Ribeira, técnica versus natureza: transformações em prol de um projeto de modernização (1860-1932)

The necessity of the insertion of the capital of Rio Grande do Norte in the world-wide commercial scene and its claim as the seat of political power, in ends of nineteenth and beginning of twentieth century, determined the direction of urban interventions undertaken by government to restructure the city. In that matter, there were several actions of improvements and embellishment in Natal, which had, as a starting point, the adequacy works of the port, located in the Ribeira quarter, with the aim of ending the physical isolation that reinforced its economic stagnation. Besides the problems faced in the opening bar of the Potengi River, and would complement the required improvements, other barriers demonstrate the tension established between the physic-geographic field and the man: the flooded and slope which connected Cidade Alta and Ribeira the first two quarters of the city.The execution of these works demanded knowledge whose domain and application it was for engineering. But, how the actions done for the engineers, in sense to transform natural areas into constructed spaces made possible the intentional conformation of the quarter of the Ribeira in a commercial and politician-administrative center, in the middle of the XIX century and beginning of the XX? Understand, therefore, the employment effects of technology on the physical-geographical Ribeira, is the objective of this work that uses theoretical and methodological procedures of Urban Environmental History, by analyzing the relationship between the environment and the man, mediated by knowledge and use of technologies. The documental research was used, as primary sources, the Messages of the Provincial Assembly Government that later became the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Norte reports and articles on specialized publications, in addition to local newspapers. The work is structured in five chapters. First, some comments about Urban Environmental History (Chapter 1) supplemented with analysis of the conceptual construction of nature in the Contemporary Era and its application in the city (chapter 02), the following chapters (03 and 04) deal with the rise of engineers as a active group in the Brazilian government frameworks and their vision about the nature inside the urban environment and it is studied how the professional technicians dealt with the improvement work of the harbor and in the shock with the natural forces. Other works that would complement this "project" of modernization and had had natural obstacles to be removed the Ribeira flood and slope constitute the subject of the fifth chapter. Finally, some final considerations retake the initial discussions aiming an association between the technique and the nature as junction elements inside the process of constitution of a Modern Natal

Exporting the racial republic: African colonization, national citizenship, and the transformation of U.S. expansion, 1776-1864

The effort to create a colony of African Americans on the west coast of Africa was one of the most celebrated and influential movements in the United States during the first half of the 19th century. While historians have often viewed African colonization through the lens of domestic anti-slavery politics, colonization grew from an imperial impulse which promised to transform the identities of black colonists and indigenous Africans by helping them to build a democratic nation from the foundation of a settler colony. By proposing that persons of African descent could eventually become self-governing subjects, the liberal framework behind colonization offered the possibility of black citizenship rights, but only within racially homogenous nation-states, which some proponents of colonization imagined might lead to a “United States of Africa.” This dissertation examines how the notion of expanding democratic ideals through the export of racial nationhood was crucial to the appeal of colonization. It reveals how colonization surfaced in several crucial debates about race, citizenship, and empire in the antebellum United States by examining discussions about African Americans’ revolutionary claims to political rights, the bounds of US territorial expansion, the removal of native populations in North America, and the racialization of national citizenship, both at home and abroad. By examining African colonization from these perspectives, this dissertation argues that the United States’ efforts to construct a liberal democracy defined by white racial identity were directly connected to the nation’s emerging identity as a defender and exporter of political liberty throughout the world.

Ticonderoga & its dependencies, August 1776.

Scale ca. 1:18,000.

