上是适用的,Holdridge生命地带系统KAPPA -致性指数达到0.57模拟效果优于其它三者,但在特定地区,如青藏高原,所有模型均需改进优化或启用新的模型因子才能很好地区分植被亚地带。本研究还指出,数字地球技术的应用有助于推动气候一植被关系的研究,尤其在气候一植被指标(气候参数和模型参数)的大范围实时动态监测、气候一植被关系数据的海量信息高效、有序基础管理和功能型模型库支撑框架体系方面。