Regulación y práctica de la extranjería en el derecho indiano: de las Partidas a la Recopilación de 1860

La presente investigación se desarrolló a partir de dos objetivos centrales: el primero, la construcción del concepto jurídico de “extranjero” en el Derecho indiano; el segundo, la sistematización de lo que denominamos “Derecho de extranjería”, entendido este como el conjunto de normas que definen la categoría jurídica de extranjero, así como los derechos y obligaciones relativos a la movilidad, permanencia y actividades de quienes actualizaban dicha categoría. Toda vez que la calidad de extranjero en el Derecho indiano nació de la contraposición con la calidad de natural, dada por el Derecho castellano, el análisis construido en el presente trabajo incorporó, dentro de su objeto de estudio, a los principales cuerpos legales del Derecho de Castilla, con una remisión analítica hasta las Siete Partidas de Alfonso X, para terminar en la Nueva Recopilación de 1567 –incluyendo las disposiciones agregadas hasta 1614–, apegándonos a la prelación de fuentes establecida por las propias leyes castellanas. El fundamento legal para finalizar la revisión de la norma castellana en la Nueva Recopilación es la disposición de Felipe III, promulgada en 1614, ordenando que el Derecho castellano solo sería válido en Indias cuando se emitiese Real Cédula de cumplimiento que expresamente ordenase su aplicación. En cuanto a los cuerpos legales indianos, la temporalidad coincide con el propio descubrimiento de América hasta la promulgación de la Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias de 1680, toda vez que la legislación emitida con posterioridad a esta fecha requiere de una técnica de investigación distinta, por encontrarse dispersa en las glosas a la propia Recopilación de 1680, en lo que nos ha llegado del Cedulario Americano gracias a los estudios del Dr. Muro Orejón y en las documentales localizables en el Archivo General de Indias y en los diversos archivos americanos y europeos...

Ribeira, técnica versus natureza: transformações em prol de um projeto de modernização (1860-1932)

The necessity of the insertion of the capital of Rio Grande do Norte in the world-wide commercial scene and its claim as the seat of political power, in ends of nineteenth and beginning of twentieth century, determined the direction of urban interventions undertaken by government to restructure the city. In that matter, there were several actions of improvements and embellishment in Natal, which had, as a starting point, the adequacy works of the port, located in the Ribeira quarter, with the aim of ending the physical isolation that reinforced its economic stagnation. Besides the problems faced in the opening bar of the Potengi River, and would complement the required improvements, other barriers demonstrate the tension established between the physic-geographic field and the man: the flooded and slope which connected Cidade Alta and Ribeira the first two quarters of the city.The execution of these works demanded knowledge whose domain and application it was for engineering. But, how the actions done for the engineers, in sense to transform natural areas into constructed spaces made possible the intentional conformation of the quarter of the Ribeira in a commercial and politician-administrative center, in the middle of the XIX century and beginning of the XX? Understand, therefore, the employment effects of technology on the physical-geographical Ribeira, is the objective of this work that uses theoretical and methodological procedures of Urban Environmental History, by analyzing the relationship between the environment and the man, mediated by knowledge and use of technologies. The documental research was used, as primary sources, the Messages of the Provincial Assembly Government that later became the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Norte reports and articles on specialized publications, in addition to local newspapers. The work is structured in five chapters. First, some comments about Urban Environmental History (Chapter 1) supplemented with analysis of the conceptual construction of nature in the Contemporary Era and its application in the city (chapter 02), the following chapters (03 and 04) deal with the rise of engineers as a active group in the Brazilian government frameworks and their vision about the nature inside the urban environment and it is studied how the professional technicians dealt with the improvement work of the harbor and in the shock with the natural forces. Other works that would complement this "project" of modernization and had had natural obstacles to be removed the Ribeira flood and slope constitute the subject of the fifth chapter. Finally, some final considerations retake the initial discussions aiming an association between the technique and the nature as junction elements inside the process of constitution of a Modern Natal

Étude paléopathologique préliminaire à travers l'analyse macroscopique et scanographique : exemple du cimetière St. Matthew, ville de Québec (1771-1860)

Sachant que plusieurs maladies entrainent des lésions qui ne sont pas toujours observables à l’oeil, cette étude préliminaire en paléopathologie humaine utilise une approche complémentaire issue de l’imagerie médicale, le ct-scan, afin de fournir des diagnostics plus précis. L’objectif est donc de tester ici l’efficacité et les limites de l’analyse scanographique durant l’analyse de spécimens archéologiques. Un échantillon de 55 individus a été sélectionné à partir de la collection ostéologique provenant du cimetière protestant St. Matthew (ville de Québec, 1771 – 1860). Une analyse macroscopique et scanographique complète a alors été effectuée sur chaque squelette. Les observations macroscopiques ont consisté à enregistrer une dizaine de critères standardisés par la littérature de référence en lien avec des manifestations anormales à la surface du squelette. Les ct-scans ont été réalisés à l’Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique de la Ville de Québec avec un tomodensitomètre Somatom de Siemens (définition AS+ 128). Les données scanographiques ont permis d’enregistrer une série de critères complémentaires sur la structure interne de l’os (amincissement/épaississement de la corticale, variation de densité, etc.) Selon la méthode du diagnostic différentiel, des hypothèses ou diagnostics ont été proposés. Ils sont principalement basés sur les critères diagnostiques mentionnés dans les manuels de référence en paléopathologie, mais aussi à l’aide de la littérature clinique et l’expertise de médecins. Les résultats présentés ici supportent que: 1) Dans 43% des cas, les données scanographiques ont apporté des informations essentielles dans la diagnose pathologique. Cette tendance se confirme en fonction de certaines maladies, mais pas d’autres, car certains diagnostics ne peuvent se faire sans la présence de tissus mous. 2) La distribution spatiale de la plupart des lésions varie selon les régions anatomiques, aussi bien en macroscopie qu’en scanographie. 3) Certains types de maladie semblent associés à l’âge et au sexe, ce qui est conforté par la littérature. 4) Cette recherche démontre aussi que le processus de diagnose nécessite, dans 38% des cas, une analyse complémentaire (ex. histologie, scintigraphie, radiographie) pour préciser le diagnostic final.

Atlantic Threads: Singer in Spain and Mexico, 1860-1940

This dissertation examines the role of Singer in the modernization of sewing practices in Spain and Mexico from 1860 to 1940. Singer marketing was founded on gendered views of women’s work and gendered perceptions of the home. These connected with sewing practices in Spain and Mexico, where home sewing remained economically and culturally important throughout the 1940s. "Atlantic Threads" is the first study of the US-owned multinational in the Hispanic World. I demonstrate that sewing practices, and especially practices related to home sewing that have been considered part of the private sphere and therefore not an important historical matter, contributed to the building of one the first global corporation. I examine Singer corporate records and business strategies that have not been considered by other scholars such as the creation of the Embroidery Department in the late nineteen-century. Likewise, this dissertation challenges traditional narratives that have assumed that Spain and Mexico were peripheral to modernity. I look at Singer corporate records in Spain and Mexico and at regional government and cultural sources to demonstrate how Singer integrated Spain and Mexico within its business organization. Singer's marketing was focused on the consumer, which contributed to make the company part of local sewing businesses and cultures.

Étude paléopathologique préliminaire à travers l'analyse macroscopique et scanographique : exemple du cimetière St. Matthew, ville de Québec (1771-1860)

Sachant que plusieurs maladies entrainent des lésions qui ne sont pas toujours observables à l’oeil, cette étude préliminaire en paléopathologie humaine utilise une approche complémentaire issue de l’imagerie médicale, le ct-scan, afin de fournir des diagnostics plus précis. L’objectif est donc de tester ici l’efficacité et les limites de l’analyse scanographique durant l’analyse de spécimens archéologiques. Un échantillon de 55 individus a été sélectionné à partir de la collection ostéologique provenant du cimetière protestant St. Matthew (ville de Québec, 1771 – 1860). Une analyse macroscopique et scanographique complète a alors été effectuée sur chaque squelette. Les observations macroscopiques ont consisté à enregistrer une dizaine de critères standardisés par la littérature de référence en lien avec des manifestations anormales à la surface du squelette. Les ct-scans ont été réalisés à l’Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique de la Ville de Québec avec un tomodensitomètre Somatom de Siemens (définition AS+ 128). Les données scanographiques ont permis d’enregistrer une série de critères complémentaires sur la structure interne de l’os (amincissement/épaississement de la corticale, variation de densité, etc.) Selon la méthode du diagnostic différentiel, des hypothèses ou diagnostics ont été proposés. Ils sont principalement basés sur les critères diagnostiques mentionnés dans les manuels de référence en paléopathologie, mais aussi à l’aide de la littérature clinique et l’expertise de médecins. Les résultats présentés ici supportent que: 1) Dans 43% des cas, les données scanographiques ont apporté des informations essentielles dans la diagnose pathologique. Cette tendance se confirme en fonction de certaines maladies, mais pas d’autres, car certains diagnostics ne peuvent se faire sans la présence de tissus mous. 2) La distribution spatiale de la plupart des lésions varie selon les régions anatomiques, aussi bien en macroscopie qu’en scanographie. 3) Certains types de maladie semblent associés à l’âge et au sexe, ce qui est conforté par la littérature. 4) Cette recherche démontre aussi que le processus de diagnose nécessite, dans 38% des cas, une analyse complémentaire (ex. histologie, scintigraphie, radiographie) pour préciser le diagnostic final.

El legado de los flujos migratorios hacia la península de Crimea entre 1860 – 1991 en la crisis política de 2014

La presente investigación propone un análisis sobre la crisis política de Crimea en 2014 a partir del influjo que las migraciones desde Rusia han tenido en la historia reciente. Así, a partir de la evaluación de algunos de los momentos de inmigración más representativos en los últimos dos siglos (1860, 1928 y 1991) se vincula el proceso de construcción de la identidad de los inmigrantes -transversal en diferentes periodos históricos en Crimea- con el desarrollo de los eventos de 2014. Lo anterior permite identificar un cierto legado de la migración hacia Crimea en el desarrollo de la crisis, cuyo resultado principal ha sido la anexión de facto de Crimea a Rusia. Ésta no habría sido posible sin el particular ánimo de afinidad con la idea de Rusia –o Russianness- de la mayoría de los habitantes de la península, cuya presencia en la región se explica en parte, a través de los procesos migratorios antes descritos.

La expropiación de los bienes de las obras pías en Costa Rica, 1805-1860. Un capitulo en la consolidación económica de una élite nacional

IntroducciónEl presente estudio tratara de cumplir con dos propósitos fundamentales que son: la presentación de  varios documentos que consideramos son centrales en el proceso histórico costarricense en la época tardía de  la colonia y en los primeros años de la independencia y el análisis del Apple del sector ganadero de la época, a través de las cofradías ganaderas, en la consolidación de una elite económica nacional antes del cultivo comercial del café, punto de que hemos profundizado en otras ocasiones. Esta consolidación de grupo tuvo una de sus máximas expresiones en los distintos procesos e expropiación de las cofradías y obras pías ganaderas y traspaso a  mano particulares, primero bajo la consolidación de vales reales, llevada a  cabo por los años 1805-1890 por  orden de  la corona española y luego bajo sucesivas admistraciones independientes, hasta aproximadamente 1860.

La estructura crediticia del Valle Central de Costa Rica (1850-1860)

ResumenAnálisis de las distintas fuentes crediticias existentes en el Valle Central de Costa Rica entre 1850 y 1860. Estudia el papel jugado por el crédito en la economía costarricense como instrumento clave de dominación y para la extracción del excedente del campesino.AbstractA discussion of the various sources of credit in the Central Valley of Costa Rica between 1850 and 1860. The author studies of credit in the Costa Rican economy as a key means of dominations and for surplus extractions from the peasantry.

Comentario del libro ‘El Río San Juan en la lucha de las Potencias, 1821-1860’

IntroducciónLa nueva obra de Clotilde Obregón Quesada constituye un aporte esclarecedor no sólo para los estudiosos de la historia de las relaciones internacionales de la Centroamérica del siglo pasado, sino también para todos quienes se interesan por el desarrollo político del Istmo en la hora actual. En efecto, si bien la temática del libro gira en torno a las complejas relaciones de poder expresadas en la lucha por la hegemonía sobre el río San Juan y la Vía del Tránsito a mediados del siglo XIX, también ofrece una interesante explicación sobre la naturaleza y significación de las tensiones que, desde entonces, prevalecen en el área...

Una lluvia de males: el régimen de precipitaciones en la Costa Rica del progreso. Trayectoria, representaciones sociales e impacto socioeconómico (1860-1940)

Resumen Este artículo procura establecer algunas de las múltiples interacciones posibles, entre la evolución de las precipitaciones, como uno de los factores climáticos de mayor incidencia histórica en las sociedades humanas, y la dinámica económica y socioambiental de Costa Rica, en un período en el que, al tiempo que se consolidaba como Estado-Nación y se definía de forma definitiva su rol agroexportador en el mercado mundial, se construían nuevas relaciones con el medio biofísico, guiadas por la dominante e incuestionable ideología del ?progreso?. Además de la dimensión objetiva del impacto de las lluvias, el trabajo procura realizar un breve repaso por las representaciones dominantes de este factor climático, frecuentemente dicotómicas y a la vez ambivalentes, como lo deja entrever el carácter ?bondadoso? o ?malsano? que a las lluvias y sus consecuencias, otorgaron diversos sujetos histórico-sociales. Abstract This papers analyses the relationship between the evolution of rainfalls and economic and socioenvironmental dynamism in Costa Rica in a period of State-building process, the consolidation of global economic exchange, and the definition of new relations with the environment, all guided by the ?progress? ideology. Besides analyzing the real impact of rainfall, this essay studies the major social representations of rainfall and its characterization by a diversity of historical subjects.

Development and use of clinical guidelines

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the development and use of clinical guidelines as a tool for decision making in clinical practice. Nurses have always developed and used tools to guide clinical decision making related to interventions in practice. Since Florence Nightingale (Nightingale 1860) gave us ‘notes’ on nursing in the late 1800s, nurses have continued to use tools, such as standards, policies and procedures, protocols, algorithms, clinical pathways and clinical guidelines, to assist them in making appropriate decisions about patient care that eventuate in the best desired patient outcomes. Clinical guidelines have enjoyed growing popularity as a comprehensive tool for synthesising clinical evidence and information into user-friendly recommendations for practice. Historically, clinical guidelines were developed by individual experts or groups of experts by consensus, with no transparent process for the user to determine the validity and reliability of the recommendations. The acceptance of the evidence-based practice (EBP) movement as a paradigm for clinical decision making underscores the imperative for clinical guidelines to be systematically developed and based on the best available research evidence. Clinicians are faced with the dilemma of choosing from an abundance of guidelines of variable quality, or developing new guidelines. Where do you start? How do you find an existing guideline to fit your practice? How do you know if a guideline is evidence-based, valid and reliable? Should you apply an existing guideline in your practice or develop a new guideline? How do you get clinicians to use the guidelines? How do you know if using the guideline will make any difference in care delivery or patient outcomes? Whatever the choice, the challenge lies in choosing or developing a clinical guideline that is credible as a decision-making tool for the delivery of quality, efficient and effective care. This chapter will address the posed questions through an exploration of the ins and outs of clinical guidelines, from development to application to evaluation.

Victoria regia's bequest to modern architecture

This paper will explore the relationship between the giant South American waterlily, the Victoria regia (today named Victoria amazonica), and the 1914 Glashaus exposition building by the German architect, Bruno Taut. Starting with a general botanical introduction of Victoria regia, the paper exposes the first European cultivation of the lily by Joseph Paxton at Chatsworth,England, in 1849. Following this initial cultivation, Paxton subsequently develops a specialist greenhouse for the plant, that later becomes the prototype for all Victoria regia greenhouses. However, from about 1860 as Victoria regia cultivation spreads to continental Europe, a greenhouse that differs from Paxton’s prototype subsequently evolves. An investigation of these later continental European greenhouses, coupled with an exposure of Taut’s own writings concerning Victoria regia, reveals startling similarities to the Glashaus, which ultimately reveals the Glashaus as directly inspired by Victoria regia.